Pointed leaf hoppers

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Pointed leaf hoppers
Pyrops candelaria (Fulgoridae)

Pyrops candelaria ( Fulgoridae )

Systematics
Trunk : Arthropod (arthropoda)
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Subclass : Flying insects (Pterygota)
Order : Schnabelkerfe (Hemiptera)
Cicadas (Auchenorrhyncha)
Subordination : Pointed leaf hoppers
Scientific name
Fulgoromorpha
Evans , 1946
The basic construction plan of the Fulgoromorpha
Glory Glasflügelzikade ( Hyalesthes obsoletus ) cixiidae (Cixiidae)
Moorkäferzikade ( Ommatidiotus dissimilis ), short-winged form roller cicadas (Caliscelidae)
Anotia bonnetii moth cicadas (Derbidae)
True beetle leaf hoppers Issus coleoptratus beetle leaf hoppers (Issidae)
Paropioxys jucundus leafhoppers ( Eurybrachyidae )
Citrus flatid planthopper Metcalfa pruinosa , Imago butterfly cicadas (Flatidae)
Euricania facialis broad-winged cicadas (Ricaniidae)
Fulgora laternaria Real lantern bearer ( Fulgoridae )
European lantern bearer Dictyophara europaea , larva of false lantern bearer ( Dictyopharidae )

The pointed head cicadas (Fulgoromorpha), also called lantern- bearer-like, are a suborder of the Schnabelkerfe (Hemiptera). More than 12,900 species have been described worldwide.

description

Just like the round-headed cicadas (Cicadomorpha), most pointed-head cicadas have excellent jumping ability. The jumping mechanism is based on powerful muscles that are located in the trunk and attack the trochanter of the hind legs. The muscle energy is used to stretch elastically deformable parts of the exoskeleton . When a locking mechanism is released, this energy is then released explosively. In contrast to other jumping insects, whose jumping muscles are in the thighs , they do not have any noticeably enlarged hind legs. In contrast to all other insects , the pinpoint eyes are below the compound eyes , and the antennae also arise there.

The most prominent representatives of this group are the lantern bearers of the genus Fulgora, native to South America, with a conspicuous extension of the forehead, which looks like a peanut from above and like the head of an alligator when viewed from the side . Fulgora laternaria is best known in Europe for the drawings by Maria Sibylla Merian . It was mistakenly assumed that the hollow head extension glowed, hence the name lantern bearer .

Systematics

The family relationships of the groups ( phylogeny ) within the Schnabelkerfe has not yet been conclusively clarified. However, all species that belong to the pointed head cicadas have some common characteristics that identify them as so-called monophylum , that is, they all go back to a common parent species. According to the latest research, the Fulgoromorpha are closer to the bedbugs (Heteroptera) than the round-headed cicadas, which were previously thought to be their sister group . The pointed head cicadas (Fulgoromorpha) and round head cicadas (Cicadomorpha) are currently still predominantly grouped together in the group of cicadas (Auchenorrhyncha). Pointed-head cicadas differ from the round-head cicadas in that they have a chitin scale over the forewing joint and the presence of a "y-vein" in the clavus of the forewing. For more information on the system, see Schnabelkerfe (Hemiptera).

Families of the Fulgoromorpha

Pointed-head cicadas occur on all continents with the exception of Antarctica. Currently, 17 to 21 families of the Fulgoromorpha are known worldwide, all of which belong to the only recent superfamily Fulguroidea. The Coleoscytoidea and the Surijokocixioidea are two other superfamilies whose members are only known from fossils. In Europe there are 737 species in 170 genera from 13 families, of which 9 families with 211 species in 83 genera occur in Central Europe and 7 families with 143 species in 64 genera in Germany. The system of pointed-head cicadas is not yet complete and is still changing.

Systematics with German names of families according to Kunz 2011 and selected species:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ FLOW (Fulgoromorpha Lists on The Web): a world knowledge base dedicated to Fulgoromorpha. Bourgoin, Th., Accessed March 2, 2015 .
  2. ↑ Malcolm Burrows (2009): Jumping performance of planthoppers (Hemiptera, Issidae). Journal of Experimental Biology 212: 2844-2855. doi: 10.1242 / jeb.032326
  3. ^ N. Song, AP. Liang: A Preliminary Molecular Phylogeny of Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) Based on Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Sequences. In: PLoS ONE . tape 8 , no. 3 , 2013, p. e58400 , doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0058400 .
  4. ↑ Fulgoromorpha in Fauna Europaea , as of March 2, 2015.
  5. ↑ WE Holzinger et al. (1997): Preliminary list of cicadas from Central Europe (Insecta: Auchenorrhyncha). Contributions to cicada lore 1: 43-62. ( PDF, 122 kB ), accessed on August 31, 2016
  6. ↑ Herbert Nickel and Reinhard Remane: List of species of cicadas in Germany, with information on nutrient plants, food breadth, life cycle, area and endangerment (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha et Cicadomorpha). Contributions to the cicada, 5, 2002, pp. 27–64 full text (PDF, German; 234 kB)
  7. ↑ Gernot Kunz: Cicadas - the insects of the 21st century? (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha). Entomologica Austriaca, Volume 18, 2011, pp. 105-123.

Literature and Sources

  • M.-C. Larivière, MJ Fletcher, A. Larochelle: 2010: Auchenorrhyncha (Insecta: Hemiptera): catalog. Fauna of New Zealand , ( 63 )
  • SW Wilson: 2005: Keys to the families of Fulgoromorpha with emphasis on planthoppers of potential economic importance in the southeastern United States (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Florida entomologist , 88 : 464-481. PDF
  • J. Swzedo, T. Bourgoin, F. Lefèbvre: 2004: An annotated catalog of Fulgoromorpha,: 37-137. In: Fossil Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) of the world. An annotated catalog with notes on Hemiptera classification. Swzedo. J., Th. Bourgoin & F. Lefebvre. J. Swzedo edt., Warsaw 2004, 199 pp + 8 pl.
  • T. Bourgoin: 1996-2014. FLOW (Fulgoromorpha Lists on The Web): a world knowledge base dedicated to Fulgoromorpha. http://www.hemiptera-databases.org/flow/
  • R. Biedermann, R. Niedringhaus: The cicadas of Germany - identification tables for all kinds . Fründ, Scheeßel 2004, ISBN 3-00-012806-9 .
  • WE Holzinger, I. Kammerlander, H. Nickel: The Auchenorrhyncha of Central Europe - Die Zikaden Mitteleuropas. Volume 1: Fulgoromorpha, Cicadomorpha excl. Cicadellidae. - Brill, Leiden 2003, ISBN 90-04-12895-6 .
  • H. Nickel: The leafhoppers and planthoppers of Germany (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha): Patterns and strategies in a highly diverse group of phytophagous insects. Pensoft, Sofia and Moscow 2003, ISBN 954-642-169-3 .
  • H. Nickel, R. Remane: List of species of cicadas in Germany, with information on nutrient plants, food breadth, life cycle, area and endangerment (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha et Cicadomorpha). - Contributions to the cicada 5/2002. PDF, 229 kB
  • R. Remane, E. Wachmann : Cicadas - get to know, observe - Naturbuch Verlag, Augsburg 1993, ISBN 3-89440-044-7 .
  • Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium . Piron, London 1980–1982 (reprint of the Amsterdam 1705 edition)

Web links

Commons : Pointed Cicadas  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files