Synagogue (Rottweil)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Synagogue in Rottweil

The synagogue in Rottweil , the district town of the Rottweil district in Baden-Württemberg , was established in 1861. The secular synagogue is located at Kameralamtsgasse 6, the former Judengasse , close to the chapel church , next to the Bischöflicher Konvikt and opposite the old Kameralamt - formerly Johanniterkommende .

Synagogues built in the Middle Ages, ritual baths in the Middle Ages and the 19th century

Plaque
Wall painting Palm of the Righteous (Ps 92:13)

The local historical literature can not locate a synagogue of the early Jewish community, the end of which is assumed for Rottweil with the persecution of the Jews in 1349 . As early as 1315, however, today's Lorenzort is said to have been designated as a Jewish site . A medieval Judengasse and a Jewish school are documented in the document book of the Cistercian Abbey of Salem and the city of Rottweil for 1355. A return of Jews in the 15th century can be assumed. Jews also lived in Rottweil during the Thirty Years' War . A Jewish bath - presumed for the first Rottweiler Jewish community in the Lorenzort area - can be proven on a first brouillon in the course of the land survey at the house of the Badwirt Spreng on the corner of Johannser- and Grafengasse not far from the 19th century synagogue. Evidence is missing on the final city map, according to the archaeological city cadastre of Baden-Württemberg it was canceled again in 1842. 1 According to Robert Klein, “the Jews here [1838] were ready to sell their bath house; the city intends to acquire it in order to set up a municipal wash house. "

1Rose reports on the construction of a women's bath by Moses Kaz next to his clothes laundry. The octagonal-shaped women's bath was set up in a bath house that was located on a protruding part of the city wall. The octagonal women's pool is missing from the city map, although the outer walls are still preserved today. Badmeister Spreng has been registered as the owner since 1842/1843.

Acquisition of his own synagogue building in the 19th century (1861/65)

Requirements and temporary solutions in private houses

The younger Israelite community of Rottweil was founded in 1806 as a subsidiary of Mühringen . In 1813 the Jews of the city asked King Friedrich von Württemberg unsuccessfully to let them have the church of St. John the Baptist , which belonged to the former commander of the Order of St. John , to set up a synagogue there.

The prerequisites for acquiring an own synagogue and founding an independent Israelite community in 1924 were only gradually created. One of these prerequisites was the law on the conditions of fellow Israelites from April 25, 1828 , which brought about the change from protective Jewry to Jewish subjects. With this law, the Jewish religion was recognized by the state. It took decades before the synagogue building association in Rottweil acquired the building of the then owner and former town school councilor Rapp in the immediate vicinity of the former Komutureigebäudes der Johanniterkommende . In the same year a prayer room was set up for the service on the ground floor. It was not until 1865, after civil law had been achieved in Württemberg, that the Israelite Church Community took over the house, which had previously been rented, for 3,235 guilders .

After Klein / Kampitsch and Rose, a synagogue initially existed in the private house of Moses Kaz , who moved to Rottweil in 1806 - today Hauptstrasse. 29, in a preferred location at the town hall. He had already been a protective Jew in Mühringen and in 1803 received a letter of protection for Rottweil from Duke Friedrich II. He had succeeded in expanding his business as a supplier and banker to Rottweil from Mühringen . One of his greatest achievements is the rescue of Rottweiler from the destruction of Napoleonic troops in 1799, when churches and estates were forced to sell their silver items in order to meet a cash demand. Above all, his wealth had enabled him to settle in Rottweil and to be economically on a par with the urban upper class. His family name, however, indicates that he belongs to the Kohen Zedek (see also Zadok ), from whose anagram KaZ his name is formed. As members of the priestly tribe, they performed special functions in worship.

Jewish hymn book Rottweil 1861

So it is not surprising that he set up a synagogue in his own house, where he owned Torah scrolls and liturgical implements. Therefore, according to Klein, he is considered to be the founder of the Jewish community that settled in the 19th century.

After the bankruptcy of the respected Kaz - after years of war and famine - this property passed to Abraham Bernheimer in 1822. He sold it to the Jewish community in 1822 and stipulated, among other things, that "... the owner of the house, although he has the house of prayer in his house free of charge, not only cannot forbid any local or foreign Israelite to go to church." Since 1822, a room in Bernheim's house - today Gasthaus Becher - was rented as a prayer room. In 1849 in the opposite Gasthaus Krone - today Hochbrückorstr. 16 - a room set up to hold Jewish services. In the same year, Kronenwirt Heß and other Rottweiler Jews, such as Degginger and later Joseph Maier Rothschild, looked for citizenship registration.

