City fortifications Freising
The fortification Freising enclosed until the late 19th century, the Episcopal city of Freising .
history
The city fortifications of Freising can be divided into two sections. Freising was first fortified in the late 10th century around the bishopric on Toompea , while the city itself was largely unprotected. The two gates to Domberg exist at least since the time of Bishop Otto von Freising (around 1150). This also caused that seculars were no longer allowed to live on Toompea. Around 1480, the Domberg was re-fortified under Bishop Sixtus von Tannberg .
Later, the town at the foot of the mountain began to build a fortification. A wall with towers and gates was built in the 14th and 15th centuries. This enclosed the northern part of the city. Gates were built at the two endpoints and at Ziegelgasse. There was a ditch in front of the wall. From the south, the city was protected by the Isar and Moosach rivers . There were also gates on the roads to Munich and Erding. The Isartor and the second Munich gate were connected by walls to the fortifications on the Domberg (side walls).
The military use sank with the introduction of gunpowder and the fortification was mainly used to deter uninvited intruders and to collect tariffs. During the Thirty Years War , the city was handed over to the Swedes twice. Construction of the wall began as early as the 17th century. Buildings were added to the wall that used the wall as a wall. In the 19th century, all city gates except for the two cathedral gates were demolished for traffic reasons.
With the exception of two towers, no visible remains of the city wall have survived. The course of the wall can, however, be traced on the street (Jägerwirtsgasse, Oberer-, Mittlerer- and Unterer Graben). Remnants of the Toomberg fortification could still be present in the form of wall remains of the side walls and the walls on the south side. In some cases, however, since they also have to stabilize the slope, they have been heavily revised and it is not certain that these are the medieval walls.
Single building
Towers
Citizen Tower
⊙ TheBürgerturm, a former watchtower on the Unteren Graben, is now used as a moat museum, which shows various exhibitions on Freising's history.
Citizens' tower on a section from Merian's copperplate engraving from 1642.
Citizen tower today
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Karlsturm
⊙ The Karlsturm in Jägerwirtsgasse was converted into a residential building, changed significantly and can hardly be recognized as a tower. The name of the tower probably goes back to the neighboring Karlwirt and is historically not further documented.
The Karlsturm converted into a residential building (taller building in the center of the picture)
City gates of the city wall
Vitus Gate
⊙ The Veitstor formed the western end of the city wall, the road continued to Weihenstephan and Unterbruck (towards Dachau). The gate consisted of a relatively low passage and upper floors above. Thegableroof was closed by agabledecoratedwithbattlements. The name of the gate refers toSt. Vitus, a former secular canon monastery and former monastery of the Benedictines outside the city wall; at the same time St. Veit was one of the three parishes in the city of Freising. The gate, first mentioned in 1386, was demolished in 1875.
Image of today's upper main street from 1870 with the gable of the Vitus Gate in the background.
Photo of the gate when it was demolished in 1875. In the foreground the not yet covered Stadtmoosach.
The current location of the Vitus store on Obere Hauptstrasse.
Brick gate
⊙ The three-storey gate in the north of the city had a comparatively high passage. The originalhalf-hip roofwas replaced by agableroof with astepped gablein themiddle of the 19th century. The name of the gate, like the name of the Ziegelgasse in which it was located, comes from theclay pitsthat can be reached in this directionand thebricksmade from this raw material. The first written evidence comes from 1487, it was built around 1433. The brick gate was demolished in 1898 as the last of the Freising city gates. The position of the building is marked today by a row of reddish paving stones along the street
Photo of the brick gate from the city side (around 1890)
Photo of the brick gate from the outside (around 1890)
Copper engraving of the brick gate from 1724 (detail from Freising from the north, see above)
Present position
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Judentor
⊙ This gate formed the eastern end of the city wall. In contrast to all other Freising city gates, the multi-storey gate had a flat roof withbattlements. The name Judentor goes back to a small Jewish settlement in front of the gate. This was on the Schelmbuckel (behind today's pharmacy). Other names for the gate wereLandshuter Tor, asthe road toLandshutas wellas the one toRegensburgledthrough this gate, andMurntor. The latter name comes from theOld High Germanmarformoororswamp. It was built around 1423. When the road to Landshut was rebuilt at the beginning of the 19th century (today'sLandshuter Straße, until then traffic ran through today'sAlte Poststraße), the gate was demolished in 1828. A new construction of the gate was linked to the demolition permit from the government, but the city did not comply. In orderto be ableto continue tocollectthepavingduty, the keeper's house remained and was only replaced by a customs house in the mid-1860s, which still exists today.
