Silk plants

Silk plants
	Asclepias tuberosa
Systematics
Order :	Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family :	Dog poison family (Apocynaceae)
Subfamily :	Silk plants (Asclepiadoideae)
Tribe :	Asclepiadeae
Sub tribus :	Asclepiadinae
Genre :	Silk plants
Scientific name
	Asclepias
	L.

The silk plants ( Asclepias ) are a genus of plants from the subfamily of the silk plants (Asclepiadoideae) within the family of the dog poison plants . Their original home is mainly the New World , some species are neophytes in many areas of the world .

description

Follicle of the common milkweed ( Asclepias syriaca )

Seeds of ordinary milkweed ( Asclepias syriaca )

Appearance and leaves

Asclepias species usually grow as perennial, rarely as annual herbaceous plants ; most species lignify somewhat at the base. Most of the time, the most short-stalked leaves are cross-opposite or, more rarely, they are arranged in whorls on the stems. The herbaceous leaf blades are linear, triangular, elliptical or elongated, with a length of 2 to 17 cm and a width of 0.1 to 3 cm, with a rounded, wedge-shaped or blunt blade base and pointed or pointed ends. The leaf surfaces can be hairy bald to downy.

Inflorescences and flowers

The terminal or between the nodes (nodes), umbel-like, zymous inflorescences are few to mostly multi-flowered. The inflorescence shafts are usually at least as long as the flower stalks, sometimes they are absent. The hermaphroditic and nectar-bearing flowers are radial symmetry , usually five-fold with a double flower envelope . The mostly five sepals are fused and hairy or bald on the underside. The usually five only fused at their base petals are upright to turned back. There is only one circle with five stamens . The stamens and the tip area of the carpels are fused together to form a so-called gynostegium . The upright gynostegium has curved, tongue-horn-like appendages. The two upper carpels are free from each other. Pollination is mostly done by insects ( entomophilia ).

Fruits and seeds

For each fertilized flower, two follicles emerge , which usually stand together like two horns. The spindle-shaped follicles have a pointed end and contain many flat seeds, densely packed, which have silky hairs 15 to 40 mm long as flight organs (coma) (hence the name silk plants).

Systematics

The genus Asclepias belongs to the subtribe Asclepiadinae from the tribe Asclepiadeae in the subfamily of the Asclepiadoideae within the family of Apocynaceae. The generic name Asclepias was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, pp. 214-217. As a lectotype in Hitchcock: Prop. Brit. Bot. 1929, p. 136, Asclepias syriaca . Carl von Linné derived the botanical generic name Asclepias from Asklepios , the Greek god of healing, as it was often used in folk medicine . Synonyms for Asclepias L. are: Acerates Elliott , Anantherix Nutt. , Asclepiodella Small , Asclepiodora A. Gray , Biventraria Small , Oxypteryx Greene , Podostemma Greene , Podostigma Elliott , Schizonotus A. Gray , Solanoa Greene .

The genus of silk plants ( Asclepias ) includes over 200 species:

Asclepias amplexicaulis

Asclepias asperula

California Milkweed ( Asclepias californica )

Asclepias cordifolia

Asclepias cryptoceras

Indian milkweed ( Asclepias curassavica )

Asclepias curtissii

Asclepias eriocarpa

Asclepias erosa

Asclepias exaltata

Asclepias fascicularis

Marsh Milkweed ( Asclepias incarnata )

Asclepias linaria

Asclepias meadii

Asclepias nyctaginifolia

Asclepias pumila

Asclepias purpurascens

Prickly Milkweed ( Asclepias speciosa )

Asclepias subulata

Common Milkweed ( Asclepias syriaca )

Asclepias tuberosa

Asclepias verticillata

Asclepias viridiflora

Asclepias viridis

Asclepias adscendens (Schltr.) Schltr. : It occurs from eastern Zimbabwe to southern Africa.