The introduction of the prayer book by Abraham Geiger (1810-1874) in 1874 proves that the Rottweil Israelite community adopted the Reformed rite.

Description of the prayer room according to Silberstein

Entrance to the old synagogue

District rabbi Michael Silberstein 1875 gives a description of the prayer room of the Mühringen Rottweil branch in his historical-topographical description of the Mührigen rabbinical district :

“The Rottweil branch has a prayer room in the lower part of the house he bought. The same, if simply, but very tastefully furnished, has its entrance on the west side. To the left of the entrance are subsellia 2 for the men, to the right for the women. On the east side is the Holy Ark and in front of it the pulpit. This is followed by the prayer table, behind which there are some places for the male singers, so that there is still a fairly large free space until the exit. The places for the singers are on both sides of the Holy Ark. "

2 Benches

The synagogue in the 20th century

The entire building was renovated in the 1920s.

Destruction of the synagogue in the November pogrom

During the November pogrom in 1938 , the prayer room was demolished by SA men. The Torah scrolls , the Torah shrine and all other furnishings were burned on the street in front of the synagogue . The memorial plaques with the names of the Jewish fallen in World War I were destroyed. On December 13, 1938, the "Israelitische Kirchengemeinde in Rottweil" sold the synagogue and the teacher's apartment to Wilhelm Ziefle, a merchant in Rottweil, by way of forced confiscation. Section 5 of the purchase agreement granted Wilhelm Wälder, a Jewish merchant in Rottweil, a rental right on the first floor of the apartment until he emigrated, but no later than December 31, 1939. As an eyewitness, his wife Emilie Wälder describes the events of the night of the pogrom , the extent of the devastation of the apartment and synagogue, the temporary imprisonment of her husband in the Dachau concentration camp and the daily fear of deportation since autumn 1940, when it became known that the Baden and Württemberg Jews in Wagner Bürckel action in the camp Gurs internment camp were deported to southern France. Wilhelm and Emilie Wälder, ad. Rosinus (née Reinheimer) managed to emigrate from Stuttgart in May 1941 .

Inscription of the memorial plaques destroyed by the SA

First board

In honor of our hero Siegfried Rothschild, Erich Wolf, who died in World War II.

Second panel

The following members of the Rottweil Israelite Congregation took part in World War 1914-18:

In the field: Augsburger, Fritz; Bermann, Ferdinand; Bloch Max; Blochert, Max; Geismar, Ludwig; Hess, Alfred; Preuss, David; Röder, Adolf; Röder, Julius; Rosenstiel, Julius; Rothschild, Ernst; Rothschild, Max; Rothschild, Wilhelm; Schwarz, Julius; Forests, max.

At home: Adler, Julius; Augsburger, Hermann; Eppstein, Gustav; Geismar, Albert; Hess, Julius, Dr. med .; Landauer, Josef; Schwarz, Fritz; Singer, Arthur; Singer, Rudolf; Steinharter, Julius; Forests, Hugo; Forests, Wilhelm.

Also active in the service of the fatherland: Brandenburger, Louis; Brandenburger, Max.

(after Klein / Kampitsch)

Use and preservation of the desecrated synagogue after 1945

After 1945 the building served as a residential and commercial building. The prayer room was restored by the Stadtjugendring in 1979–81. The youngsters discovered remains of paintings. During the restoration work, the capitals of the columns and half-columns, colored surrounds on the lamps and a wall painting depicting the palm of the righteous in the southern axis were uncovered ( Ps 92:13 The righteous sprouts like the palm ). Plant ornaments adorn the lower edge of the picture; Birds cheer on the leaf stem of the Solomon's seal. The upper edge of the picture is lined with stars on the left and right.

New construction at Nägelesgraben by the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde 2016

On March 20, 2016, the foundation stone for a new synagogue was laid in Rottweil. According to Rami Suleiman, Chairman of the Council of the Israelite Religious Community in Baden , this stone comes from the Temple Mount in Jerusalem and represents something extraordinary; it comes directly from the place where the temple of Solomon stood until the destruction and was set into the wall in such a way that it remains tangible for the parishioners. It symbolizes the connection to Israel and reminds parishioners of the refuge in times of need. On February 19, 2017, the Torah scroll was ceremoniously transferred to the new synagogue.

