Schizoanalysis
Schizoanalysis is a critical alternative to psychoanalysis . The schizoanalysis was by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in their joint work Anti-Oedipus. Capitalism and schizophrenia ( French Capitalisme et schizophrénie. L'anti-Œdipe ) (1972/1980) developed.
General
The concept of schizoanalysis is intended to overcome the predominance of the Oedipus theme found in Freud . The oedipal phase is not only a phase of family socialization , but also of socialization through the generation of materialistic desires that are produced by society . This amounts to a capitalist repression of the individual .
With their approach of schizo analysis, Deleuze and Guattari argue for an alternative to the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan . This places the schizophrenic in the place of the neurotic as the ideal type of the unconscious . The concept of schizophrenia is expanded beyond its clinical meaning towards a general generation of divisions - which schizoanalysis analyzes. This leads to an analysis of the unconscious, which deviates from Freud, as being contradictory in itself.
The practice of schizoanalysis was less the responsibility of the philosopher Deleuze than of the psychiatrist Guattari. Together with Jean Oury , he set out to revolutionize conventional psychiatry: “The first models of patient collectives were created in the spirit of the '68: Patients were given the opportunity to have a say, places that create relationships such as the kitchen were created where patients could prepare meals together , Doctors and prison staff tried out new roles and changed perspectives. "
In 1973 Deleuze and Guattari distanced themselves from schizoanalysis.
philosophy
Deleuze and Guattari develop a pantheistic and vitalistic philosophy in which persons, psyches and substances only acquire precarious significance because they ultimately represent more or less accidental assemblages of microscopic forces. All hierarchical syntheses from these molecular psychophysical elements are called molar : They are transient macroscopic structures such as persons, societies and states.
This anti-substanceistic stance goes back to Deleuze's appropriation of Spinoza , while the molecular-molar dynamic goes back to Leibniz and, last but not least, his differential-integral calculus, which is brought into the vicinity of schizophrenic divisions on the one hand and paranoid delirium on the other. Deleuze speaks of a psychomathematical infinitesimal calculus in Leibniz:
“To some of us it seems that there is a split between humans and animals, a break. This is necessary because God, very maliciously, has chosen the world to be in the form of maximum continuity, so there are all kinds of degrees of transition between humans and animals, but God refrained from making them visible to us ... Why? Because in the end it was good. ... If we had all seen the transitions between the worst animal and ourselves, we would be less vain, so this vanity is very good because it allows man to establish his power over nature. Ultimately, it does not mean God's perversity, but that God did not cease to break the continuities that He had established in order to introduce diversity into the chosen world, in order to hide the whole system of small differences, vanishing differences. "
Leibnizian terminology also corresponds to the demand for a nomadic way of life of the schizos , which is differentiated from the monadic way of life of the neurotic .
As the subtitle Capitalism and Schizophrenia suggests, Deleuze and Guattari want to provide a transcendental justification for schizophrenia or the condition of its possibility, in this respect they have more intentions than Kant, who focuses on reason and (common) common sense, i.e. on a special case. Schizos produce several egos or “transcendental apperceptions ” like the late Hölderlin or Nietzsche.
A main effect of this interpretation is the pantheistic dissolution of the Cartesian subject as well as the conscious and unconscious subject of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan . The latter is accused of oedipal narrowing to the molar triangle of dad, mom and child - understandable especially in view of the sexual and economic communal communities that have been practiced since the late 1960s (see also communards and hippies ). The postulated schizoanalysis is supposed to bring creative liberation by opposing authoritarian molar structures such as race, species, species, gender, the primeval state based on castration fears and its capitalist successors.
Universal story
In A Thousand Plateaus, Deleuze and Guattari present a “non-evolutionist” Marxist philosophy of history . They reject the Hegelian dialectic that is at work in historical materialism, with its unilinearity and necessity of the course of history, citing Louis Althusser's aleatoric materialism .
"We determine social formations through machine processes and not through modes of production (which on the contrary are dependent on processes)." In contrast to technical machines, machines mean the interplay of unformed forces which, for example, have not yet developed through Kantian categories and spatiotemporal a prioris.
Already in the Anti-Oedipus they had presented three historical mechanisms:
- In the primitive communist societies there is a ("perverse") coding of the world. Perverse because a cruel system of lineages and marriage lines prevents the immediate enjoyment of the erotic and economic fruits of the earth.