Asclepias × aequicornu E. Fourn . = Asclepias candida × Asclepias mellodora : It occurs in Brazil and in the Argentine Misiones.

Asclepias albens (E.Mey.) Schltr.

Asclepias albicans S. Watson

Asclepias alpestris (K.Schum.) Goyder

Asclepias amabilis N.E.Br.

Asclepias ameliae S.Moore

Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm.

Asclepias angustifolia Schweigg.

Asclepias apocynifolia Woodson

Asclepias arenaria Torr.

Asclepias asperula (Decne.) Woodson : There are two subspecies:

Asclepias asperula (Decne.) Woodson subsp. asperula
Asclepias asperula subsp. capricornu (Woodson) Woodson

Asclepias atroviolacea Woodson

Asclepias aurea (Schltr.) Schltr.

Asclepias auriculata Kunth

Asclepias barjoniifolia E. Fourn.

Asclepias bartlettiana Woodson

Asclepias baumii Schltr.

Asclepias bicuspis N.E.Br.

Asclepias bifida W.H. Blackw.

Asclepias boliviensis E. Fourn.

Asclepias brachystephana Engelm. ex Torr.

Asclepias bracteolata E. Fourn.

Asclepias breviantherae Goyder : It was first described in 2009 with two subspecies:

Asclepias breviantherae Goyder subsp. breviantherae : It occurs from southwestern Tanzania to northern Malawi.
Asclepias breviantherae subsp. minor Goyder : This endemic occurs only on the Kitulo Plateau in Tanzania.

Asclepias brevicuspis (E.Mey.) Schltr.

Asclepias brevipes (Schltr.) Schltr.

Asclepias × bridgesii E. Fourn.

Asclepias buchwaldii (Schltr. & K.Schum.) De Wild.

Asclepias californica Greene : There are two subspecies:

Asclepias californica Greene subsp. californica
Asclepias californica subsp. greenei Woodson

Asclepias candida Vell.

Asclepias cinerea Walter

Asclepias circinalis (Decne.) Woodson

Asclepias compressidens (NEBr.) Nicholas

Asclepias concinna (Schltr.) Schltr.

Asclepias connivens Baldwin ex Elliott

Asclepias constricta M.E. Jones

Asclepias conzattii Woodson

Asclepias cooperi N.E.Br.

Asclepias cordifolia (Benth.) Jeps.

Asclepias coulteri A. Gray

Asclepias crassicoronata Goyder : It was first described in 2009.

Asclepias crassinervis N.E.Br.

Asclepias crispa P.J. Bergius

Asclepias crocea Woodson

Asclepias cryptoceras S.Watson : There are two subspecies:

Asclepias cryptoceras S. Watson subsp. cryptoceras
Asclepias cryptoceras subsp. davisii (Woodson) Woodson

Asclepias cucullata (Schltr.) Schltr. : There have been two subspecies since 2001:

Asclepias cucullata (Schltr.) Schltr. subsp. cucullata
Asclepias cucullata subsp. scabrifolia (S.Moore) Goyder

Asclepias cultriformis Harv. ex Schltr.