literature

  • Heinrich Günter (edit.): Document book of the city of Rottweil (= Württemberg historical sources. Volume 3). Volume 1, Stuttgart 1896. (source edition)
  • Theodor Kroner: The Jews in Württemberg. Frankfurt am Main 1899, p. 15.
  • Paul Sauer: Rottweil. In: The Jewish communities in Württemberg and Hohenzollern , ed. Archive Directorate Stuttgart, Stuttgart 1966, pp. 153–157.
  • Helmut Veithans: The Jewish settlements of the Swabian imperial cities and the Württemberg provincial cities in the Middle Ages (= work on the Historical Atlas of Southwest Germany. Issue V). Stuttgart 1970, pp. 23-24.
  • Helmut Veithans: Cartographic representation of the Jewish settlements of the Swabian imperial cities and the Württemberg provincial cities in the Middle Ages (= work on the Historical Atlas of Southwest Germany. Issue VI). Stuttgart 1970, pp. 10-11
  • Winfried Hecht: On the history of the Rottweiler Jews in the late Middle Ages. In: Rottweiler Heimatblätter 40th vol. (1979) No. 2
  • Winfried Hecht (Ed.): Reichskristallnacht in Rottweil 1938–1988. Sources and materials (= annual edition of the Rottweiler Geschichts- und Altertumsverein. Vol. 89), Rottweil 1988.
  • Arye Maimon, Mordechai Breuer, Yacov Guggenheim (eds.) : Ortschaftsartikel Mährisch Budwitz-Zwolle ( = Germania Judaica. Volume III: 1350-1519. 2nd volume). Tübingen 1995, pp. 1278-1279.
  • Winfried Hecht: Rottweiler personalities and groups in the revolution of 1848/1849. In: Bernhard Rüth (Ed.): The revolution of 1848/49 on the upper Neckar. Rottweil 2000, ISBN 3-928869-12-4 , pp. 65-84.
  • Senior Councilor of the Israelite Religious Community of Württemberg (ed.): Jewish houses of worship and cemeteries in Württemberg. Frankfurt am Main 1932 (new edition Haigerloch 2002).
  • Landesarchivdirektion Baden-Württemberg in connection with the district of Rottweil (ed.): The district of Rottweil. Vol. I, 2nd edition. 2003, pp. 222-223.
  • Rottweil City Archives and Former Synagogue Rottweil Working Group (ed.): Robert Klein: Contributions to the history of the Jews in Rottweil a. N. Rottweil [1924]. Haigerloch 2004 ISBN 3-933231-83-3
  • Joachim Hahn: Synagogues in Baden-Württemberg. "Here is nothing but God's house". Volume 2: Places and facilities (= memorial book of synagogues in Germany. Volume 4: Baden-Württemberg ). Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1843-5 .
  • Paula Kienzle: Securing traces for all generations: the Jews in Rottenburg in the 19th and 20th centuries Berlin 2008, pp. 99–103.
  • Klaus-Dieter Alicke: Lexicon of the Jewish communities in the German-speaking area. 3 volumes. Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2008, ISBN 978-3-579-08035-2 . ( jewische-gemeinden.de ).
  • Arye Maimon, Mordechai Breuer, Yacov Guggenheim (eds.): Germania Judaica. Volume III: 1350-1519. 2nd subband. Tübingen 1995, pp. 1278-1279.
  • City archive Horb and the support and support association Former Rexingen Synagogue (Ed.): Traces of life on the Jewish cemetery in Mühringen. Graves in the forest. Documentation of the cemetery, the Jewish community that has lived in Mühringen for over 300 years and the Mühringen rabbinate (= Jewish cemeteries of the city of Horb. Volume II). Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1828-5 .
  • Regional Council Stuttgart, State Office for Monument Preservation in conjunction with the city of Rottweil and the Rottweiler History and Antiquity Association (ed.): Rottweil (= Archaeological City Register Baden-Württemberg. Volume 30), Filderstadt-Plattenhardt 2005.
  • Avneri Zwi: Aachen-Lucerne (= Germania Judaica. Vol. 2). Tübingen 2018 (reprint of the 1968 edition), pp. 720–721.
  • Gisela Roming: Jewish Rottweil 1798-1938. Origin - development - annihilation. Rottweil 2018
  • Bettina Eger-Heiß: The end of the Max Blochert and Bermann & Wälder business premises in the restitution proceedings of the Rottweiler District Court. In: Heinz Höglere, Peter Müller, Martin Ulmer (Eds.): Exclusion-Robbery-Destruction. Nazi actors and "Volksgemeinschaft" against the Jews in Württemberg and Hohenzollern. Stuttgart 2019, pp. 521-532, ISBN 978-3-945414-69-9

