Johanniterkommende Rottweil
The Johanniterkommende Rottweil goes back to a settlement of the Order of St. John in the middle of the 13th century, which was abolished in 1809. From the building stock only the comming or knight's house has been preserved. Today it is used by the seminar for training and further education of teachers in Rottweil (GWHRS), Kameralamtsgasse 8.
location
The Johanniterkommende was on the southeast corner of the town of Rottweil , high above the Neckar valley. The hotel Johanniterbad with the same name with its garden terrace is reminiscent of the baths immediately to the west. The upcoming area is bounded by the city wall and a western enclosure wall. The filled asylum gate is still visible here.
history
founding
The oldest surviving document of the Johanniterniederlassung dates from 1274 and already mentions the Johanniterkirche. The Rottweiler citizen Hugo Saili donated two houses in the old town, a garden and interest to the Johannitern of his hometown after her.
For a long time, Hermann Tüchle was mentioned in a document from August 12, 1277. However, there is no doubt that it was founded earlier. One does not only refer to the Zimmer Chronicle . She reports:
Anno 1247 was a in Johanniter of the family of the noble people of Schwenningen, called the brothers Hanns von Schwenningen, who again inherited the Johanniterhaus in Rotweil in the year of Zebemelt.
It can therefore be assumed that the house, like the Kommende Villingen, goes back to the later abandoned religious house in Schwenningen (before 1212-around 1320).
The first mention is followed by a large number of documents, which make it clear that the religious house was not in its infancy at that time. According to the historian Winfried Hecht , a deed of donation from 1280 attests to nine knights of the order for Rottweil. The seal of a document from Pope Innocent IV (1244–1253) - discovered in 1926 in the Kameralamtsgarten - is related to the religious house. Hecht also refers to the oldest document index of the order house with a piece from 1259.
The location of the commander - built in the 13th century like an aristocratic castle - high above the Neckar valley suggests that a noble founder or his fiefdom was the founder of the Rottweiler religious house on behalf of the Staufers - as city lords.
The rise of the comers until 1365
The rise of the Coming began under Komtur Konrad von Egesheim (1274-1300). For the last quarter of the 13th century, 24 brothers and - besides the commander - 10 convent lords at the same time for the Rottweiler religious house can be assigned. The size of the convention corresponded to the establishment and expansion of the acquis communautaire. Their acquisitions corresponded to the origin of the brothers. It was about their furnishings, donations mainly from the Hohenbergers and purchases from the Lords of Lupfen . During this time, the foundation for the extensive mill ownership of the Johanniter was laid through the purchase of a mill in the Au ( Vögelismühle ).
On this basis, the order took a further boom in Rottweil in the 14th century under Commander Ulrich Bletz (1302-1313), son of a Rottweiler patrician family. He was able to acquire properties in the Primtal near Aldingen and from the rich family property of Konrad Ribeli in front of the Hochbrückorstraße to Neckar. The increasing popularity of the knights of the order among broad classes of the bourgeoisie in Rottweil is evident in numerous anniversary foundations and in the appearance of the commander as a witness and mediator.
Walther von Rechberg (1351-1365) completed the establishment of the property and increasingly withdrew the monastery from the power of the imperial city magistrate, which, however, increasingly isolated it from the city. The acquis and the relationship to the city did not change significantly until the repeal of the coming. The Rottweiler Ordenshaus acquired the parish records of Aldingen (1356 Waibelshof), Villingendorf (1360 Ruprechtshof as a fief of Baron Werner von Zimmer) and Betzingen near Reutlingen.
The religious house in the late Middle Ages (1356–1450)
In the late Middle Ages, the Rottweiler religious house was repeatedly administered from the outside and remained without a commander. Even if in 1370 the Villingen Commander Friedrich von Zollern and later Prior of the Order of St. John stood up for the coming, a number of lawsuits about the property of the order house stand out for a long time. The Komtur Hesso von Schlegelholz († 1412) administered only a short time (1383-1387) and rather incidentally the coming. His career was so brilliant that in 1411 he became the deputy of the Grand Master of the German Tongue with his seat at the administrative center of the Johanniter in the Heitersheim rule . Until his death he was responsible for the island of Kos , which belonged to the Johanniter property .