- In the case of the state-forming ("barbaric") despotisms, a central over-coding by a "transcendent" authority, the signifier or despot, is effective . The signifier in the Lacanian sense also includes personifications. Of course, as immanentists dyed in the wool, D&G least of all want to claim that rulers or gods are real transcendent entities.
- In the capitalist phase, the coding or the over-coding of the wild and barbaric societies are replaced by a purely immanent axiomatization. Codings regulate desired and undesired qualitative executions. Axioms are based on a purely quantitative, i.e. value-free regulation of desire production.
In A Thousand Plateaus , based on Althusser's Das Kapital read, an unorthodox Marxist interpretation of history is presented, which replaces Hegel's finality with Spinoza's radical anti-teleology. Hegel still contains too much magical thinking (cunning of reason), whereas Spinoza represents a far more radical materialism.
- The primitive societies in a certain way anticipate the original state * through strategies of deposition and avoidance. Their barter is already based on the assessment of the marginal utility of the goods to be exchanged . According to Pierre Clastres, they are "anti-state" societies with mechanisms that ensure, for example, that the chiefs do not become too powerful and thereby prevent the form of government.
- Contrary to the perception of ethnologists, the invention and emergence of the despotic original state * can be dated archaeologically according to Vere Gordon Childe to the Neolithic, if not even the Paleolithic. The original state * came into being in one fell swoop and thus had a collection apparatus with a warehouse, a surplus and the right to demand additional work and taxes from the start. Despotism justifies this apparatus of collection with an infinite guilt of the subjects. This culminates in the statement that the surplus does not come about through production, but that the surplus makes production possible. Money does not develop through barter, but as a result of despotic receipt by (gold) tributes as tribute money. Contrary to the opinion of many Marxists, the state does not presuppose a certain mode of production like the Asian mode of production , but the state makes production a mode.
- Capitalism, on the other hand, decodes all primitive and despotic values. Its invention and emergence happened in one fell swoop through the conjunction of abstract labor and abstract capital. According to this, the formerly transcendent form of the imperial state subordinates itself to the apparatus of collection of capital. The states turn to special models for realizing a global axiomatization: the socialist model, the liberal, the dictatorial etc.
The emergence in Europe was completely contingent. Freed slaves and plebeians in the northern Mediterranean could have made use of capitalist loopholes in the despotic web. This did not succeed in China or in Central America etc., where similar conditions existed. The Japanese mode of production developed capitalist modifications relatively early through trade with Europe.
Gender roles
The classic sexual man-woman scheme has been deconstructed : For Deleuze, several genders act, for example male and female lesbians: Butch and Femme . The same goes for gays. This results in at least six genders, but theoretically an infinite number. “… Everywhere a microscopic transsexuality, which has the effect that the woman comprises as many men as a man, and the man as many women, who are all able to enter into the relations of desire production with one another, which overturns the statistical order of the sexes. Loving yourself doesn't mean doing it once or twice, but a hundred thousand times. Such are the dream machines, the inhuman gender is not one, not two, but n ... genders. "
linguistics
Language plays a crucial role in knocking down molar structures. Just as the medium itself is the message for Marshall McLuhan , for Deleuze and Guattari their primary effect is not to exchange information, but rather to produce ordering slogans or slogans, "mots d'ordre", which preform society in an authoritarian manner: "The machine of compulsory schooling does not convey information, but imposes semiotic coordinates on the child , with all the dual bases of grammar (male - female, noun - verb, singular - plural, subject of the statement - subject of the utterance etc ...) The basic unit of language - the Statement - is the command or the password, the watchword. " Deleuze and Guattari thus subordinate linguistics to pragmatics by representing language as part of a "regime of signs".
The type of statement arises from its place in a sign regime, a structure of implicit requirements (commands, passwords, slogans), immanent actions and disembodied transformations. It is not about linguistic constants and universals, but exclusively about variables of utterance structures. Such a collective structure of expressions uses the voice, but is never primarily permeated by a voice, rather it is "always a kind of babble of voices ... glossolalia". It combines “many heterogeneous sign regimes”. An I can be "extracted" from these. In this sense: “I am an order or a password, a solution.” A schizophrenic explains, “I have heard voices say: He is aware of his life. In this sense there is already a schizophrenic cogito ”. Louis Hjelmslev alone finds favor among the established linguists because he works as a “Spinozist geologist”, which is not to be taken only metaphorically. Spinozist means that he penetrates with the term “substance extra-linguistique”. of the “purport”, into a layer beyond the signification from which both the signs and the things themselves (geological formations) draw their validity.
