Sharp-leaved black blotch

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Sharp-leaved black blotch
The sharp-leaved black-deaf (Russula acrifolia)

The sharp-leaved black-deaf ( Russula acrifolia )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Sharp-leaved black blotch
Scientific name
Russula acrifolia
Romagn.

The Scharfblättrige Schwarz-Täubling or Scharfblättriger Schmutz-Täubling ( Russula acrifolia ) is a leaf fungus from the family of the Täubling related . As its name suggests, its slats have a very pungent taste. His hat is gray to black-brown in color and his flesh reddened when injured before turning gray-black. The inedible mycorrhizal fungus grows under various deciduous and coniferous trees. The medium to very large fruiting bodies appear from late July to early October.

features

Macroscopic features

The Sharp-leaved Täubling is very similar to the closely related dense-leaved Täubling , but it is larger and more robust. The hat is (4) 6–12 (15) cm wide, first spread out, then depressed and later funnel-shaped. With age, the initially rolled edge is sharp-edged. The hat is colored lighter or darker in sepia or umbra brown. It is often red-brownish, but sometimes also very darkly spotted, but never becomes completely dark black-brown. The skin of the hat remains greasy, moist and shiny. In contrast to the dense-leaved Täubling, the hat has more of a red-brown than an olive-green beiton. It appears less pronounced two-tone (light edge, dark center), as it is the case with the dense-leaved deaf.

The lamellas are less thin and stand less crowded, but are more brittle and taste hot to very hot. They are creamy white in color and never tinted pink. The spore powder is pure white ( Ia after Romagnesi ).

The 3–6.5 cm long and 1.2–3 cm wide stem is first brown and later gray-black in color and has about the same color as the hat, but at the top below the lamellas it usually remains more or less white. If you rub the stem, it becomes more or less reddish in color.

The flesh is firm and reddened immediately if injured, but mostly only weakly and blotchy and, in contrast to the dense-leaved blotch, begins to blacken almost simultaneously. The smell is weak and the meat tastes hot in the lamellas, even burning hot. With iron sulfate, the meat first turns orange and then green. With guaiac it turns an intense dark bluish color and with phenol it turns wine-brown.

Microscopic features

The round to elliptical spores are 6.2–9.5 µm long and 5.5–7.4 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.3. The spore ornament is up to 0.5 µm high and consists of numerous, fine warts, most of which are connected by ribs like a network.

The 4-spore, club-shaped basidia are 40–57 µm long and 10–11 µm wide. The 30–40 µm long and 5–6 µm wide cheilocystidia on the lamellar edges are cylindrical to awl-shaped and often constricted at the top. They are often appended to their apex . The numerous, cylindrical pleurocystids are 45–105 µm long and 5–6 µm wide. They also have an appendage at their tip. All cystides turn slightly blackish with sulfobenzaldehyde.

The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) consists of more or less cylindrical to almost spindle-shaped, hair-like, only 3–5 µm wide and partially branched hyphae ends , between which 3–6 µm wide pileocystids lie. These are usually constricted at the top and only react weakly with sulfovanillin and also only turn slightly black in color with sulfobenzaldehyde. Most of the hyphae walls are gelatinized.

Species delimitation

With the exception of the thick-leaved black-deaf ( R. nigricans ), the sharp-leaved black-deaf can easily be confused with other species from the subsection Nigricantinae . The following features help to distinguish the sharp-leaved black-deaf from similar species.

  • In contrast to the tarnishing deaf ( R. albonigra ), the taste is not menthol-like, and the cap skin also contains pileocystids, which can be colored with sulfovanillin.
  • In contrast to the smoky brown black blotch ( R. adusta ), the meat initially turns reddish (pink) when damaged. In addition, the stem is smoothly folded at the base and not irregularly veined.
  • In the case of the dense-leaved black deaf ( R. densifolia ) the taste is mild to pungent, but never pungent, and the fruiting bodies smell of musty old barrels with age. The cap skin is dry or dull and not moist and greasy, the cap depressed with age, but not funnel-shaped. The meat also only reddens before it blackens, while in the case of the sharp-leaved black-deaf, it blackens and reddens almost simultaneously.

ecology

The sharp-leaved blubber is a mycorrhizal fungus of various deciduous and coniferous trees. Its preferred mycorrhizal partners are the common beech and the spruce . But it also enters into a symbiosis with larches and pines . Outside of Germany, birch , oak and linden trees are also possible partners.

The fungus is mainly found in beech and beech fir forests on better, but not too nitrogenous soils, but also in spruce forests. Fresh, medium-sized, neutral to alkaline, mostly lime-rich soils over lime and marl are preferred, but they should also not be too rich in nutrients. Acid, shallow, too dry or too wet soils are avoided.

It is not uncommon to find this fungus together with the red-stemmed and white-stemmed leather blubber . The fruiting bodies appear from late July to early October, rarely earlier. The species prefers the hilly and middle mountainous country, the flat country as well as the higher mountain country are avoided.

