Stripe fruit vampires

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Stripe fruit vampires
Platyrrhinus sp.

Platyrrhinus sp.

Systematics
Superordinate : Laurasiatheria
Order : Bats (chiroptera)
Superfamily : Hare's mouths (Noctilionoidea)
Family : Leaf noses (Phyllostomidae)
Subfamily : Fruit vampires (Stenodermatinae)
Genre : Stripe fruit vampires
Scientific name
Platyrrhinus
Saussure , 1860

The striped fruit vampires ( Platyrrhinus ) are a species of bat within the subfamily of fruit vampires (Stenodermatinae). The genus includes at least 15 species that are common in Central and South America .

description

The striped fruit vampires are one of the most species-rich genera of the leaf noses ; they closely resemble the other fruit vampires; The individual species measure an average of 36–98 mm from head to tail, they weigh around 12 to 54 g. The usual coat colors vary between dark brown and black, the eponymous light dorsal and facial stripes are usually pronounced. The dorsal strip begins between the ears and ends at the posterior flight membrane . The medium-sized species between Panama and the Andes are very similar and some were only recognized as different species a few years ago.

The tooth formula is I 2/2 C 1/1 P 2/2 M 3/3 = 32. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 30; FN = 56.

The species of the genus feed mainly on fruits, some species also eat insects and nectar. The striped fruit vampires live in small groups of three to ten animals in tree hollows, caves, buildings or in tent-like structures that they create by biting larger leaves; their reproduction varies between local populations and species, but is usually tied to the rainy periods of the year.

Like all fruit vampires in their habitat, the striped fruit vampires are among the most important seed spreaders for fruit- bearing trees and thus play an essential role in the regeneration of the forest and the colonization of new areas by these plants.

Differences from Related Taxa

The striped fruit vampires are to be distinguished from the other fruit vampires by the simultaneous occurrence of three characteristics, which also occur individually in other genera, but together are limited to the striped fruit vampires: 1. the presence of the third upper molar ; 2. two additional tubercles on the back of the third premolar and 3. a fringe of hair on the flight membrane between the hind extremities (uropatagium).

distribution

The genus is restricted to the Neotropic , its species are distributed from southern Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to Bolivia , Paraguay , Uruguay and southeast Brazil in the south. On the eastern slopes of the Andes, up to four species of the genus occur in the same area. The main habitats are the tropical rainforest and mountain forests ; from sea level to heights of over 2250 m.

Systematics

The scientific generic name Vampyrops was prevalent until the 1990s , but was superseded thereafter. The genus belongs to the approximately seven genera comprehensive subtribe Vampyressina of the fruit vampires, in which the monotypical genus Vampyrodes forms a sister toxon to the striped fruit vampires. Within the genus there are three larger groups of species; in terms of evolution, Platyrrhinus lineatus is most separated from all other species; after separation followed an Amazonian ( Heller's broad-nosed bat , Platyrrhinus matapalensis , Recife Broad-Nosed Bat , Platyrrhinus brachycephalus ) and Andes clade ( Platyrrhinus albericoi , Platyrrhinus aurarius , Platyrrhinus dorsalis , Platyrrhinus infuscus , Platyrrhinus Ismaeli , Platyrrhinus masu , Platyrrhinus Nigellus and Platyrrhinus vittatus ). Of the 15 generally recognized species, eleven are considered not endangered in 2009, Platyrrhinus matapalensis as low endangered (Near Threatened), Platyrrhinus ismaeli as endangered (Vulnerable) and Platyrrhinus chocoensis as endangered (Endangered), while for Platyrrhinus umbratus not enough data for an assessment are available (data deficient).