Indian milkweed ( Asclepias curassavica L. )
Asclepias curtissii A. Gray
Asclepias cutleri Woodson
Asclepias densiflora N.E.Br.
Asclepias dependens (K.Schum.) NEBr.
Asclepias depressa (Schltr.) Schltr.
Asclepias dinteri Engl. & Krause
Asclepias disparilis N.E.Br.
Asclepias dissona N.E.Br.
Asclepias dregeana Schltr.
Asclepias edentata Goyder : It was first described in 2009 from southwestern Tanzania.
Asclepias elata Benth.
Asclepias elegantula Fishbein : It was first described in 2008 from northern Mexico.
Asclepias eminens (Harv.) Schltr.
Asclepias emoryi (Greene) Vail ex Small
Asclepias engelmanniana Woodson
Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.
Asclepias erosa Torr.
Asclepias euphorbiifolia Engelm. ex A. Gray
Asclepias exaltata L.
Asclepias expansa (E.Mey.) Schltr.
Asclepias fallax (Schltr.) Schltr.
Asclepias fascicularis Decne.
Asclepias feayi Chapm. ex A. Gray
Asclepias fimbriata Weim.
Asclepias flanaganii Schltr.
Asclepias flexuosa (E.Mey. Ex Decne.) Schltr.
Asclepias foliosa (K.Schum.) Here
Asclepias fournieri Woodson
Asclepias fulva N.E.Br.
Asclepias galeottii E. Fourn.
Asclepias gentryi Standl.
Asclepias gibba (E.Mey.) Schltr. : There are two varieties:
- Asclepias gibba (E.Mey.) Schltr. var. gibba
- Asclepias gibba var. Media NEBr.
Asclepias glaucescens Kunth
Asclepias gordon-grayae Nicholas
Asclepias graminifolia (Wild) Goyder : This new combination took place in 2009.
Asclepias grandirandii Goyder : It was first described in 2009.
Asclepias hallii A. Gray
Asclepias hirtella (Pennell) Woodson
Asclepias humilis (E. Mey.) Schltr.
Asclepias humistrata Walter
Asclepias hypoleuca (A. Gray) Woodson
Asclepias inaequalis Goyder : It was first described in 2009.
Marsh milkweed ( Asclepias incarnata L. ): There are two subspecies:
- Asclepias incarnata L. subsp. incarnata
- Asclepias incarnata subsp. pulchra (Hon. ex Willd.) Woodson
Asclepias involucrata Engelm. ex Torr.
Asclepias jaliscana B.L.Rob.
Asclepias jorgeana Fishbein & SPLynch
Asclepias kamerunensis Schltr.
Asclepias × kansana Vail
Asclepias labriformis M.E. Jones
Asclepias lanceolata Walter
Asclepias langsdorffii E. Fourn.
Asclepias lanuginosa Nutt.
Asclepias latifolia (Torr.) Raf.
Asclepias lemmonii A. Gray
Asclepias leptopus I.M.Johnst.
Asclepias linaria Cav.
Asclepias linearis Scheele
Asclepias longifolia Michx.
Asclepias longirostra Goyder : It was first described in 2009.
Asclepias longissima (K.Schum.) NEBr.
Asclepias lynchiana Fishbein
Asclepias macropus (Schltr.) Schltr. .
Asclepias macrotis Torr.
Asclepias masonii Woodson
Asclepias mcvaughii Woodson
Asclepias meadii Torr. ex A. Gray
Asclepias melantha Decne.
Asclepias meliodora (Schltr.) Schltr.
Asclepias mellodora A.St.-Hil.
Asclepias mexicana Cav.
Asclepias meyeriana (Schltr.) Schltr.
Asclepias michauxii Decne.
Asclepias minor (S.Moore) Goyder
Asclepias minutiflora (Goyder) Goyder
Asclepias mirifica Woodson
Asclepias montevaga M.Glen, Nicholas & Bester
Asclepias monticola N.E.Br.
Asclepias mtorwiensis Goyder : It was first described in 2009. This endemic occurs only in the Kipengere Mountains in Tanzania.
Asclepias nana I. Verd.
Asclepias navicularis (E. Mey.) Schltr.
