Sephardic music

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Painting: Jewish wedding music in Morocco. 19th century

Sephardic music is the music of the Sephardic Jews . Sephardim, along with the Ashkenazim and Mizrahim, are one of the three main ethnic branches of the Jews in the Diaspora . The Sephardim were originally concentrated on the Iberian Peninsula , but are now spread over the entire Mediterranean region, as they also lived under the Mizrahim for centuries.

development

Sephardic music originated in medieval Spain , performed by Cancioneros at princely courts. Since then she has picked up influences from Morocco , Argentina , Turkey and Greece and those of various Spanish folk music styles from Spain and elsewhere. There are three types of Sephardic songs: ballads and entertainment songs , romances, and sacred or liturgical chants. The texts can be read in a variety of languages, including Hebrew for religious chants and Ladino . With regard to the music of the Sephardim, research is faced with the problem that although Jewish and non-Jewish sources on the musical life of the Jews in Spain are available, the surviving records of music all date from a period long after 1492. Most of the compositions were only handed down orally for a long time and only recorded in the 20th century. Israel J. Katz therefore writes that "the music of Sephardic Spain remains a mystery (Enigma) for us" .

These singing traditions spread from Spain to Morocco (the " Western Tradition ") and parts of the Ottoman Empire (" Eastern Tradition ") with Greece , Jerusalem , the Balkans and Egypt . Sephardic music has adapted to each region and has taken on regional peculiarities, such as the North African high, stretched, microtonally decorated tones; the rhythms of the Balkans, e.g. B. 9/8 time; and the Arabic-Turkish modes (Arabic maqāmāt ).

Traditionally, the singers are mostly women who sing while doing housework. These, mostly monophonic, songs are usually unaccompanied. Tambourines and other percussion instruments are sometimes used, especially in wedding songs. Additionally accompany Oud - and Kanun musician, contemporary artists relate countless other imported instruments with one.

In the early 20th century , some popular commercial recordings of Sephardic music were released in Greece and Turkey, later in Jerusalem and other regions of the Eastern tradition. The first performers were mostly men, including the Turks Jack Mayesh , Haim Efendi and Yitzhak Algazi . Later a new generation of singers came up, many of them were not Sephardic themselves. Gloria Levy , Pasharos Sefardíes and Flory Jagoda were well-known performers of this Eastern tradition. Yasmin Levy belongs to a new generation of singers who reinterpret the Ladino heritage and combine it with Andalusian flamenco . Myriam Alter fuses Sephardic music with jazz and Latin American music . In Turkey, the Sephardic music group Sefarad made it into the top ten.

List of artists

  • Ana Alcaide (Spain)
  • Judi Frankel (USA)
  • Mor Karbasi (Great Britain)
  • Yehoram Gaon (Israel)
  • George Dalaras (Greece)
  • Janet & Jak Esim (Turkey)
  • BraAgas (Czech Republic)
  • Avraam Perera (Israel)
  • Yasmin Levy (Israel)
  • Kohava Levy (Israel)
  • Fortuna (Brazil)
  • Daddo Dganit (Israel)
  • Rosa Negra - Fado Ladino (Portugal)
  • Glykeria (Greece)
  • Reinette l´oranaise (Algeria)
  • Lili Boniche (Algeria)
  • René Perez (Algeria)
  • Javier Ruibal (Spain)
  • Los Desterrados (Great Britain)
  • Françoise Atlan (France)
  • Soledad Bravo (Venezuela)
  • Joaquín Díaz González (Spain)
  • Yosi Azulay (Israel)
  • Sefarad (Turkey)
  • David d'Or (Israel)
  • Esther Ofarim (Israel)
  • Stefanie Valadez (USA)
  • María Salgado (Spain)
  • Montserrat Franco (USA)
  • Avishai Cohen (Israel)
  • Koby Israelite (UK)
  • Lampa Ladino (Russia)
  • Sarah Aroeste (USA)
  • Deleon (USA)
  • La Mar Enfortuna (USA)
  • Sophie Solomon (Great Britain)
  • Adik Chezron (Germany)
  • Israeli Andaluzian Orchestra (Israel)
  • Ensemble Sarband (Germany / Bulgaria / Turkey / Lebanon)
  • Al Andaluz Project (Spain)
  • Savina Yannatou (Greece)

literature

  • Judith Cohen: Ladino Romance. In: Simon Broughton and Mark Ellingham et al. (Ed.): World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books, 2000, ISBN 1-85828-636-0 , pp. 370-379
  • Edwin Seroussi: Between the Eastern and Western Mediterranean - Sephardic Music after the Expulsion from Spain and Portugal. In: Alisa Meyuhas Ginio (ed.): Jews Christians, and Muslims in the Mediterranean World after 1492. Routledge, 1992, ISBN 978-0-714-68050-7 , pp. 198-206
  • Edwin Seroussi: Sephardic Music - A Bibliographical Guide with a Checklist of Notated Sources. In Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Review , Vol. 12, No. 1-2. 1990, pp. 56-61
  • Abraham Zvi Idelsohn : Hebrew-oriental melody treasure. Vol. 4: Chants of the Oriental Sefardim. Berlin u. a. 1923
  • Mark Kligman: Diversity and Uniqueness - An Introductio to Sephardic Liturgical Music. In Zion Zohar (ed.): From the Golden Age of Spain to Modern Times. New York University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8147-9705-9 , pp. 259-284

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Israel J. Katz: The Music of Sephardic Spain - An Exploratory View ; in Carol E. Robertson (Ed.): Musical Repercutions of 1492 - Encounters in Text and Performance , 1992, p. 103