  • Platyrrhinus albericoi Velazco, 2005, is the largest species with a very pronounced and snow-white stripe on the face, which occurs on the eastern slope of the Andes in Bolivia , Peru and Ecuador - perhaps also southern Colombia - at altitudes of 1480 to 2500 m.
  • Platyrrhinus aurarius , (Handley & Ferris, 1972), medium-sized species and endemic to the Guiana Shield at altitudes of 140 to 1250 m.
  • Platyrrhinus brachycephalus (Rouk & Carter, 1972), smaller light to medium brown species (~ 15.5 g) with a noticeable dorsal stripe. The species lives in the rainforests of northern South America and Amazonia at altitudes of 175 to 375 m.
  • Platyrrhinus chocoensis Alberico & Velasco, 1991, medium-sized species with two-colored peritoneum, occurs at heights of 35 to 305 m from the Colombian Chocó in the north to northwest Ecuador in the south.
  • Platyrrhinus dorsalis (Thomas, 1900), medium-sized species with light brown facial stripes, occurs on the eastern and western slopes of the Andes between Colombia and Ecuador at altitudes of 150 to over 2000 m.
  • Platyrrhinus helleri (Peters, 1866), small, extremely widespread species (from Mexico to Peru, Bolivia, Amazonia in the south, as well as Trinidad and Tobago , 160–1295 m) with a two-colored peritoneum.
  • Pale striped fruit bat ( Platyrrhinus infuscus (Peters, 1880)), large species with hairy posterior flight membrane , weak dorsal stripes; Occurrence from Colombia to Peru and Bolivia, as well as northwest Brazil (180–1900 m).
  • Platyrrhinus ismaeli Velazco, 2005, medium-sized species with weak dorsal and facial stripes, which isvery similar to Platyrrhinus dorsalis ; it occurs on the eastern and western slopes of the Andes between Colombia and Peru at altitudes of 1230 to 2950 m.
  • Platyrrhinus lineatus (É. Geoffroy, 1810), small, dark species with four indistinct brown-yellow facial stripes; Occurrence from Colombia to Peru, Paraguay, Eastern Brazil and Guyana .
  • Platyrrhinus masu Velazco, 2005, medium-sized species with broad and bright white facial strokes from the eastern slope of the Andes in Peru and Bolivia at altitudes of 650 to 3350 m.
  • Platyrrhinus matapalensis Velazco, 2005, small species with light brown fur; Occurrence: West side of the Andes in Ecuador and Peru at altitudes of 54 to 680 m.
  • Platyrrhinus nigellus (Gardner & Carter, 1972), medium-sized species with dark facial stripes, occurs in the Andes from Venezuela and Colombia to Peru and Bolivia at altitudes of 620 to 2757 m.
  • Platyrrhinus nitelinea Velazco Gardner 2009, larger black-skinned species with pronounced stripes, native to western Colombia and western Ecuador.
  • Platyrrhinus recifinus (Thomas, 1901),very similarto Platyrrhinus lineatus , but slightly larger, it is endemic to the Brazilian Mata Atlântica , but unlike most endemics of the forest, it is not threatened.
  • Platyrrhinus umbratus (Lyon, 1902) medium-sized species that occurs at altitudes of 250 to over 2000 m in Colombia and northern Venezuela.
  • Platyrrhinus vittatus (Peters, 1860), large species with broad and bright white facial stripes that lives in Costa Rica, Panama, western and northern Colombia and northern Venezuela at an altitude of 640 to 1400 m.

Web links

Commons : Stripe Fruit Vampire ( Platyrrhinus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. a b Paúl M. Velazco , Bruce D. Patterson: "Phylogenetics and biogeography of the broad-nosed bats, genus Platyrrhinus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)", In: "Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" Vol. 49 (2008), p. 749-759.
  2. a b c Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World, Volume 1 . 6th edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore / London 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 , pp. 289 f .
  3. ^ A b John Frederick Eisenberg, Kent Hubbard Redford: "Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 2: The Southern Cone: Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay", University of Chicago Press 1992, ISBN 0226706826 , pp. 93ff.
  4. a b Juliana Machado Ferreira, Felipe de Melo Martins, Albert Ditchfield and João Stenghel Morgante: The use of PCR-RFLP as an identification tool for two closely related species of bats of genus Platyrrhinus. (422 kB) In: Genetics and Molecular Biology , Vol. 28. the Brazilian Society of Genetics., 2005, pp. 122–125 , accessed on December 1, 2009 ( pdf ).
  5. a b c d e f g h i j k l Paúl M. Velazco : Morphological Phylogeny of the Bat Genus Platyrrhinus Saussure, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) with the Description of Four New Species. In: Fieldiana. Zoology, New Series, No. 105. Chicago Field Museum , November 15, 2005, pp. 1-54 , accessed November 25, 2009 (scanned December 31, 2007 from the Internet Archive ).
  6. a b c d Paul M. Velazco and Alfred L. Gardner: "A new species of Platyrrhinus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from western Colombia and Ecuador, with emended diagnoses of P. aquilus, P. dorsalis, and P. umbratus", In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington , Vol. 122 (2009), pp. 249-281.
  7. Steven R. Hoofer, Robert J. Baker: "Molecular systematics of Vampyressine bats (Phyllostomidae: Stenodermatinae) with comparison of direct and indirect surveys of mitochondrial DNA variation", In: "Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" Vol. 39 (2006), Pp. 424-438.
  8. a b IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2009.2. IUCN , accessed November 29, 2009 .
  9. ^ A b John Frederick Eisenberg, Kent Hubbard Redford: "Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 3: Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil", University of Chicago Press 2000, ISBN 0226195422 , pp. 172ff.