Asclepias nivea L .: There are two varieties:
- Asclepias nivea var. Intermedia Schltr.
- Asclepias nivea L. var. Nivea
Asclepias nummularia Torr.
Asclepias nummularioides W.D.Stevens
Asclepias nuttii N.E.Br.
Asclepias nyctaginifolia A. Gray
Asclepias obovata Elliott
Asclepias occidentallis Goyder : It was first described in 2009.
Asclepias oenotheroides Schltdl. & Cham.
Asclepias oreophila Nicholas ex Hilliard & BLBurtt
Asclepias otarioides E. Fourn.
Asclepias ovalifolia Decne.
Asclepias ovata M. Martens & Galeotti
Asclepias palustris (K.Schum.) Schltr.
Asclepias patens N.E.Br.
Asclepias pedicellata Walter
Asclepias pellucida E. Fourn.
Asclepias peltigera (E.Mey.) Schltr.
Asclepias perennis Walter
Asclepias pilgeriana Schltr.
Asclepias praemorsa Schltr.
Asclepias pratensis Benth.
Asclepias pringlei (Greenm.) Woodson
Asclepias prostrata W.H. Blackw.
Asclepias pseudoamabilis Goyder : It was first described in 2009.
Asclepias pseudofimbriata (Goyder) Goyder : This new combination took place in 2009.
Asclepias pseudorubricaulis Woodson
Asclepias puberula A. Gray
Asclepias pumila (A. Gray) Vail
Asclepias purpurascens L.
Asclepias pygmaea N.E.Br.
Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq.
Asclepias quinquedentata A. Gray
Asclepias randii S.Moore
Asclepias rara N.E.Br.
Asclepias rubra L.
Asclepias rusbyi (Vail) Woodson
Asclepias scaposa Vail
Asclepias scheryi Woodson
Asclepias schlechteri (K.Schum.) NEBr.
Asclepias schumanniana Here
Asclepias senecionifolia M.E. Jones
Asclepias shabaensis (Goyder) Goyder : This new combination took place in 2009.
Asclepias similis Hemsl.
Asclepias solanoana Woodson
Asclepias solstitialis A. Chev.
Asclepias speciosa Torr.
Asclepias sperryi Woodson
Asclepias sphacelata (K.Schum.) NEBr.
Asclepias standleyi Woodson
Asclepias stathmostelmoides Goyder
Asclepias stellifera Schltr.
Asclepias stenophylla A. Gray
Asclepias subaphylla Woodson
Asclepias subulata Decne.
Asclepias subverticillata (A. Gray) Vail
Asclepias subviridis S.Moore
Asclepias sullivantii Engelm. ex A. Gray
Common milkweed ( Asclepias syriaca L. )
Asclepias tanganyikensis E.A. Bruce
Asclepias texana A. Heller
Asclepias tomentosa Elliott
Asclepias tuberosa L .: There are three subspecies:
- Asclepias tuberosa subsp. interior Woodson (Syn .: Asclepias tuberosa subsp. terminalis Woodson )
- Asclepias tuberosa subsp. rolfsii (Britton ex Vail) Woodson
- Asclepias tuberosa L. subsp. tuberosa
Asclepias ulophylla Schltr.
Asclepias uncialis Greene : There are two subspecies:
- Asclepias uncialis subsp. ruthiae (Maguire) JTKartesz & Gandhi
- Asclepias uncialis Greene subsp. uncialis
Asclepias variegata L.
Asclepias velutina (Schltr.) Schltr.
Asclepias verticillata L.
Asclepias vestita Hook. & Arn. : There are two subspecies:
- Asclepias vestita subsp. parishii (Jeps.) Woodson
- Asclepias vestita Hook. & Arn. subsp. vestita
Asclepias vicaria N.E.Br.
Asclepias vinosa (E. Fourn.) Woodson
Asclepias viridiflora Raf.
Asclepias viridis Walter
Asclepias viridula Chapm.
Asclepias virletii E. Fourn .
Asclepias welshii N.H. Holmgren & PKHolmgren
Asclepias woodii (Schltr.) Schltr.
Asclepias woodsoniana Standl. & Steyerm.
Asclepias zanthodacryon (LBSm.) Woodson

