Freezing point depression
Freezing point depression ( GPE ) (also melting point depression ( SPE ) or melting point depression ( SPD )) describes the phenomenon that the melting point of solutions is lower than the melting point of pure liquid solvents .
definition
For dilute solutions, the depression of the freezing point is proportional to the molality b of the particles of the dissolved substance (i.e. the concentration of all dissolved particles in the substance in moles per kilogram of solvent and not the initial concentration of the substance):
The freezing point per mole of dissolved substance per kilogram of solvent is reduced by a solvent-specific value.
When calculating the molality of the dissolved substances, it should be noted that e.g. B. Dissociate salts in aqueous solution . Table salt (NaCl) breaks down e.g. B. into the ions Na + and Cl - . 1 mol of sodium chloride produces 2 mol of particles, and this value must be taken into account in the above equation. This is done by multiplying by the Van 't Hoff factor , which indicates how many particles the dissolved substance dissociates into on average:
is the cryoscopic constant , which only depends on the solvent and not on the dissolved substance (with water as the solvent, this value is 1.86 ( K kg) / mol). It can be from the Raoult's law and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived to
- ,
With
- the gas constant = 8.314472 J / (mol K)
- the freezing point of the solvent in K
- the specific enthalpy of fusion of the solvent in J / kg.
This relationship only applies to very dilute solutions (concentrations <0.1 mol / L ); the activity of the ions and the water must be taken into account for more concentrated solutions . Very highly concentrated solutions also have a triple point at which the salt solution freezes, before only water freezes out of the solution, the solution is increasingly concentrated.
Since the freezing point drops by exactly 1.86 K every time you dissolve one mole of particle in one kilogram of water, the associated temperature difference is also called the molar lowering of the freezing point . This effect is independent of the type of solute, it is a colligative property .
The boiling point of solutions also depends on the molality or the concentration of the dissolved substances; it increases . One speaks here of a molar boiling point increase . The cause of these effects is a lowering of the chemical potential of the solution compared to the pure solvent due to the entropy of mixing .
Examples
solvent | Freezing point in ° C | Freezing point depression in K kg / mol |
---|---|---|
water | 0 | −1.86 |
naphthalene | 80.2 | −6.80 |
chloroform | −63.5 | −4.68 |
benzene | 5.5 | −5.12 |
Camphor | 179 | −39.7 |
Ethanol | −114.6 | −1.99 |
Cyclohexane | 6.4 | −20.2 |
Carbon tetrachloride | −23 | −30 |
background
In addition to the increase in the boiling point, the lowering of the freezing point is another consequence that is related to the reduced vapor pressure of solutions.
If a liquid mixture of the solid substance A and the solvent B is in equilibrium with the solid substance A , this results in the approach (with as chemical potential ). It still applies to the differentials .
The index denotes the liquid phase, while the solid phase denotes. The total differentials can be set up from the above equation :
where is the mole fraction of the solute in the solvent. If you work at constant pressure , the equation takes the simplified form:
The difference between the entropy of the solid and the liquid state ( ) corresponds to the molar entropy of fusion of the substance A . This size can be described as.
As is the melting point temperature refers to the pure solid phase. If you insert this relationship into the above equation and integrate between the limits of the temperatures and T or 1 and the mole fraction , the result is:
with and and you get the equation
Replacing by , where and or is, leads to the following equations when introducing molalities (with T · T ≈ T ):
With
By transforming the equation, one can determine the molar mass of the dissolved substance from the observed lowering of the freezing point. The following applies:
Applications
- There is a practical application of the freezing point lowering in winter, when de-icing salt ( sodium chloride ) is applied to ice and snow surfaces when the temperature is below zero . A saturated saline solution has a freezing point of −21 ° C, dissolving the salt results in a liquid saline solution, the ice thaws.
- Ice and salt mixtures are used to produce a cold mixture (in a chemical laboratory or earlier in ice cream production). The heat of fusion is withdrawn from the table salt, ice and water mixture, and the mixture cools down.
- The addition of cryolite reduces the melting temperature of aluminum oxide in aluminum production using the Hall-Héroult process .
- The molecular mass of the dissolved substance can be determined from the lowering of the freezing point . The measurement method for this is known as cryoscopy . This method of determining molar mass used to be widely used in organic and inorganic chemistry when it came to determining the molar mass of newly synthesized or isolated compounds . For this purpose, solvents are selected, if possible, which have a large cryoscopic constant. Nowadays, molar mass is usually determined by mass spectrometry .
Web links
- Video: Cryoscopy and Ebullioscopy as Colligative Properties - A solution boils and freezes later than the pure solvent . Jakob Günter Lauth (SciFox) 2013, made available by the Technical Information Library (TIB), doi : 10.5446 / 15677 .