Strophanthus

Strophanthus
	Strophanthus hispidus , illustration
Systematics
	Euasterids I
Order :	Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family :	Dog poison family (Apocynaceae)
Subfamily :	Apocynoideae
Tribe :	Nerieae
Genre :	Strophanthus
Scientific name
	Strophanthus
	DC.

Strophanthus is a genus of plants in the subfamily Apocynoideae withinthe dog venom family (Apocynaceae).

description

Seeds of Strophanthus amboensis

Vegetative characteristics

The Strophanthus species are woody plants: they grow as shrubs or small trees , mostly in wooded areas; However, they can also climb trees as lianas and thus grow up to the treetops.

The stalked, opposite or whorled, mostly bare leaves are simple. Colleteren may be present on the petioles, sepals and bracts .

The plants produce a milky sap .

Generative characteristics

Flowers of Strophanthus speciosus

Fruit of Strophanthus sarmentosus

Usually terminal inflorescences, cymes are formed. The hermaphrodite flowers are five-fold with a double flower envelope. The five petals are fused Roehrig. There may be sap marks in the corolla tube. In some species, the five corolla lobes have narrow and sometimes very long appendages (tails). In some species there is a secondary crown . The sepals are mostly free.

The ovary is semi-permanently or under rare upper constant, the stylus sometimes forms a "Clavuncula" (stylus-grain head) from. The anthers sometimes form a coherent, closed and conical cap which encloses the "clavuncula".

There are follicles formed, often two fruits related (schizocarp, Mericarp). The elongated, spindle-shaped seeds often have a hairy, feathery appendix (also called a beak or awn , with a mop of hair, coma).

Systematics and distribution

The genus Strophanthus was established by Augustin Pyrame de Candolle . Synonyms for Strophanthus DC. are: Cercocoma Wall. ex G.Don , Christya Ward & Harv. , Roupellia Wall. & Hook. ex Benth. , Roupellina (Baill.) Pichon , Zygonerion Baill.

Most of the 38 to 48 Strophanthus species are found in Africa . Some species are native to Asia .

There are 38 to 48 Strophanthus species:

Strophanthus amboensis

Strophanthus boivinii

Strophanthus divaricatus

Strophanthus gerrardii

Strophanthus petersianus

Strophanthus preussii

Strophanthus amboensis (Schinz) Engl. & Pax (Syn .: Strophanthus gossweileri H.Hess , Strophanthus hirsutus H.Hess , Strophanthus intermedius Pax , Strophanthus longicalyx H.Hess , Strophanthus paxii H. Hess , Strophanthus schuchardtii Pax ): It comes from Namibia to Congo.
Strophanthus arnoldianus De Wild. & T.Durand : It occurs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Strophanthus barteri Franch. : It occurs from the Ivory Coast to Cameroon .
Strophanthus bequaertii Staner & Michotte : It occurs from southwest Uganda to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Strophanthus boivinii Baill. (Syn .: Strophanthus arboreus Boivin ex Franch. , Strophanthus aurantiacus Blondel ): It occurs in Madagascar .
Strophanthus bullenianus mast. : It occurs from west-central tropical Africa to Cameroon.
Strophanthus caudatus (L.) Short (Syn .: Strophanthus dichotomus DC. , Strophanthus cumingii A.DC. , Strophanthus scandens Reinw. & Schult. ): It occurs from Indochina to New Guinea and in China.
Strophanthus congoensis Franch. : It occurs in Cameroon, Congo, Gabon and Zaire.
Strophanthus courmontii Sacleux ex Franch. : It occurs from southern to eastern tropical Africa. There are about three varieties:
- Strophanthus courmontii Sacleux ex Franch. var. courmontii
- Strophanthus courmontii var. Fallax
- Strophanthus courmontii var. Kerkii
Strophanthus demeusei Dewèvre : It occurs in Zaire.
Goat's horn plant ( Strophanthus divaricatus (Lour.) Hook. & Arn. , Syn .: Strophanthus chinensis G.Don ): It occurs from southern China to northern Vietnam.
Strophanthus eminii Ash. ex Pax : It occurs from Tanzania to northern Zambia.
Strophanthus gardeniiflorus Gilg : It occurs in southern Zaire, northern Zambia and eastern Angola.
Strophanthus gerrardii Stapf : It occurs from Mozambique to southern Africa.
Strophanthus gracilis K.Schum. & Pax : It occurs from Nigeria to Gabon.
Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill. (Syn .: Strophanthus glabra or Strophanthus glaber Cornu ex Holmes , Roupellia grata ): It occurs in tropical West Africa and in west-central tropical Africa.
Strophanthus hispidus DC. : It occurs from tropical West Africa to Tanzania and southwestern Angola.
Strophanthus holosericeus K.Schum. & Gilg : It occurs in northern Zambia and southeastern Zaire.
Strophanthus hypoleucos Stapf : It occurs in southern Tanzania and northern Mozambique.
Strophanthus kombe olive. , Combé seed plant, strophanthus seed plant. It occurs from Kenya to southern Africa.
Strophanthus ledienii stone : It occurs in western Zaire and northwestern Angola.
Strophanthus luteolus Codd : It occurs from Mozambique to southern Africa.
Strophanthus mirabilis Gilg : It occurs from Somalia to eastern Kenya.
Strophanthus mortehanii De Wild. : It occurs in west-central tropical Africa.
Strophanthus nicholsonii Holmes : It occurs in southern tropical Africa.
Strophanthus parviflorus Franch. : It occurs from west-central tropical Africa to northwestern Angola.
Strophanthus perakensis Scort. ex King & Gamble (Syn .: Strophanthus annamensis Tsiang ): It occurs from Indochina to Malaysia.
South African corkscrew flower ( Strophanthus petersianus Klotzsch , Syn .: Strophanthus grandiflorus (NEBr.) Gilg ): It occurs from Kenya to southern Africa.

West African corkscrew flower ( Strophanthus preussii Engl. & Pax ): It occurs from tropical West Africa to Tanzania and Angola.

Strophanthus puberulus Pax : It occurs on Sumbawa .

Strophanthus sarmentosus DC. (Syn .: Strophanthus glabriflorus (Monach.) Monach. , Strophanthus sarmentosus var. Glabriflorus Monach. ): It occurs from tropical West Africa to Uganda and northwestern Angola.

Strophanthus singaporianus (Wall. Ex G.Don) Gilg (Syn .: Strophanthus brevicaudatus Wight ): It occurs from Malaysia to Borneo.

Strophanthus speciosus (Ward & Harv.) Reber (Syn .: Strophanthus capensis A.DC. ): It occurs from eastern Zimbabwe to South Africa.

Strophanthus thollonii Franch. : It occurs in Cameroon , Gabon , Nigeria and earlier also on the Ivory Coast.

Strophanthus vanderijstii Staner : It occurs from southwestern Zaire to northeastern Angola and northwestern Zambia.

Strophanthus wallichii A.DC. : It occurs from northeast India to Malaysia and south-central China.

Strophanthus welwitschii (Baill.) K.Schum. (Syn .: Strophanthus ecaudatus Rolfe , Zygonerion welwitschii Baill. ): It occurs from Tanzania to Angola.

Strophanthus wightianus Wall. ex Wight : It occurs in southwest India.

The following are no longer included in this category:

Strophanthus aambe Warb. => Papuechites aambe (Warb.) Markgr.
Strophanthus alterniflorus (Lour.) Spreng. => Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm.

use

history

The Strophanthus species native to Central Africa were initially only used for the production of arrow poisons . It was not until the middle of the 19th century that the African explorer David Livingstone (1813–1920) recognized the pulse-slowing effect of this drug . In the years 1887–1890 Sir Thomas Richard Fraser (1841–1920) established that the active ingredient of the Strophanthus species is a glycoside . Catillon succeeded in isolating the first amorphous strophanthin in 1888. In 1905 Albert Franckel (1864–1938) used k-strophanthin obtained from strophanthin seeds as an intravenous therapeutic agent, which is still used in acute medicine today because of its rapid onset of action.

