Ship operation

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The term ship operation in the narrower sense includes all aspects of nautical and technical operations on board a seagoing ship .

In a broader sense, all nautical and technical facilities and systems , but also operational processes, are summarized under ship operation (including overall ship operation) . These include navigation , maneuvering , general seamanship , ballasting , communications , maritime safety , bunkering and the charge operation (load planning and monitoring of maritime and charging efficiency of the ship). This also includes the operation and maintenance of the machine and auxiliary operating systems, administration and maintenance of the inventory, preservation of the weather-exposed facilities, preparation of meals and health care. Finally, administrative tasks are also included, such as entering and leaving the authorities as well as managing the sample roll and other ship's documents ( e.g. documents for insurance, travel permits and classification).

Classic ship operation

In classic ship operations, there is a strict distinction between the individual areas of responsibility on board, in particular deck operations and engine operations. The deck operations are managed by the first officer , the engine operations by the chief engineer (also chief), who in turn is 2nd engineer, 3rd engineer. as well as engineering assistants, storekeepers, machine operators and cleaners. - 1.O. and Chief are subordinate to the master as those responsible for the overall operation of the ship - all three together form the ship's command, with the first officer regularly acting as the master's deputy.

The first officer is supported in his duties by the subordinate nautical officers , possibly the radio officer , the boatswain , the carpenter ( ship's carpenter ) and the sailors ; he is their official superior. On merchant ships and the kitchen and service personnel (stewards, fair boys) is subject to the measuring of the first officer. On passenger ships, this group reports to the head of hotel operations, the earlier than purser (also Purser ) was called.

The chief engineer is in charge of the machine personnel , i.e. the subordinate technical officers, the electricians, the storekeeper , the engine keepers as well as the oilers and cleaners. If necessary, he is responsible for the trainees.

Modern ship operation

In the context of the higher degree of automation on board ships as well as the prevailing trend towards crew reduction as a result of international competition, an increasing integration of the individual areas of responsibility can be seen. This development began, especially in Germany, with the introduction of the ship operator (SBM) as foreman and ship mechanic , who are trained and responsible for the deck and engine areas at the team level. In the further course of the process, appropriate integration steps were also introduced in the officers' area, which led to the occupation of the ship operations officer , who is the holder of both a nautical and a technical certificate .

The classic on-board management consisting of the captain, first officer and chief engineer was retained, even if these people are in possession of a double patent and can then also take on tasks in the overall ship operation. While initially the training requirements for the granting of the second patent were met by further training measures and additional qualifications from initially exclusively nautical or technical ship officers, today integrated training and study courses are also offered, which aim to acquire the double patent from the outset.

The use of integrated crews, especially at officer level, places high demands on the design of the ships. In this context, the Ship of the Future project was launched by some shipping companies at the beginning of the 1980s , which was primarily concerned with the introduction of the ship operations center as a combination of a command bridge and engine control station and an increase in the degree of automation. The increasing use of integrated navigation systems is also part of the measures to enable integrated ship operation.

implementation

Around 30 companies took part in the Ship of the Future development program , which was to have a significant impact on ship operations. Planning and implementation took twelve years. The first ocean-going vessel according to the aforementioned aspects of modern ship operation was the container ship Norasia Samantha (ship, 1985) with a capacity of 1940 TEU , built by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft . This rather small prototype by today's standards set standards in terms of automation , safety and economy.

Trends

The integration process at team level continues and is undisputed. At the officer level, on the other hand, there is an increasing return to the classic distribution of tasks. On the one hand, this is due to the availability of nautical and technical ship officers from low-wage countries such as the Philippines , China and Eastern European countries. The traditional seafaring schools there provide training in one of the two areas of nautical science and technology. These officers are available for a fraction of the wages of German ship operations officers . On the other hand, the lack of specialization of the ship operations officers can result in a lack of experience in the respective departments, which has a negative effect on the proper, efficient and cost-optimized operation of the ship. As a consequence of this development, the first German training center for exclusively integrated ship officers has already been closed, namely the seafaring department at the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences .

literature

  • Introduction to ship operations. Central Office for Education of the Ministry of Transport, Berlin (GDR) 1977
  • Introduction to ship operations. Central Office for Education of the Ministry of Transport, Berlin (GDR) 1983
  • Germanischer Lloyd (Ed.): Results of the research and development project Ship of the Future SDZ. Germanischer Lloyd, Hamburg 1986, ISBN 3-7702-0513-8
  • H. Luczak, W. Schwier: Design approaches for on-board organization for a ship of the future. Part 1. In: Journal of Ergonomics. 42 from 1988, pp. 176-184, Society for Work Science (GfA), ISSN  0340-2444

Individual evidence

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