In 1387 Hans von Ow († 1419) took over the commandery. He stayed just as seldom in Rottweil, since the German Johanniter took part in the great campaigns against the Ottoman Empire. For the Rottweiler Kommende, Johann von Ow had a - not found - Vidimus exhibited in 1409 , in which all imperial letters written up to 1560 are listed. He also bought the mill in Aldingen shortly before his death.
With Reinbold zum Trubel (1424–1435), Rottweil again received a commander who had a brilliant career. He received the Alsatian Kommende Dorlisheim in 1413 at the latest and at times also Hagnau. In the order he rose to the position of procurator of the Upper German Ballei . In 1429 the Johannitermeister Hugo von Montfort and the commander of Mainz and Heimbach in Rottweil can be found in Rottweil, where a provincial chapter of the German Johanniter was held. In the same year, the city of Rottweil had King Ludwig of Bavaria's freedom letter confirmed by several committees .
Under his administration, duties relating to the possession of the parish set in Aldingen and the Johannsermühle were leased to Rottweiler Schmiede. Until the appointment of Commander Konrad von Schappel, the story of the Coming House remains largely in the dark.
The religious house under Georg von Ow (1467–1496) and Leonhard Gyß (1512–1538)
Under Komtur Konrad Schappel, the Ottoman Empire made further attempts to extend its rule in the Mediterranean and to conquer Rhodes. The inclusion of the Rottweiler Schützenbruderschaft (1451) in the Order of St. John was obvious with the increasing importance of fortress construction and gun technology.
Since his successor Georg von Ow (1467–1496) concentrated entirely on the management of the Johanniterhaus Rottweil, the sources from which his life and those who came from the late Middle Ages can be described are good. He adamantly defended the right of asylum in his house against the attacks of the city magistrate. When the scythe smith Jakob Sichler's right of asylum was violated, Georg turned to the German master of the order Johann von Ow and in 1473 obtained a penal letter from Emperor Friedrich III. who fined the city. When the Rottweiler mayor, Lukas Lucklin, gave the magistrate the keys at a council meeting in 1483 and fled to the asylum via the Johannserpförtlein, he was able to negotiate a favorable settlement from there - or its inviolability. Georg von Ow was a guest at the wedding of Count Eberhard im Bart and Barbara Gonzaga of Mantua . In 1480, at the request of the Grand Master of the Order, he moved to Rhodes to counter the threatened siege by Mehmed II . On August 18, 1480, the Turkish army was successfully driven out of Rhodes. In 1433 he became prior of Bohemia.
The exercise of the patronage rights in the parishes incorporated into the Commandery formed an important part of the Commander's duties, which is well documented for Villingendorf, Aldingen and Betzingen.
The general visitation of the German tongue of the order took place in Rottweil in 1495. From the visitation report the buildings and conditions of the coming are known: The house was equipped with 19 beds and household items, got fish from the fish pond below Rottweil in the Neckar valley, wood from the surrounding forests and wine from Bahlingen and Heitersheim .
Georg von Ow also reorganized the situation around the Johannsermühle, which had previously been a center of the Rottweiler blacksmithing trade. Because of numerous illegal sales attempts, he took over the mill again under the direct management of the Coming and then transferred it to the miller Hans Halver.
The Coming to the End of the Thirty Years War (1538–1648)
For around 200 years the religious house remained without a permanent commander in charge. So-called conductors were entrusted with their administration . Nevertheless, it was managed so well that Georg Schilling von Cannstatt (1546–1554) also had the commander in Rottweil transferred to him when he took over the German Grand Priory. He continued to let the conductor manage the commandery and proved himself as the most famous German Johanniter in the 16th century during the siege of Rhodes by the Turks. His successor Georg Bombast von Hohenheim (1554–1560) was rarely in Rottweil. He donated a glass coat of arms for the Rottweiler council chamber with the dedication "Sant Johannes Orden Mayster in Tyatz Lannd".
