Straubinger Group

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Central European Bronze Age
late bronze age
Ha B2 / 3 0950–800 0BC Chr.
Ha B1 1050-950 0BC Chr.
Ha A2 1100-1050 BC Chr.
Ha A1 1200-1100 BC Chr.
Bz D 1300-1200 BC Chr.
middle bronze age
Bz C2 1400-1300 BC Chr.
Bz C1 1500-1400 BC Chr.
Bz B 1600-1500 BC Chr.
early bronze age
Bz A2 2000–1600 BC Chr.
Bz A1 2200-2000 BC Chr.
Straubinger Group (7) and neighboring cultures.

The Straubinger Group ( synonymous Straubinger Kultur ) is a regional group from the early Bronze Age that was widespread in southern Germany and parts of Switzerland.

Research history

The old name Straubinger Kultur is based on several grave fields and settlement pits in the area of ​​the Ortler brickworks in Straubing, Bavaria . In 1899, many bronze objects were found while mining the clay. Spiral tutuli, eyelet neck rings, disc-headed needles, loop and bone rings formed only a small part of the finds. In the following three years the first excavations took place here. But it was not until 1916 that Gustav Behrens' discoveries were published. A year later Karl Schumacher wrote on this basis that it had to be an independent cultural area. However, it was Friedrich Holste who ascribed an independent treasure trove of shapes and types to these inventories, but did not assign them to their own culture. He saw the found material belonging to a fringe group that should be incorporated into the Aunjetitz culture . The prehistorians Paul Reinecke , Hans-Jürgen Hundt , Rainer Christlein and Walter Ruckdeschel also criticized the term archaeological culture . There is a lack of uniformity and congruent dissemination of the factual forms and cultural elements. Based on the burial and burial customs, types and metallurgical development, Ruckdeschel split the Straubing culture into four smaller groups: Isar, Danube, Lech and Inn-Salzach groups. Stephan Möslein took up this theory again in 2001. Subdivisions based on metallurgy are not meaningful enough. It only allows conclusions to be drawn about trade routes and workshops. For regional and geographical differentiation, Möslein used ceramic finds. He distinguished between an older (Burgweinting / Viecht type) and a younger ceramic group (Sengkofen / Jellenkofen type). These were based on models of the bell beaker culture and cord ceramics . He also pointed out that a large number of factual forms from the supposed Straubing culture were based on types of neighboring groups.

Möslein made it clear that the Straubing Group is not based on an independent cultural foundation. Instead, it is a regional group of a Central Danubian cultural complex or the so-called “ Blechkreis ” (after Emil Vogt ).

Temporal and regional classification

The regionalization of different cultures beginning in the Neolithic Age increased in the early Bronze Age. The Straubinger Group is a larger regional group in Bavaria, southwest Germany and Switzerland with cemeteries, hoard finds with bronze rings and fine ceramic ware . The trade crossed the boundaries of the narrower living space. It was named after grave fields from the Straubing area in Lower Bavaria in 1902 by the prehistorian Paul Reinecke . It lasted from about 2300 to 1600 BC. Chr. And is therefore assigned to Bz A1 to Bz A2.

House types

North-south oriented houses were preferred, mostly as two-nave post structures in the form of a long house . The individual settlements consisted of one, but mostly an association of several unfortified farms or hamlets. The location of the traces of settlement along rivers and streams, which are within reach of the groundwater, is striking. People preferred to settle down here on the low terraces or the gravel ridges of the river valleys. The longhouses were built with wood up to 20 cm thick. The walls of the longhouses were made of mud-smeared rod networks. To prevent the clay from tearing during drying, cereal husks and grains were added to it. But also densely placed round structures set vertically into the ground offered protection and supported the roof. Remnants from the Jungmeier brickworks in the Straubing district indicate that the walls could be painted with whitish and floury-gray paint. Today only construction elements sunk into the ground are preserved. This includes pits of posts, but also wall ditches. It is not possible to say with certainty whether these are exclusively post constructions, since the sill beam and block construction do not require any intervention in the ground and we are therefore not given proof of tradition. The long structures were covered by saddle and gable roofs. To cover them, straw was used, but also reeds because of the longer shelf life. The floor plans of the houses indicate that the roof is curved on one side.

There are two types of types available here. The first is the "Eching / Öberau" type. This two-aisled shape was between 6 m and 10 m wide and 20 to 25 m long, sometimes even longer. Evidence can be found in the Munich gravel plain and along the Danube in the Straubing district. The second form from the Straubing group is the "Zuchering" type. This one or two aisled nave is smaller. The floor plans have a length of 12 m to 25 m and a width of 4 m to 8 m. This type appeared for the first time in Zuchering, in the urban district of Ingolstadt.

