Schools of the SS, the SD and the security police

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The schools of the SS, the SD and the Security Police were training centers for members of the Schutzstaffel (SS), the security service of the Reichsführer SS (SD), the Secret State Police (Gestapo) and the criminal police (Kripo) during the National Socialist era . The Gestapo and Kripo were collectively referred to as the security police .

The various schools and school types with different training focuses served the training of leaders as well as subordinates and other specialist staff. In addition to the four official Junker schools in Bad Tölz , Braunschweig , Klagenfurt- Lehndorf and Prague - Dewitz, there were eighteen weapons and technical schools for the training of active and reserve leaders as well as technical and special careers for the Waffen SS alone . Until the beginning of the Second World War , the graduates were deployed in the general SS and police. They formed the next generation of leaders in the SS disposal force , in the order police , in the concentration camps and SS death's head associations and in the SD . In addition to the actual subject-specific training, these schools also taught a way of life and attitude in the sense of the SS. The structure of the four SS Junker Schools served as models for most of the other SS school types.

history

Schools for SS leadership personnel were part of the ambitious elite concept of Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler from an early stage . In them the future leader corps of the various branches of the SS should be trained. Since the SS was a political organization, the training of its leadership cadre was also political. In terms of education under National Socialism , the teaching content in the schools of the SS, the SD and the Security Police should, according to the presentation of the Reich leadership SS , consist in equal parts of subject-specific training and ideological education.

The individual institutions developed gradually and partly independently of one another. At the beginning of March 1935, the SS-Ärztliche Junkerschule was set up in Berlin , which later became the SS Medical Academy in Graz . The SS administration school began teaching in Dachau in late summer 1935. In the autumn of 1936, Adolf Hitler opened the first military commanding school of the SS disposable troops in Bad Tölz , followed by the second in Braunschweig in the summer of 1937 . In terms of the organizational structure, the commanding schools of the disposal troops corresponded to the commanding schools of the General SS. The commanding schools of the SS disposal troops in Bad Tölz and Braunschweig were officially renamed " SS Junkerschule " on 8 August 1937 .

Following the example of the Junker Schools, further SS and Police leadership schools were later founded, which were based on the structure and organizational structure of the Junker Schools. In the other leadership schools of the SS, SD and the Security Police, special emphasis was placed on education according to National Socialist principles, only in the technical training focuses did the teaching content differ from the Junker schools.

Schools and types of schools

SS Junker Schools

Main article: SS Junk School

The SS Junker Schools were based on German war schools, which during the Second World War had the task of training junior military leaders for the Waffen SS . The curriculum included subjects such as tactics, terrain and map studies, combat training and training on one's own weapons, general practical troop service (weapons technology, shooting training, drill), ideological education, army, SS and police, administration, physical exercises, weapons theory, pioneering theory, telecommunications , Tank apprenticeship, automotive beings, medical services, air force apprenticeship, working hours and German lessons.

The SS Junker Schools had their origins in the SS commanders' schools, the first of which was set up in the autumn of 1936 under the direction of Felix Steiner in Bad Tölz and the second in the summer of 1937 under the direction of Paul Hausser in Braunschweig . From the summer of 1938 Hausser also held the position of inspector of the Junker schools with the aim of increasing the efficiency of these training centers. On August 8, 1937, the leadership schools of the SS disposal force were officially renamed " SS Junker Schools ", and from June 1940 they were part of a comprehensive reorganization of the SS with the SS-Totenkopfverband , the SS main offices and the SS- VT combined into the " Waffen-SS ".

In the summer of 1943, a third SS Junk School was opened in Klagenfurt-Lendorf , and the name was changed to “SS and Waffen Junk School Klagenfurt” on June 1, 1944. In addition to the Junk School Tölz, it also served to train and train foreign leaders. The special thing about the Junkerschule Klagenfurt was that it was also - as it was called in Nazi parlance - “foreign national” leader applicants, e.g. B. Croats, took up and trained for the leadership career. In the spring of 1944, the SS Junk School in Prague-Dewitz went into operation. The course began on July 3, 1944.

Medical Academy of the SS

The SS-Ärztliche Junkerschule in Berlin was established in early March 1935 under SS-Standartenführer Schlink. It was not under the control of the inspector of the SS disposal troops and the SS junker schools, but was directed directly by the SS Reich Leadership, Reichsarzt SS Office under its chief SS-Gruppenführer Ernst-Robert Grawitz . In 1937 the school was renamed "Medical Academy of the SS" and in autumn 1939 it was moved to Graz .

SS leadership school of the economic administration service

The leadership school of the economic administration service was opened in the late summer of 1935 in Dachau as SS administration school Dachau by SS standard leader Hans Baier. The administration school was subordinate to the Reichsführung SS, Administration Office Munich or briefly the SS Administration Office, which was created on May 3, 1935. The administration of the SS administration school itself was housed in the headquarters of the SS-Totenkopfverband of the Dachau training camp, which was adjacent to the area of the concentration camp of the same name . However, it was also a facility of the SS disposal force and was under the direct control of SS inspector Hausser.