swell

  • StAS Wü 65/30 T 2-4 No. 1278 Jews 1803-1828.
  • StAL D 37 I Bü 3577 Request from the Jews of Rottweil to let the former Johanniterkirche become a synagogue in 1813.
  • StAS Wü 65/30 T 2-4 No. 1291 Israelite denominational school. 1843-1908.
  • StAS Wü 33 T 1 LAW Tübingen, No. 7244 Compensation case Emilie Wälder.
  • StAL E 212 Bü 97 Construction of a warm bath for the Jewish women in Unterschwandorf, Baisingen and Mühlen am Neckar. In it: reports from the Horb, Nagold, Rottweil and Tübingen regional authorities on the Jewish women's baths in their districts. 1821-1822, Qu. 1-22 Qu. 1-63 1821-1849.
  • STA RW Council minutes Treaty of the imperial city of Rottweil and Moses Kaz von Mühringen on the purchase of church silver from May 10, 1799.

Web links

Commons : Synagoge (Rottweil)  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Statistical-topographical office (ed.): Description of the Oberamt Rottweil . Lindemann, Stuttgart 1875, p. 293 .
  2. ↑ Friedrich Weech (ed.): Codex Diplomaticus Salemitanus. Document book of the Cistercian Abbey of Salem . tape 3 . Karlsruhe 1895, p. 189 .
  3. ↑ Oberamt Rottweil / Land Registry Office Rottweil (Geometer Klaiber): Urbrouillon SW XXXV No. 28 a . 1838.
  4. ^ Robert Klein: Contributions to the history of the Jews in Rottweil . S. 65 .
  5. ↑ Emily C. Rose: So Moises Kaz saved his city from Napoleon. On the trail of my Jewish history . Stuttgart 1999, p. 77 .
  6. ↑ Winfried Hecht: The Johanniterkommende Rottweil . In: Stadtarchiv Rottweil (ed.): Publications of the Stadtarchiv Rottweil . tape 2 . Rottweil 1971, p. 40 .
  7. ^ Paul Sauer: The Jewish communities in Württemberg and Hohenzollern . In: Archive Directorate Stuttgart (Hrsg.): Publications of the state archive administration Baden-Württemberg . tape 18 . Stuttgart 1966.
  8. ↑ Wolf-Rüdiger Michel : The Württemberg law on the churches of March 3, 1924. Origin and development. Pfaffenweiler 1993, p. 19.
  9. ↑ Oberamt Rottweil / Cadastre Office Rottweil: Measurement certificate and hand tear. Building No. 260 (1849/50) .
  10. ↑ Wolf-Rüdiger Michel : The Württemberg law on the churches of March 3, 1924. Origin and development. Pfaffenweiler 1993, p. 13 with note 39.
  11. ^ Winfried Hecht: Rottweiler personalities and groups in the revolution of 1848/1849 . In: Bernhard Rüth (Ed.): The revolution of 1848/49 on the upper Neckar . Rottweil 2000, p. 81 .
  12. ↑ Gisela Roming: Jewish Rottweil 1789-1938 Development Emergence destruction . Neckartal Verlag, Rottweil 2018, p. 82 .
  13. ↑ Michael Silberstein: Historical-topographical description of the rabbinate district Mühringen . In: Stadtarchiv Horb and Räger- und Förderverein Former Synagogue Rexingen (Ed.): Jewish cemeteries of the city of Horb . tape II . Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1828-5 , p. 144-145 .
  14. ↑ StAS Wü 120 T 3 No. 1730 property control Wilhelm Ziefle. Copy of the complaint filed April 26, 1949 by the Israeli Religious Association against Johanna Ziefle, widow of Wilhelm Ziefle, Obereschach .
  15. ↑ Land registry office Rottweil: Land register files No. 476a .
  16. ↑ StAS Wü 33 T 1 LAW Tübingen, No. 7244, Bl. 14-18: Emilie Wälders affidavit of August 15, 1956 .
  17. ↑ Münsterschwarzacher Psalter. The psalms. 2003 .
  18. ↑ Stadtjugendring Rottweil (ed.): The Rottweiler Synagoge . 1981.
  19. ↑ Laying of the foundation stone for the new synagogue. In: Black Forest Messenger. March 22, 2016.
  20. ↑ The foundation stone for the synagogue is laid. nq-online, February 15, 2016.
  21. ↑ Stuttgarter Zeitung, Stuttgart, Germany: Jewish community celebrates inauguration: A new synagogue for Rottweil . In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . ( stuttgarter-zeitung.de [accessed February 19, 2017]).
  22. ^ New synagogue inaugurated in Rottweil. In: The world. Retrieved February 19, 2017 .

Coordinates: 48 ° 10 '0.76 "  N , 8 ° 37' 44.16"  E