Anti-authoritarian ontology
Schizoanalysis is part of the philosophy of becoming. In part, schizoanalysis is also determined by an anti-authoritarian ontology because it understands power to be decentralized. Decentralized power is found in the " rhizome " structure of Deleuzian thought. At the Reform University of Vincennes , the anti-authoritarian counter-movement of the 1968 applied schizoanalysis to all areas of society. »Schizo« thus advanced to a creative, pluralistic vision and abandoned previous pathological connotations that were only applied to the neurotic. The counter-movement discredited the neurotic type as a control freak or an authoritarian shit . In 1980 Ariane Barth commented on this phenomenon: “Strange, a shimmering figure comes to the rescue: the chic Schizo. He grows into the role of the good savage who long served to show civilization its lost face. Independently of Deleuze / Guattari, there are efforts worldwide to redefine schizophrenia from a mental illness to a cultural phenomenon ... [Schizoanalysis is supposed to] destroy Oedipus, the illusion of the ego, the jumping jack superego, the feeling of guilt, the law, the castration. "
In the meantime, the rigid fronts between the followers of Freud and those of Deleuze and Guattari have softened. Some psychoanalysts see in Anti-Oedipus a deepening of the pantheistic analyzes of the collective unconscious by Carl Gustav Jung .
See also
literature
- Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel (Ed.): Ways of Anti-Oedipus. Syndikat Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1986.
- Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari: Anti-Oedipus. Capitalism and Schizophrenia I. Frankfurt am Main 1974 (orig. 1972).
- Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari: Rhizome . Merve Verlag, Berlin 1977. (Foreword to a thousand plateaus)
- Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari: A thousand plateaus. Capitalism and Schizophrenia II. Berlin 1992 (orig. 1980).
- Félix Guattari: Cartographies schizoanalytiques. 1989.
- Rudolf Heinz : stupor and rigor mortis. Münster 1981.
- Rudolf Heinz: Schizo secret ways. Bremen 1985.
- Eugene Holland: Deleuze and Guattari's Anti Oedipus: Introduction to Schizoanalysis. Oxford 1999.
- Jones, Graham et al. Jon Roffe (Ed.): Deleuze's Philosophical Lineage. Edinburgh Univ. Pr. 2009
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Jean Oury: Création et schizophrénie. 1989, ISBN 2-7186-0354-2 .
- ↑ science.orf.at
- ↑ Gilles Deleuze: Desert Islands and Other Texts, 1953-1974 . orig. "Relazione di Gilles Deleuze". MIT Press, 2004, p. 274–280 (first edition: Feltrinelli, Milan 1973).
- ^ Lectures by Gilles Deleuze. On Leibniz. deleuzelectures.blogspot.de
- ↑ A thousand tableaus. P. 587 ff.
- ↑ A thousand plateaus. P. 603
- ↑ A thousand plateaus. P. 630 ff.
- ↑ Eugen Holland: Spinoza and Marx. Format copyright © 1998 by Cultural Logic, ISSN 1097-3087, Volume 2, Number 1, Fall 1998.
- ↑ A thousand plateaus. P. 595
- ↑ A thousand plateaus. P. 594 ff.
- ↑ Diestelrath, Günther: The Japanese production method . Z. scientific genesis e. stereotypical view of the Japanese economy. 1996
- ↑ Alfons Dufey: Was there a capitalist attitude in the Edo period? In: Information system and cultural life in the cities of the Edo period. Edited by Shiro Kohsaka, Johannes Laube . Wiesbaden 2000, p. 185 ff.
- ↑ Anti Oedipus. ISBN 351827824-X . P. 381
- ↑ A thousand plateaus: capitalism a. Schizophrenia. Berlin 1997. ISBN 3 88396-094-2 . P. 106
- ↑ A thousand plateaus: capitalism a. Schizophrenia. Berlin 1997. ISBN 3 88396-094-2 . P. 118
- ↑ Ariane Barth: aerial roots and wild growth fall in love . In: Der Spiegel, 53/1980 (accessed April 21, 2014).
- ↑ Leen de Bolle (Ed.): Deleuze and Psychoanalysis. Philosophical essays on Deleuze's Debate with Psychoanalysis. Leuven, 2010, ISBN 978-90-5867-796-9 .