In the SS administration school, the future SS leaders in administration were trained in around 53 courses. The course participants came from the general SS and the available troops (but also occasionally from the death's head associations) and were deployed in the SS upper sections or in the companies. They could not be older than 23 years and not have exceeded the rank of SS-Untersturmführer.

The first training course was held by SS-Sturmbannführer Eduard Bachl , who was then head of the SS personnel department. During the Second World War , the SS administration school in Dachau was dissolved and reorganized in Arolsen as the SS leadership school for the economic administration service. This SS school was directly subordinate to Oswald Pohl's SS Economic and Administrative Main Office .

Subordinate schools of the Waffen SS

The Waffen-SS not only had junior schools, but also had its own facilities that served to train its own junior officers. The first two subordinate schools of the Waffen SS existed from 1940/41 in Lauenburg (Pomerania) and Radolfzell ; The model for these schools was the Dachau SS Unterführerschule , which was dissolved in 1937 and run by the SS Totenkopfverband . In the further course of the Second World War, NCO schools were established in Arnhem , Laibach , Lublinitz and Posen-Treskau .

Waffen-SS vocational schools

These vocational schools provided members of the Waffen-SS with sufficient training to enable them to acquire adequate and qualified foundations for later civil careers. The prototype was the SS-VT vocational school in St. Georgen in the Black Forest , which was set up in the former relief agency camp (HWL) for members of the SS service force. With the creation of the Waffen-SS , the school in St. Georgen became known as the Waffen-SS vocational school and other training centers of this type were later founded in Hamburg , Schleissheim north of Munich, Mittweida and other places.

Schools of the security police and the SD

The SS security service in Bernau near Berlin set up the leadership school of the security service of the security police and the SD for the practical training of its own young leaders . The courses were held by members of the Reich Main Security Office. The head of this school was SS-Sturmbannführer Nickol. This school was also under the control of the RSHA, and the inspector of the Junker Schools Hausser had no influence on this institution.

The other schools of the SS were also founded according to this model:

  1. Driving school of the Security Police and SD in Berlin-Charlottenburg under SS-Obersturmbannführer Otto Hellwig , SS-Sturmbannführer Erwin Schulz and SS-Obersturmbannführer Rudolf Hotzel
  2. Security Police School Drögen ( Fürstenberg / Havel ) under SS-Standartenführer Hans Trummler
  3. Security service school ( Bernau near Berlin ) under SS-Sturmbannführer Nickol
  4. Sipo and SD radio school ( Grünberg Castle near Nepomuk ) under SS-Sturmbannführer Hoffmann
  5. Shooting school ( Zella-Mehlis ) under SS-Standartenführer Daniels
  6. Sports school ( Pretzsch (Elbe) ) under SS-Standartenführer Daniels
  7. Border Police School (Pretzsch / Elbe)
  8. Reich school of the Sipo and SD ( Prague ) under SS-Obersturmbannführer Rabe
  9. Gendarmerie-Kraftfahrschule Suhl

In April 1943 two schools were closed: the radio school in Nepomuk was integrated into the security police school Drögen and the border police school was closed forever. Your staff was also transferred to the Drögen Security Police School.

After passing the leadership exam, the participants in the leadership schools of the security police and the security service often took part in military training at one of the official junker schools of the Waffen-SS in order to learn military skills in addition to their basic police skills.

literature

  • Bernhard Kiekenap : SS Junker School. SA and SS in Braunschweig. Appelhans, Braunschweig 2008, ISBN 978-3-937664-94-1 .
  • Hans-Christian Harten: Himmler's teacher. The ideological training in the SS 1933–1945 . Paderborn 2014.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hilde Kammer, Elisabet Bartsch: Youth Lexicon National Socialism. Terms from the tyranny of 1933–1945 . P. 227.
  2. ↑ Bernd Wegner: Notes on the history of the Waffen-SS in: RD Müller, HE Volkmann: The Wehrmacht: Myth and Reality . Edited on behalf of the MGFA . Oldenbourg, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-486-56383-1 , p. 410 f.
  3. ↑ Andrew Mollo: Uniforms of the SS 1933-1945 , Volume 3, pp. 23-26.
  4. ^ Gordon Williamson: The Waffen SS 1933-1945. A manual . P. 57.
  5. ↑ Bastian Hein: Elite for people and leaders? The General SS and its members 1925–1945 . Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2012, p. 208.
  6. ↑ For this and for the rest of the section see Andrew Mollo: Uniforms of the SS 1933–1945 , Volume 5.
  7. ^ Berlin Theme Year 2013: Nazi leadership school in the Stüler building - table unveiling. (No longer available online.) November 20, 2013, archived from the original on December 2, 2013 ; accessed on July 23, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.berlin.de
  8. ^ Joachim Wolf: Training place for mass murder. Hate speech was part of the program here: In the former ADGB federal school in Bernau, NSDAP officials were mentally prepared for the criminal goals of National Socialism. bpb, January 18, 2007, accessed July 23, 2016 .