Medical significance / toxicology

Strophanthus gratus

The Strophanthus species contain pharmacologically active ingredients. In addition to the alkaloid inoein , several of the species ( Strophanthus eminii , Strophanthus kombe , Strophanthus hispidus and Strophanthus gratus ) contain poisonous glycosides that have an effect on the heart , the strophanthines , which are counted among the cardiac glycosides . They are mainly found in the seeds (Strophanthi Semina) or in latex . The various strophanthin structures are distinguished by a preceding letter that indicates the type in which the respective glycoside mainly occurs:

Strophanthus kombe contains k-strophanthin (also contains helveticoside (erysimin) and cymarin )
Strophanthus gratus contains g-strophanthin (English = ouabain)
Strophanthus eminii contains e-strophanthin
Strophanthus hispidus contains h-strophanthin

These poisons were used as arrow poisons in Africa. About 50 µg are fatal for a guinea pig (approx. 250 µg per kg body weight). There is no antidote and toxicity is higher than that of snake venom. Residents of East Africa obtained from the bark of the African baobab tree ( Adansonia digitata ) a previously unknown active ingredient that was supposed to protect them from the effects of Strophanthus arrow poisons.

g-strophanthin and k-strophanthin are used in medicine for heart failure; Oral g-strophanthin and intravenous k-strophanthin. In addition to Strophanthus gratus , g-strophanthin (ouabain) also occurs in Acokanthera ouabaio .

The aglycon of k-strophanthin, which is also very poisonous k-strophantidine , is contained in the summer adonis ( Adonis aestivalis ), which is also native to Europe .

swell

literature

Bingtao Li, Antony JM Leeuwenberg, David J. Middleton: Apocynaceae. : Strophanthus , pp. 177-179 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b H. J. Beentje: A monograph on Strophanthus DC. (Apocynaceae). Dissertation, Wageningen, 1982, online (PDF; 13 MB), at edepot.wur.nl, accessed on March 8, 2019.
↑ J. Cullen et al. a .: The European Garden Flora. Vol. VI: Dicotyledons Part IV, Cambridge University Press, 2000, 2004, ISBN 0-521-42097-0 , p. 42 f.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Strophanthus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 10, 2019.
^ Wolf-Dieter Müller-Jahncke , Christoph Friedrich , Ulrich Meyer: Medicinal history . 2., revised. and exp. Ed. Wiss. Verl.-Ges, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 978-3-8047-2113-5 , pp. 73 .

Web links

Commons : Strophanthus - collection of images, videos and audio files

Strophanthus . In: U. Brunken, M. Schmidt, S. Dressler, T. Janssen, A. Thiombiano, G. Zizka: West African plants - A Photo Guide. Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main 2008.
Strophanthus divaricatus , Strophanthus petersianus , Strophanthus preussii at giftpflanze.com .
Information on the genus at Henriettes Herbal website . (engl.)

[Been-1] H. J. Beentje: A monograph on Strophanthus DC. (Apocynaceae). Dissertation, Wageningen, 1982, online (PDF; 13 MB), at edepot.wur.nl, accessed on March 8, 2019.

[2] J. Cullen et al. a .: The European Garden Flora. Vol. VI: Dicotyledons Part IV, Cambridge University Press, 2000, 2004, ISBN 0-521-42097-0 , p. 42 f.

[WCSP-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Strophanthus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 10, 2019.

[Müller-Jahncke2005-4] Wolf-Dieter Müller-Jahncke , Christoph Friedrich , Ulrich Meyer: Medicinal history . 2., revised. and exp. Ed. Wiss. Verl.-Ges, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 978-3-8047-2113-5 , pp. 73 .