Black-mantled tamarin

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Black-mantled tamarin
Leontocebus weddelli weddelli in the Peruvian Tambopata National Reserve

Leontocebus weddelli weddelli in the Peruvian Tambopata National Reserve

Systematics
Subordination : Dry- nosed primates (Haplorrhini)
Partial order : Monkey (anthropoidea)
without rank: New World Monkey (Platyrrhini)
Family : Marmosets (Callitrichidae)
Genre : Leontocebus
Type : Black-mantled tamarin
Scientific name
Leontocebus Weddelli
( Deville , 1849)

The black- mantled tamarin ( Leontocebus weddelli , Syn . : Midas weddelli, Saguinus weddelli ) is a species from the marmoset family (Callitrichidae) that occurs in two or three subspecies in the western Amazon basin .

distribution

The distribution area of ​​the nominate form , Leontocebus weddelli weddelli , includes the middle and west of the region between Rio Purus and Rio Madeira . In the Brazilian state of Rondônia , the subspecies also occurs to the right of the Rio Madeira. There the subspecies lives sympathetically with the Rondonia marmoset ( Mico rondoni ). The second subspecies, the white- coat tamarin ( Leontocebus weddelli melanoleucus ), occurs in an area lying on the right side of the upper Rio Juruá in the extreme west of Brazil and in the southeast of Peru. The third subspecies, Leontocebus weddelli crandalli, is only known from a single specimen. Its origin is unknown. It may have come from an area on the upper reaches of the Rio Juruá and Tarauacá in the west of the Brazilian state of Acre . Possibly the shape is a hybrid .

features

The black coat tamarin reaches a head-trunk length of 18 to 27 cm, has a 25 to 38 cm long tail and weighs between 340 and 440 g. The nominate form , Leontocebus weddelli weddelli is predominantly black to black-brown in color, the back often marbled gray, ocher or orange. The abdomen, rump and thighs are reddish to orange. The face is black and the area around the mouth and nose is gray. A continuous white eyebrow spans both eyes. Leontocebus weddelli melanoleucus is almost completely creamy white in color ( leucus = white). Only the ears, the hairless skin of the face and the external genitals are black. Leontocebus weddelli crandalli is similar to L. w. melanoleucus , the back of the body, legs and forearms are dark yellowish, the tail is blackish. The following statements only apply to the nominate form Saguinus weddelli weddelli , as the two other subspecies have so far hardly been explored, or not at all.

habitat

The black mantle tamarin is adaptable and can be found in primary forests with tall trees and sparse ("monte alto") or dense undergrowth ("monte bajo") as well as in secondary forests with a closed ("barbejo claro") or without a closed tree cover ("barbejo tupido") to be found. Research in Bolivia found a preference for secondary forests, where the animals spent 70% of their time. Studies in the Peruvian national park Manú showed that they prefer a mosaic of different forest types and avoid very large, closed primary forest regions.

Black-coat tamarins live in groups of 2 to 15 individuals, usually 4 to 6 animals. The groups are large families with one pair of parents and small as well as adult, sexually mature young animals. Mixed groups with the mustache tamarin ( Saguinus imperator ), the red-bellied tamarin ( Saguinus labiatus ), the spring tamarin ( Callimico goeldii ) or the Rondonia marmoset ( Mico rondoni ) were observed. While groups with the other two tamarin species are relatively stable - a mixed group with the mustache tamarin was observed repeatedly over a period of three years - a mixed group with the marmoset is short-lived and less close. The population density in various areas studied is between 4.5 and 50 individuals per km². The two-colored caterpillar ( Accipiter bicolor ) is one of the well-known predators that hunt the black- coat tamarin .

Fruits of Quararibea cordata

nutrition

Black-coat tamarins feed mainly on fruits and insects. The fruits of climbing plants and z. As that of the Zürgelbaums Celtis iguanaea that of larger monkeys like capuchin monkeys or squirrel monkeys are not eaten, also nectar from assimilé Combretum , also a climber, and nectar and fruits of Quararibea cordata . The black-coat tamarins prefer larger insects such as grasshoppers and small vertebrates such as lizards as animal food , while the mustache tamarin also eats many butterflies and moths.

Reproduction

In the black-coat tamarin groups, there is only one reproducing female in most cases. It mates either with just one male (monogamy) or with several ( polyandry ). Every now and then a second, younger female can reproduce. In these cases, the pups of the second reproducing female are born about three months before or after the pups of the older female. Since the males and the other group members also take care of the young, this largely avoids a competitive situation regarding the care of the young. The breeding season is at the end of the dry season and in the rainy season from August to March.

White-mantled tamarin ( L. weddelli melanoleucus )

Systematics

The black- mantled tamarin was described as Midas weddelli by the French medic and taxidermist Émile Deville in 1849 , but was later assigned as a subspecies to the brown-backed tamarin ( Leontocebus fuscicollis ). The white-mantled tamarin was originally also assigned to the brown-backed tamarin as a subspecies, but received the status of an independent species in 2001. Since genetic studies have shown that the black-mantled tamarin is more closely related to the white-mantled tamarin than to the nominate form of the brown-backed tamarin, the black-mantled tamarin became an independent species the white-coat tamarin as a subspecies. The genetic distance between the white-mantled tamarin ( L. weddelli melanoleucus ) and the nominate form ( L. weddelli weddelli ) is no greater than that between different specimens of the nominate form.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Christian Matauschek, Christian Roos & Eckhard W. Heymann: Mitochondrial Phylogeny of Tamarins ( Saguinus , Hoffmannsegg 1807) with Taxonomic and Biogeographic Implications for the S. nigricollis Species Group. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144: 564-574 (2011)

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