Sergei Stepanowitsch Tschachotin

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Symbol of the Iron Front

Sergei Stepanowitsch Tschachotin ( Russian Сергей Степанович Чахотин ; born September 13, 1883 in Constantinople , † December 24, 1973 in Moscow ) was a Russian microbiologist and social visionary .

Life

Tschachotin came from a Russian family. His father, Stephan, was Vice Consul and Chief Interpreter at the Russian Embassy in Constantinople. His mother, Alexandra, was Greek. He attended the grammar school in Odessa , which he graduated with honors in 1901, and then first studied medicine in Moscow, then, like many young intellectuals in Russia, he went to Germany to study at the universities of Munich (1902/03), Berlin (1903/04) and Heidelberg (1903/07). Tschachotin worked with Alberico Benedicenti at the Institute for Experimental Pharmacology at the University of Messina in Italy and received his doctorate in 1908 with Otto Bütschli in Heidelberg on the statocyst of the heteropods . As an opponent of the October Revolution , he became Krasnows Propaganda Minister in the Russian Civil War . In the years before the First World War, he traveled through Europe. In his free time he began to translate the works of his doctoral supervisor, Otto Büschli, into Russian. In 1912 he got a job at the Academy of Military Medicine in Petersburg. After the February Revolution, he became involved in the social and political education of the youth by publishing articles in a newspaper. He belonged to the Social Democrats, the Mensheviks. After the October Revolution of 1918, he fled to southern Russia and joined General Kornilov's army. He became head of the propaganda department there, but fled to Paris shortly afterwards. He worked as a biologist in France from 1920 to 1921 and found a job as a professor in Zagreb in March 1921. His professorship was canceled in 1922 because the anthology "Smena Vech" had been published in 1921, in which he took a position that corresponded to Lenin's opinion. In early 1922 he returned to Paris. In March 1922 he moved to Berlin and became the editor of the newspaper “Nakanune” (the evening before). The newspaper published scientific articles on Marxism and approached the ideology of the USSR. The newspaper was discontinued in 1924 and he was now working for the Soviet trade mission in Berlin.

From 1930 to 1933 he was a visiting scholar in Heidelberg and received a scholarship from the Research Cooperation in New York. During this time he continued to work as a biologist and published articles and papers. He became a member of the Friends of Nature and the Workers' Esperanto Movement. He was actively involved against the NSDAP, especially within the framework of the Iron Front, and pointed out the dangers of National Socialism early on.

From 1933 - after his release from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Heidelberg in April - he lived in exile, first in Denmark , then in France , where he was later interned in Compiègne . Tschachotin continued to be the chief ideologist of the Iron Front in Germany. With Carlo Mierendorff , he designed the “three arrows” (in the original: “Trepil mot Hagekors”) in 1932, which became the symbol of the Iron Front (1931–1933). The three arrows were chosen because the Nazi party swastika could easily be overdrawn with them.

In April 1934 he moved back to Paris, but was initially unable to find a scientific job there. There he found connection to left-wing circles and published his work Le Viol des Foules par la Propaganda politique in 1939 . After the occupation of Paris by the German Wehrmacht, he was arrested and taken to the concentration camp in Compiègene. After the intervention of befriended German professors, he was released again.

He was friends with Einstein and Pavlov . In 1958 he returned to Russia, where he worked in various research institutes of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , first in Leningrad , then in Moscow . He lived in various European countries and fought both the Russian Revolution and fascism and National Socialism . He is one of the initiators of the modern form of propaganda and one of the most important mass psychologists of the 20th century. His estate was discovered in Paris .

Three arrow against swastika

His main work Dreipfeil gegen Hakenkreuz (1933), which was also published in French, English and Danish translation, is an analysis of National Socialist propaganda with the aim of countering socialist propaganda.

