Turnstone
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Turnstone ( splendid plumage ) ( Arenaria interpres ) |
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| ( Linnaeus , 1758) |
The turnstone ( Arenaria interpres ) is a species of bird from the family of snipe birds (Scolopacidae). The turnstone owes its name to its special kind of foraging, in which it turns stones and shells on the beach. It breeds in two circumpolar subspecies in tundras and the boreal and partly temperate zones. In Central Europe it is a local, very rare breeding and summer bird. During the migration period , several thousand hibernators as well as migrants and resting birds can be observed in northwestern Central Europe.
Closely related to the turnstone is the Schwarzkopf turnstone ( Arenaria melanocephala ), which lives in Alaska and on the American Pacific coast.
Appearance
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The turnstone reaches a body length of 22 to 24 centimeters. The wingspan reaches 45 to 56 centimeters and the weight is in the range of 80 to 190 grams. The legs are unusually short in relation to the body size for a plover and of an orange-red color. The overall shape appears compact, the plumage almost like a tortoiseshell. In the magnificent dress, the male has a bright maroon and black pattern on the upper side of the body. The head and the underside of the body are white with black dashes on the top and black, irregular markings on the cheeks, sides of the neck and on the chest. The female is overall somewhat dull in color and has a cream-colored spot on the neck. The breast drawing is less bright in the female.
The two sexes are more similarly colored in the resting dress. The strong red-brown and black colors are then missing. The head, the upper side of the body and the chest are then gray-brown with a much less pronounced blackish speckle. Fledglings are similar to adult birds in winter plumage, but they are a little more brown on the upper side of the body and have light-colored feather edges. The legs of young birds are darker yellow-brown.
Occurrence
The distribution area extends in the north over Eurasia to the arctic North America and Greenland. Sometimes it breeds in the High Arctic up to the 83rd north latitude (Greenland) and 80th north latitude on Spitzbergen. Wetlands International emphasizes the Onega Bay on the White Sea (320 to 350 breeding pairs) and the outer Stockholm archipelago (790 to 840 breeding pairs) as internationally significant breeding sites .
The Turnstone is a long-distance migrant whose wintering quarters are on the coasts of Western Europe (Great Britain, Ireland and from the western North Sea to Spain and Portugal), on the coasts of the Baltic states as well as in the east of the Mediterranean, in Western Asia and the coasts of the Indian Ocean to the south of Africa. Wetland International has identified a total of 13 areas as internationally significant resting and wintering areas. These include the Wadden Sea to the North Sea, the Rhine-Meuse delta , the Belgian coast, the Bay of Goulven in the northwest of Brittany , the Ile de Ré , the coast of the Isle of Thanet , the east of Sanday , the Morecambe Bay and the bay of Morlaix .
During the migration he is on almost all European coasts, in winter and the like. a. found on the west coast of Europe, where it eats mussels and water snails.
food
The diurnal turnstone runs relatively slowly. The food is acquired by pecking, and also digging on soft ground. Hidden prey is reached by turning over stones, shells or plants. The beak is pushed under at the edges. With a violent jolt of the head and neck, the stone or the mussels then tip over. In a similar way, he also turns entire tangle carpets, not only pushing his beak but also his head under the carpet and then jerking it. Stuck snails are lifted off. Mussels and limpets in particular are broken open with violent beak blows on the shell edges. Barnacles are opened by turning stones by poking the top of the shell once or twice with their beak closed. Diptera and their larvae provide essential food during the summer . They also eat plant-based food. Crowberries are of particular importance .
Reproduction
Turnstones reach sexual maturity at the earliest in their second year of life. But they do not breed until they are three to six years old. The tumble stones on the Central European coasts are such subadult non-breeding birds.