During the Thirty Years' War the religious house had to raise requisitions . When Rottweil became a theater of war in 1632/1633, the headquarters building was destroyed. Around 1640 the knight's house of the commander was repaired, and probably the commander church was rebuilt. After the war, the order house, Johanniterkirche, Johannsermühle and numerous feudal farms were destroyed.
The Coming Up to Dissolution (1648–1802)
The Kommendeverwaltung saw itself busy for a long time with the repair of the damage caused by the long war period. In a decision that still shapes the cityscape today, in 1698 the magistrate assigned the Jesuits a place to build a college, the development of which affected the Johanniterkommende directly. The magistrate rejected the order's objection, which then withdrew from the Reich Chamber of Commerce. As a result, the Jesuits were allowed to build their college according to their ideas, the Johanniter were compensated at the lower Zwerchgasse and were allowed to build an archway to the west. The city should continue to have the right to fountain and to supervise the city wall.
In 1706, the chancellor signed a contract to rebuild the Johannsermühle as a grinding and sawmill. During the time of Commander Bernhard Moritz von Cappel zu Horst (1724–1734), the dispute with the Kommendengesellschaft about the water supply for the Kommenden, was sparked by the discovery of a spring in the lower Johannsergasse. Under conductor Franz Anton Geppert (1757–1774) the Church of the Coming was renovated, new floors laid in the knight's house, the walls repaired, windows and stoves replaced, and doors and locks replaced. The Commandery's archive was also prepared and placed in 14 shops. In 1762 Geppert passed the Johannsermühle as an inheritance to the Zipfheli family, in Rosenfeld he had the tithe barn renewed and the parsonage rebuilt as a spacious half-timbered building (1761). In the time of his Kommendatur a dispute about the demolition of the dilapidated city wall in the coming area and the last major renovation of the property of the Johanniterkommende Rottweil falls. In the wars of revolution in 1795, the military hospital area of the Reichsheer was extended to the coming area against all protests of the Commander Baron von Loe (1787-1802). In 1799 the French General Saint-Cyr was quartered in the Kommende. The loss of Malta - the seat of the Grand Master since 1530 - led in Rottweil to the revocation of the honorary citizenship of the Komtur. In the following years of the war, the city made several attempts to transfer the requisitions to the commander. The Komtur could only satisfy the demands of the occupation troops with the help of the protective Jew Moses Kaz. Ludwig Adam Freiherr von Loe zu Wissen initiated the exchange of his comrades and in 1808 became Komtur zu Kleinerdlingen and Nördlingen.
The dissolution of the Coming Rottweil (1802–1811)
With the Peace of Pressburg , the Order of Malta was dissolved and the Johanniter property was secularized . The penultimate commander of the Rottweiler house, Baron von Truchseß (1802-1804), had to witness the abolition of the right of asylum by the Württemberg government before he died in 1804. The Kommendeamtmann from Villingen learned of his death from his financier and friend, the protected Jew Moses Kaz. He got on so well with him that he drew his letters to him with: Your friend M. Katz . Under Komtur Freiherr Joseph von Bodman (1805-1809), who with his diary not only provides information about the events leading up to the final dissolution of the religious house, but also about the cultural life of Rottweiler during the Napoleonic period, the annulment order was issued on June 8, 1809 the Johanniter coming. On February 18, 1810, the Kommendekirche was closed and its furnishings were moved to the Gotteszell prison church, to Stuttgart, Ludwigsburg and Villingendorf. On May 10, 1811, the last commander left the Kommendehaus. Then the Württemberg camera office and its offices moved into the lower floors of the command building, while the respective camera administrator moved into his office on the upper floor. In 1813 the request of the Jewish community of Rottweil to let them use the former Johanniterkirche as a synagogue was rejected.