Excerpt from Merian's copper engraving from 1642. The Stadtmoosach, which is now covered in this area, flows right next to the gate.
Current position of the gate with the former cobblestone customs house (red building)
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Other city gates
Isartor
⊙ The Isartor, mentioned for the first time in 1417 (alsoErdinger Tor, since the roadrantowardsErdinghere) was located at the intersection of Heiliggeistgasse and Untere Domberggasse near theHeiliggeistspital. At that time Erdinger Strasse led out of town across theIsar. This begins after today on the other side of therailway lineand the part up to then was added to Heiliggeistgasse. The gate was connected to the Toompea Fortification by a wall. The gate, which was low in comparison with the other Freising gates, had an ogival passage. It was first mentioned in documents in 1417. The gate was demolished in 1864. As at the Judentor, a customs house was built that still exists today.
Drawing of the east side (outside) of the Isar Gate from 1863
Drawing of the west side (inside)
The current location of the gate in Heiliggeistgasse
Customs House
Munich Törl
⊙ The first Munich gate was in the area of Platz am Wörth and was first mentioned in 1450. The road to Munich ran along hereuntil thelate Middle Ages. With the establishment of the new street (today Bahnhofsstraße) through the Münchner Tor (see below), the gate lost its importance. This can also be seen from the namesMünchner TörlorKammermüller Törl. The gate was the first of the Freising city gates to be demolished in 1810 (Notter) or 1820 (by Retterg). The engraving by Matthäus Merian is one of the few depictions of the gate. The gate had three storeys with a passage on the ground floor and agable roof. The location of the gate is difficult to determine today, as it is in theAm Wörthdevelopment area.
Detail from Merian's copper engraving from 1642. On the left the Münchner Törl (see below) and on the right the Münchner Tor, with the wall up to the Domberg. In the background the Gottesackerkirche St. Maria and the parish church St. Georg
The current location of the gate in the Am Wört development area
Munich Gate
⊙ The Münchner Tor was on today's Bahnhofsstraße near theMoosachand theAltöttinger Chapel. The gate, built in mid-1452, may have been built during the construction of the Fürstenweg (a road to Munich). Like these, the gate was initially only allowed to be used by theprince-bishop's court. Only later did both become available to the general public. The splendidly designed gate was demolished in 1878 amid national protests.
Historical photo of the gate looking outwards from the city (1878)
Historical photo of the gate looking towards the city center (around 1870)
The current location of the gate in Bahnhofsstraße. In the background the Vinzentinum with the Altöttinger Chapel
Gates to Toompea
Chancellor's Arch
⊙ The Chancellor's Arch is on the western driveway to Toompea. The existing gate was replaced around 1720 by the structure that has been preserved to this day. A three-story gable roof building with a vaulted passage and eaves cornice was created. The builder wasDominik Gläsl. The prince-bishop's chancellor lived here from 1764. Today the building is used as a residential building.
Western cathedral gate seen from the inside.
Western cathedral gate seen from the driveway.
Eastern gate tower
⊙ The eastern gate tower is located on the eastern driveway, which today is the main entrance to Toompea. The tower dates from 1479/80.
Eastern cathedral gate seen from the inside
Eastern cathedral gate seen from the driveway.
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- Britta von Rettberg: Freising city topography and monument preservation . Imhof, Petersberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-86568-354-0 , p. 76-99, 255-276 .
- Helmuth Stahleder , Kurt Steigelmann: Hochstift Freising, Freising, Ismaning, Burgrain . Commission for Bayer. Landesgeschichte, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-7696-9880-0 , p. 158 ( digital-sammlungen.de ).
- Florian Notter: About the pavement tariff and pavement tariff houses in Freising . In: FINK . February 2010, ISSN 1869-4225 , p. 14th ff . ( supershit.com [PDF; 5.1 MB ]).
- Florian Notter: Freising City Gates - A brief overview . In: FINK . November 2008, ISSN 1869-4225 , p. 22nd ff . ( supershit.com [PDF; 7.4 MB ]).