Turnstones lead a monogamous seasonal marriage. Loyalty to territory and species has already been proven. The nest can be found in clusters of plants or in crevices in the rock, as well as between larger stones. Occasionally they also use larid colonies. Laying begins in the south of the distribution area at the earliest from early to mid-May, in the north of the distribution area, however, from late May to early June. The clutch usually consists of four, less often five eggs. These are sharply pointed, elongated or broad-oval. The basic color is gray-green to pale brown and the eggs are spotted olive-brown. The incubation period is 22 to 24 days. Both parent birds breed. The young birds are led by both parent birds. During the first fortnight you will be rowed or covered. thereafter, the male usually leads the young birds alone. The young birds fledge after 19 to 21 days. At this time, the family association also dissolves.
The generation length for turning stones is on average five years.
Duration
Inventory development and current inventory
In the 19th century the Turnstone was still a breeding bird on the North Frisian Islands and on the Baltic Sea coast in Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Due to climate changes, predation by seagulls and probably also egg collectors, the breeding stocks in North Friesland went out around 1859, on Hiddensee , where there were still ten to twenty breeding pairs around 1895, the stocks went out around 1919. In Denmark, the stocks also went out in individual areas.
Since 1960 the Danish breeding population has recovered from 10 to 12 breeding pairs to around 40 breeding pairs (1996). Since the mid-1990s, the turnstone has returned to Germany as a breeding bird. The population at the beginning of the 21st century is only four to five breeding pairs. In the Red List of Germany's breeding birds from 2015, the species is listed in Category 2 as critically endangered.
The total European population is 24,000 to 81,000 breeding pairs. The largest populations are found in Greenland (20,000 to 40,000 breeding pairs), Norway (5,000 to 15,000 breeding pairs), the European part of Russia (3,000 to 17,000 breeding pairs) and Finland (4,000 to 4,500 breeding pairs).
Inventory forecasts
Like many other snipe birds, the turnstone is one of the species that will be particularly affected by climate change. A research team that, on behalf of the British Environmental Protection Agency and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, examined the future distribution of European breeding birds on the basis of climate models, assumes that by the end of the 21st century the range of the turnstone will shrink by 40 percent and will shift to the northeast. More than half of the current range will no longer offer suitable habitats for the species. This is especially true for the Northern European Sea and the Baltic coastal region in the south of Fennoscandinavia. New areas of distribution may arise on Franz-Josef-Land as well as Spitzbergen and Nowaja Zemlya , but they cannot compensate for the loss of area.
supporting documents
literature
- Hans-Günther Bauer, Einhard Bezzel and Wolfgang Fiedler (eds.): The compendium of birds in Central Europe: Everything about biology, endangerment and protection. Volume 1: Nonpasseriformes - non-sparrow birds. Aula-Verlag Wiebelsheim, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-89104-647-2 .
- Peter Colston , Philip Burton: Limicolen - All European wader species, identifiers, flight images, biology, distribution. BlV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-405-13647-4
- Simon Delany, Derek Scott, Tim Dodman, David Stroud (Eds.): An Atlas of Wader Populations in Africa and Western Eurasia. Wetlands International , Wageningen 2009, ISBN 978-90-5882-047-1 .
Web links
- Arenaria interpres in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2008. Posted by: BirdLife International, 2009. Accessed November 16 of 2010.
- Videos, photos and sound recordings on Arenaria interpres in the Internet Bird Collection
- Description and pictures on birdguides.com
- Turnstone's feathers
Single receipts
- ↑ Colston et al., P. 211
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 518
- ↑ Delany et al., P. 355
- ↑ Delany et al., Pp. 356 and 357
- ↑ Colston et al., P. 212
- ↑ Colston et al., P. 212
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 519 and p. 520
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 520
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 519
- ↑ Christoph Grüneberg, Hans-Günther Bauer, Heiko Haupt, Ommo Hüppop, Torsten Ryslavy, Peter Südbeck: Red List of Germany's Breeding Birds , 5 version . In: German Council for Bird Protection (Hrsg.): Reports on bird protection . tape 52 , November 30, 2015.
- ↑ Bauer et al., P. 518
- ^ Brian Huntley, Rhys E. Green, Yvonne C. Collingham, Stephen G. Willis: A Climatic Atlas of European Breeding Birds , Durham University, The RSPB and Lynx Editions, Barcelona 2007, ISBN 978-84-96553-14-9 , P. 203