Works

Microbiological writings (as Sergeï Tschachotin )
  • About the bioelectric currents in invertebrates and their comparison with analogous phenomena in vertebrates. Comparative physiological study. In: Archives for the entire physiology of humans and animals. Vol. 120, H. 10-12 (December 16, 1907), pp. 565-617, doi: 10.1007 / BF01677381 .
  • The statocyst of the heteropod. Engelmann, Leipzig 1908 (dissertation, natural science and mathematical faculty of the University of Heidelberg, June 23, 1908); also in: Journal for Scientific Zoology. Vol. 90, pp. 343-422.
  • The microscopic radiation stab method, a cell surgery method. In: Biological Centralblatt. Vol. 32 (1912), H. 10, pp. 623-630.
  • On the effect of radiation on cells, especially on cancerous tumor cells, and the question of their chemical imitation. In: Munich medical weekly. Vol. 59 (1912), H. 44, pp. 2379-2381.
  • A micro-surgical device. In: Journal for Scientific Microscopy and Microscopic Technology. Vol. 29, no. 2 (October 10, 1912), pp. 188-191.
  • A hygienic suction pipette for bacteriological and chemical purposes. In: Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde and Infectious Diseases. Vol. 67 (1913), p. 319 f.
  • A new spray and dropper bottle for laboratories. In: Journal for biological technology and methodology. Vol. 3 (1915), p. 83.
Other scientific writings
  • The rational organization of biological institutes and the rational technology of the researcher's intellectual work. In: Methods of general comparative physiology (= Handbook of biological working methods. Dept. V: Methods for studying the function of the individual organs of the animal organism. Part 2). 2nd half, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Berlin 1936, pp. 1597–1650 and 1651–1702.
  • Serge Tchakhotine: Organization rationelle de la recherche scientifique. Hermann, Paris 1938.
Political Writings
  • Sergej Cachotin: Organizacija; Cachotin, SS, Prof .; Principy i metody v proizvodstve, torgovle, administracii i politike. S 100 ris. i tabl. Berlin: Opyt, 1923 [Organization] (Russian).
  • Sergej Cachotin: Evropejskaja Literatura po NOT; Cachotin, SS, prof. Moskva: NKRKI, 1924 [The europ. Literature about d. 'Wiss. Organization d. Job'. Bibliography] (Russian).
  • Carlo Mierendorff and Sergej Tschachotin: Basics and forms of political propaganda. Magdeburg: Federal Board of the Reich Banner Black-Red-Gold 1932.
  • Activation of the workforce. In: New papers for socialism. Vol. 3 (1932), H. 3, pp. 149-151.
  • Sergei Tschachotin: three arrows against swastika. Active Socialism Publishing House, Copenhagen 1933.
  • Sergei Tschachotin: Trepil mod Hagekors. København: Frem-Forl., 1933.
  • Serge Tchakhotine: Le Viol des Foules par la Propaganda politique. Paris: Nrf, Gallimard 1939 (a revised and expanded translation of the German version. A second edition appeared in 1952, digitized ).
  • Serge Chakotin: The Rape of the Masses. The Psychology of Totalitarian Political Propaganda. New York: Alliance Book Corp. 1940.
  • Serge Chakotin: The rape of the masses: the psychology of totalitarian political propaganda. Transl. from the 5th ed. by EW Dickes. London: Labor Book Service, 1940.
  • Serghej Ciacotin: Tecnica della propaganda politica. Milano: Sugar, 1964.
  • Serge Tchakhotine: A mistificação das massas pela propaganda política. Tradução de Miguel Arraes. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1967.
  • S. Tchakhotine: La morale du point de vue biologique et la notion de culpabilite , in: Psyche, Revue internationale des sciences de l'homme et de psychanalyse. Numero 18 et 19, avril / may 1948. Numero double special sur la culpabilite. Paris, 1948.
  • Sergei Tschachotin: Pod raswalinami Messiny. Rasskas saschiwo pogrebennowo v semljetrjasenii 1908 goda . Messina, 2008.
  • Sergej Tchakhotine: Sotto le macerie di Messina. Racconto di un sopravvissuto al terremoto del 1908 . Intilla editore Messina, 2008.

literature

  • Richard Albrecht : Symbol fight in Germany 1932: Sergej Tschachotin and the symbol war of the three arrows against National Socialism as an episode in the defensive struggle of the workers' movement against fascism in Germany. In: International scientific correspondence on the history of the German labor movement . Vol. 22 (1986), H. 4, pp. 498-533.
  • Richard Albrecht: "... that you have to stop your activity": Sergej Tschachotin's dismissal from the Heidelberg Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in 1933 , in: Reports on the History of Science, Volume 10, Issue 2, 1987, pages 105–112.
  • Reinhard Rürup , Michael Schüring: Fates and Careers. Memorial book for the researchers expelled from the Kaiser Wilhelm Society by the National Socialists. Wallstein, Göttingen 2008, ISBN 3-892-44797-7 , p. 332 ff.
  • Vladimir Volkoff : La désinformation arme de guerre. Édition Julliard / L'Age d'homme, Paris / Lausanne 1986

Movie

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Catalog card of the dissertation , dissertation catalog of the University Library Basel , accessed on November 10, 2013.
personal data
SURNAME Tschachotin, Sergei Stepanowitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Tchakhotine, Serge; Tschachotin, Sergej Stepanowitsch; Cachotin, SS; Chakotin, Sergei S .; Tchakhotin; Chacotine; Čachotin, Sergej S .; Ciacotin, serghej; Tschachotin, Sergei
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian microbiologist and social visionary
DATE OF BIRTH September 13, 1883
PLACE OF BIRTH Constantinople
DATE OF DEATH December 24th 1973
Place of death Moscow