Differences to the related genus Gomphocarpus

The genus Asclepias differs from the genus Gomphocarpus mainly in the slim to thick beet-shaped or bulbous rhizome , which in Gomphocarpus is fibrous or lignified. Asclepias forms new, mostly unbranched or slightly branched stems every year, while Gomphocarpus forms short-lived, perennial subshrubs with branched stems. Furthermore, the inflorescences in Asclepias are terminal, in Gomphocarpus on the other hand extra-axillary (arising from the leaf axils ).

swell

Bingtao Li, Michael G. Gilbert, W. Douglas Stevens: Asclepiadaceae in der Flora of China , Volume 16, 1995, p. 203: Asclepias - Online. (Section description)
S. Liede-Schumann & U. Meve 2006 .: The Genera of Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae and Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae) Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. Version: September 21, 2000. Genus Asclepias .

Individual evidence

↑ WA Dayton: Glossary of Botanical Terms Commonly Used in Range Research. United States Department of Agriculture, 1950, p. 10, archive.org .
^ Asclepias in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
^ Asclepias at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo ^ep ^eq ^er ^es ^et ^eu ^ev ^ew ^ex ^ey ^ez ^fa ^fb ^fc ^fd ^fe ^ff ^fg ^fh ^fi ^fj ^fk ^fl ^fm ^fn ^fo ^fp ^fq ^fr ^fs ^ft ^fu ^fv ^fw ^fx ^fy ^fz ^ga ^gb ^gc ^gd ^ge ^gf ^gg ^gh ^gi ^gj ^gk ^gl ^gm ^gn ^go ^gp ^gq ^gr ^gs ^gt ^gu ^gv ^gw ^gx ^gy ^gz ^ha ^hb ^hc ^hd ^he ^hf ^hg ^hh ^hi ^hj ^hk ^hl ^hm ^hn ^ho ^hp ^hq ^hr ^hs ^ht ^hu ^hv Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Asclepias. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 3, 2020.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m David John Goyder: A Synopsis of Asclepias (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) in Tropical Africa. In: Kew Bulletin. Volume 64, No. 3, 2009, pp. 369-399. JSTOR 20649668
^ ^A ^b Billie L. Turner: Taxonomy of Asclepias hirtella and A. longifolia (Apocynaceae). In: Phytologia. Volume 91, No. 2, 2009, pp. 308-311 online.

Web links

Commons : Silk plants ( Asclepias ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Entries about Asclepias in Plants For A Future . Retrieved November 4, 2017.

[1] WA Dayton: Glossary of Botanical Terms Commonly Used in Range Research. United States Department of Agriculture, 1950, p. 10, archive.org .

[GRIN-2] Asclepias in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

[tropicos-3] Asclepias at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[WCSP-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo ^ep ^eq ^er ^es ^et ^eu ^ev ^ew ^ex ^ey ^ez ^fa ^fb ^fc ^fd ^fe ^ff ^fg ^fh ^fi ^fj ^fk ^fl ^fm ^fn ^fo ^fp ^fq ^fr ^fs ^ft ^fu ^fv ^fw ^fx ^fy ^fz ^ga ^gb ^gc ^gd ^ge ^gf ^gg ^gh ^gi ^gj ^gk ^gl ^gm ^gn ^go ^gp ^gq ^gr ^gs ^gt ^gu ^gv ^gw ^gx ^gy ^gz ^ha ^hb ^hc ^hd ^he ^hf ^hg ^hh ^hi ^hj ^hk ^hl ^hm ^hn ^ho ^hp ^hq ^hr ^hs ^ht ^hu ^hv Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Asclepias. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 3, 2020.

[Goyder2009-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m David John Goyder: A Synopsis of Asclepias (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) in Tropical Africa. In: Kew Bulletin. Volume 64, No. 3, 2009, pp. 369-399. JSTOR 20649668

[Turner2009-6] A ^b Billie L. Turner: Taxonomy of Asclepias hirtella and A. longifolia (Apocynaceae). In: Phytologia. Volume 91, No. 2, 2009, pp. 308-311 online.