In 1826 the Kommendekirche was demolished, the altars of the church, which are attributed to the workshop of Hans Wydyz , were brought to Villingendorf , where they were dismantled and are essentially lost today. The figure of the order and church patron of St. John the Baptist , and that of Joseph of Arimathäa belonged to the wings of the Holy Sepulcher and are part of the Dursch Collection. Also part of the collection - exhibited in the Dominican Museum in Rottweil - are six predelle busts , which can probably be assigned to the Marien Altar.
The Hotel Johanniterbad is still reminiscent of the Sanct Johannßer Badstuben west of the Kommende.
swell
- HStA Stuttgart H 218 Bd. 575 Stock book of the Johanniterkommende Rottweil Enth .: Johanniterkommende and Vögelismühle Rottweil 1798 (viewed)
- StAL D 37 I Bü 3577 Request from the Jews of Rottweil to let the former Johanniterkirche become a synagogue in 1813.
literature
- Winfried Hecht: The Johanniterkommende Rottweil . In: Publications of the Rottweil City Archives . tape 2 . Rottweil 1971. (used literature)
- H. Schmidt: The melioration visitation of the Rottweiler St. Johann-Kommende in 1781. A contribution to the constitutional history of the Order of Malta . In: Commission for historical regional studies (Hrsg.): Journal for Württembergische Landesgeschichte . 1985, p. 205-226 .
- Willi Stähle: Swabian carving art from the Dursch Rottweil collection. Catalog . In: Publications of the Rottweil City Archives . tape 10 . Rottweil 1986, p. 100 f .
- Winfried Hecht: The Johanniterbad in Rottweil . In: Winfried Hecht (Ed.): Rottweiler Heimatblätter . No. 4 . Rottweil 1997, p. 2-4 . (used literature)
- Jürgen Sarnowsky: Power and rule in the Order of St. John of the 15th century. Constitution and administration of the Johanniter on Rhodes (1421 - 1522) (= Vita regularis 14) . Münster 2001, ISBN 3-8258-5481-7 .
- Wolfgang Zimmermann and Nicole Priesching on behalf of the History Association of the Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart (Hrsg.): Württembergisches Klosterbuch. Monasteries, monasteries and religious orders from the beginning to the present . Ulm 2003, ISBN 3-7995-0220-3 , p. 419-420 .
- Winfried Hecht: On the history of the Johanniterkommende Rottweil at the end of the 17th century . In: Baden-Württembergische Kommende des Johanniterordens (Hrsg.): The Johanniterorden in Baden-Württemberg . tape 113 , 2005, pp. 19-22 .
- Winfried Hecht: News on the history of the Rottweiler Johanniter . Ed .: Winfried Hecht for the Rottweiler Geschichts- und Altertumsverein e. V. No. 4 . Rottweil 2020.
Website
- Monasteries in Baden-Württemberg
- Leo-Bw Johanniterkommende Rottweil
- Leo-Bw Johanniterkommende Villingen
Individual evidence
- ↑ Dorothee Ade-Rademacher, Winfried Hecht, Marianne Dumitrache, etc .: Rottweil . In: Regional Council Stuttgart. State Office for the Preservation of Monuments (Ed.): Archaeological City Register Baden-Württemberg . tape 30 , 2005, pp. 233 .
- ↑ Winfried Hecht: The Johanniterkommende Rottweil . In: Publications of the Rottweil City Archives . tape 2 . Rottweil 1971, p. 26, 29, 70, 246 .
- ↑ Wirtemberg document book . Volume VIII, No. 2710. Stuttgart 1903, p. 51 f. ( Digitized version , online edition )
- ↑ Wirtemberg document book . Volume VIII, No. 2976. Stuttgart 1903, p. 229 ( digitized version , online edition )