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the sharp-leaved black-bloton.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The sharp-leaved blubber is a Holarctic species that prefers a temperate climate. The species occurs in North Asia (Caucasus, East Siberia, South and North Korea and Japan), North America (USA, Canada and Mexico), North Africa (Morocco) and Europe. In Europe, the deaf lingon has been found in the south from northern Spain to Greece, in the west it occurs in France, the Netherlands, Great Britain and Ireland, and it is distributed throughout Central Europe and in southern Fennoscandinavia.

    In Germany, the mushroom is mostly found scattered from the north German hill country over the central and south German mountain country to the Alps. The Täubling is very rare in the lowlands. The Scharfblättrige Schwarz-Täubling is an endangered species, on the Red List it is classified in the hazard level RL3. The deafblings are not common in Switzerland either.

    Systematics

    etymology

    The specific epithet "acrifolia" means sharp-leaved and, like the German name, refers to the sharp-tasting lamellae.

    The French deaf expert Henri Romagnesi needed three attempts to validly describe the sharp-leaved black deaf. In his first attempt in 1962, he forgot to include a type in the description . According to the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature , however, this has been necessary since January 1, 1958 (Rule 37.1). Romagnesi made up for this in 1967 in his Täublings monograph "Les Russules d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord". This time he broke rule 32.1 (c) by neglecting to refer to his previously published diagnosis. Since 1935, the re-description of a species must be accompanied by a Latin description or diagnosis (Rule 36.1). It was not until 1997, when the species had long been established, that he named the Täubling again in accordance with the rules.

    Romagnesi names R. densifolia sensu J. Schaef as synonyms . and R. adusta var. rubens Romagn. According to Mycobank, the Russula densifolia var. Caucasica described by Rolf Singer is synonymous. Singer collected the mushroom during his expedition to the Caucasus in 1928 and named it in 1931. A brief description followed in his Russula monograph in 1932.

    Inquirerous classification

    Romagnesi placed the sharp-leaved black-deaf ( Russula acrifolia ) in the Compactae section and the Nigricantinae subsection . M. Bon took over Romagnesi's classification, but changed the ranks. He upgraded the section to a sub-genus and the subsection to a section. In the section / subsection Nigricantinae deafblings are summarized whose flesh turns red, gray or black when injured and whose spores have a very low spore ornament . The sharp-leaved black-deaf is closely related to the very similar dense-leaved black-deaf ( Russula densifolia ).

    meaning

    The Sharp-leaved Black-Täubling is actually considered inedible because of its sharp taste. Nevertheless, it is especially eaten in Eastern Europe. If the mushroom is seared spicy, the sesquiterpenes , which are responsible for the spicy taste, are destroyed.

    literature

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ Synonyms of Russula acrifolia . In: MycoBank / mycobank.org . Retrieved September 6, 2011.
    2. ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , p. 54 .
    3. ^ A b c d e German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 .
    4. ↑ a b Russula acrifolia. (PDF (1.4 MB)) Monographic Key to European Russulas (1988). In: The Russulales website w3.uwyo.edu. Archived from the original on July 28, 2010 ; Retrieved June 13, 2012 (English, translation by M. Bon's Russula key).
    5. ↑ Russula acrifolia. (DOC) Russulas. Micologia.biz Web de micología Europea, p. 48 , accessed June 20, 2011 (Spanish).
    6. ↑ a b Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 124.
    7. ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Russula acrifolia. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved August 31, 2012 .
    8. ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Russula acrifolia. Retrieved August 31, 2012 .
    9. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( online [accessed August 31, 2011]). Online ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    10. ↑ Russula acrifolia. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved August 16, 2011 .
    11. ↑ Elias Polemis et al .: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: 5. (PDF; 330 kB) Basidiomycetes associated with woods dominated by Castanea sativa (Nafpactia Mts., Central Greece). In: Mycotaxon 115 / mycotaxon.com. 2008, p. 16 ff , accessed on August 22, 2011 .
    12. ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Russula acrifolia. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved August 31, 2012 .
    13. ↑ J. Schäffer : Russula . Russula monograph. In: Annales Mycologici . tape  31 , 1933, pp. 308 ( online [accessed March 8, 2016]).
    14. ^ Rolf Singer : Mushrooms from the Caucasus II. A contribution to the flora of Svaneti and some adjoining valleys. In: A. Pascher (Ed.): Supplements to the Botanisches Centralblatt . tape  48 , 1931, pp. 525 ( online ).
    15. ^ Rolf Singer : Monograph of the genus Russula . In: A. Pascher (Ed.): Supplements to the Botanisches Centralblatt . tape  49 , 1932, pp. 366 ( online ).

    Web links

    Commons : Scharfblättriger Schwärz-Täubling ( Russula acrifolia )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files