In addition to the lowland settlements, evidence of the presence of wetland settlements was found in Lake Starnberg, on Rose Island. In this context, the houses built on the heights are important. These are usually protected by natural elevations such as plateaus. What is striking here is the special location at topographically prominent points, which are often conveniently located in terms of traffic.

Funeral customs

Widespread since the 23rd century BC Were so-called stool shallow graves , mostly with only a few additions made of copper sheet . In men there were mostly daggers, as well as axes and needles, in women bonnet jewelry made of a sheet metal band, needles and other jewelry. Ceramic vessels were found next to both of them. Men were buried on the left with their heads facing north to east in the distribution area in Bavaria, while women were buried on the right with their heads facing south to west. In the other areas burials were also found in the stretched supine position and multiple burials in stone graves.

Later - from around the 20th or 19th century BC. - then richly furnished ceremonial burials with bronze castings were found. With the end of the Early Bronze Age can be found then only barrows .

Food and Farming

The hunt for food became less important, while agriculture and cattle breeding increased.

Barley (as summer grain - recognizable through the admixture of weeds in the grain stores found) and spelled (as winter grain) became the most important types of grain, while the cultivation of einkorn and emmer , which was still widely used in the Neolithic Age , declined.

Cattle were the most important livestock with up to 90% of the animal bones found. The slaughter usually took place only in adult age, which suggests a previous use as a workhorse and milk supplier. About 6% of the bone finds belong to sheep and goats . Pigs , on the other hand, were hardly used.

Ore was already mined in the Northern Alps according to plan, raw material depots with eyelet or clasp bars as well as finished goods depots were also found (find from Menning / Vohburg an der Donau ).

Full-grip and stick daggers are found in Bavaria only as single and extremely rarely as multiple dumps in bodies of water or on damp ground, but never in graves or settlements. This peculiarity should prove the symbolic, ceremonial character of the finds and the dumping.

literature

  • Gustav Behrens : Straubing level. In: Max Ebert (Hrsg.): Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte. Volume 12: Seedorf Typus - Southern Africa. de Gruyter, Berlin 1928, p. 460.
  • Hans-Jürgen Hundt : Catalog Straubing. Volume 1: Hans-Jürgen Hundt: The findings of the bell-cup culture and the Straubing culture (= material booklets on Bavarian prehistory. Vol. 11, ZDB -ID 534018-4 ). Lassleben, Kallmünz / Upper Palatinate 1958.
  • Birgit Lißner: To the early Bronze Age groups in southern Germany. In: Leipziger online contributions to prehistoric and early historical archeology. Vol. 13, 2004, ISSN  1612-4227 , pp. 69-88, online (PDF; 655 KB) .
  • Karl H. Rieder: Archeology around Ingolstadt. Results for the past 3 years. Exhibition by the State Office for Monument Preservation. 5th - 27th November 1983. Historical Association, Ingolstadt 1983.
  • Angelika Wegener-Hüssen, Gerd Riedel (Red.): Ingolstadt and the Upper Bavarian Danube Region (= guide to archaeological monuments in Germany. Vol. 42). Theiss, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1716-5 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Walter Ruckdeschel : The early Bronze Age graves of southern Bavaria. A contribution to the knowledge of the Straubing culture (= Antiquitas. Series 2: Treatises from the field of prehistory and early history. Vol. 11). Habelt, Bonn 1978, ISBN 3-7749-1241-6 (also: Heidelberg, Universität, Dissertation, 1969).
  2. ↑ Stephan Möslein: The Straubinger Group - During the Early Bronze Age in Southern Bavaria. In: Beat Eberschweiler, Joachim Köninger, Helmut Schlichtherle , Christian Strahm (eds.): Current information on the Early Bronze Age and Early Middle Bronze Age in the northern foothills of the Alps. Round table Hemmenhofen, May 6, 2000. (Dedicated to Edward Sangmeister on the occasion of his 85th birthday) (= Hemmenhofen scripts. Vol. 2, ISSN  1437-8620 ). Janus-Verlag, Freiburg (Breisgau) 2001, pp. 17-30.
  3. ^ Emil Vogt : The structure of the Swiss Early Bronze Age. In: Festschrift for Otto Tschumi on November 22, 1948. Huberer, Frauenfeld 1948, pp. 53–69.

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