Weisswurzen

Weisswurzen
	Real Solomon's Seal ( Polygonatum odoratum )
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
Order :	Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family :	Asparagaceae (Asparagaceae)
Subfamily :	Nolinoideae
Genre :	Weisswurzen
Scientific name
	Polygonatum
	Mill.

The Weisswurzen ( Polygonatum ), some species also called Solomon's seal or jointwurzen , are a genus of the asparagus family (Asparagaceae). The 71 species since 2015 thrive in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere . The cultivars in particular are also referred to as "bells under the roof".

description

Illustration from Storm of the Multi-flowered White Root ( Polygonatum multiflorum )

Stalked flowers in the detail of the real Solomon's seal ( Polygonatum odoratum )

Illustration of the real Solomon's seal ( Polygonatum odoratum ) from Flora Batava , Volume 2 - the rhizome is well represented

Blossom in detail of the real Solomon's seal ( Polygonatum odoratum )

Stalked fruits of the many-flowered white root ( Polygonatum multiflorum )

Vegetative characteristics

The Polygonatum species are perennial herbaceous plants . They are rhizome-forming, sympodial branching plants, which mostly have roots in the earth, but rarely live epiphytically . Usually nodular, branched rhizomes are formed as persistence organs. The roots are fine to fleshy. The simple, unbranched, hairy or hairless stem grows upright, bent back, sometimes climbing more or less.

The opposite, and two lines to alternate spirally or in whorls arranged, partly rambling distributed towards the tip of the stems leaves are laterally and pseudo terminal sessile or on short petioles. The simple leaf blades are ovate to linear with a smooth leaf margin.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are in the leaf axils of the upper leaves individually or to a few (usually 1 to 10, rarely up to 15) together in racemose inflorescences. Bracts can occur, if they are present, they are herbaceous, membrane-like or paper-like, are persistent or sloping.

The flowers are usually hanging, only rarely are they upright on the flower stalks, which are articulated towards the tip. The hermaphrodite flowers are threefold. The six identical bloom cladding sheets are fused with each other up to at least half of their length tubular to cylindrical. There are six stamens that do not protrude from the bracts. The stamens are fused in the middle with the perigone tube, the free-standing part is thread-like or flattened, short or long, smooth, papillary or hairy. The inwardly turned anthers are fixed to the base or on the back of the stamens and are free, the base is bilobed. Three carpels have become a top permanent ovary grown. Each of the three ovary chambers contain two to eight ovules . The slim stylus ends in a small, capitate to dreilappigigen scar . There are septal nectaries .

The spherical, fleshy berries contain a few (up to more than ten) seeds and when ripe show colors from dark blue to black, rarely red. The more or less spherical seeds have a diameter of 3 to 4.5 millimeters and are light yellowish to brownish olive in color.

The basic chromosome number is usually x = 10; there is x = 9 to 15.

Systematics

Polygonatum biflorum

Polygonatum falcatum

Polygonatum × hybridum

Polygonatum involucratum

Polygonatum lasianthum

Multi-flowered Weisswurz ( Polygonatum multiflorum )

Polygonatum pubescens

Whorl-leaved white root ( Polygonatum verticillatum )

The genus Polygonatum was established by Philip Miller in 1754 . Synonyms for Polygonatum Mill. Are: Axillaria Raf. nom. superfl., Salomonia Heist. ex manufacture , Evallaria Neck. , Siphyalis Raf. , Codomale Raf. , Troxilanthes Raf. , Campydorum Salisb. , Periballanthus Franch. & Sav. , Sigillum Montandon .

There have been around 71 species of Polygonatum since 2015 . There are 39 in China, 20 of which are only found there. In Central Europe, there are four types of meadow white root ( Polygonatum latifolium ), multi-flowered white root ( Polygonatum multiflorum ), fragrant white root or real Solomon's seal ( Polygonatum odoratum ) and whorled white root ( Polygonatum verticillatum ).

There are about 71 Polygonatum species and about 7 hybrids :

Polygonatum acuminatifolium Kom. (Syn .: Polygonatum quinquefolium Kitag. ): It occurs from Russia's Far East to the Chinese provinces of Hebei , Jilin and perhaps Liaoning and wasdetectedin Korea in 2014.
Polygonatum adnatum S.Yun Liang : This endemic thrives on shady slopes at altitudes of around 2300 meters only in Leibo Xian in southern Sichuan.
Polygonatum amabile Yatabe : It occurs on the Japanese islands of Honshu and Kyushu .
Polygonatum angelicum Floden : It wasfirst describedin 2015 from Arunachal Pradesh to southeastern Tibet .
Polygonatum annamense Floden : It wasfirst describedfrom Vietnam in 2015.
Polygonatum arisanense Hayata : It occurs only in Taiwan .
Polygonatum autumnale Floden : It was first described in 2015 from Arunachal Pradesh.
Polygonatum × azegamii (Ohwi) MNTamura = Polygonatum falcatum × Polygonatum involucratum . It occurs in Japan.
Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott : It iswidespreadin North America from Canada to the United States to northeast Mexico .
Polygonatum brevistylum Baker : It occurs from Nepal to the eastern Himalayas .
Polygonatum × buschianum Tzvelev : This endemic occurs only in the Crimea .
Polygonatum campanulatum G.W.Hu : It wasfirst describedin 2015 from western Yunnan .
Polygonatum cathcartii Baker : It occurs from Bhutan , Nepal and Sikkim via Tibet to the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
Polygonatum chingshuishanianum S.S.Ying : It is only found in Taiwan.
Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle : It occurs from the Himalayas ( India , Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim) via Tibet to the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Guangxi , Ningxia , Qinghai , Shaanxi , Sichuan and Yunnan.
Polygonatum costatum Floden : It wasfirst describedin 2015 from northern Thailand .
Polygonatum cryptanthum H.Lév. & Vaniot : It occurs on the Japanese island of Kyushu and in southern Korea.
Polygonatum curvistylum Hua : It thrives in forests and grasslands at altitudes of 2700 to 3900 meters in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan.
Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (Syn .: Polygonatum henryi Diels , Polygonatum martini H.Lév. , Polygonatum multiflorum var. Longifolium Merr. , Polygonatum brachynema Hand.-Mazz. ): It thrives in forests, in thickets and on shady slopes at altitudes of 500 up to 2100 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Fujian , Guangdong , Guangxi, Guizhou , Henan , Hubei , Hunan , Jiangsu , Jiangxi , Sichuan, Zhejiang and maybe in Qin Ling in southern Shaanxi.
Polygonatum × desoulavyi Kom. = Polygonatum humile × Polygonatum involucratum . It occurs in Heilongjiang , northern Japan, and from Korea to Russia's Far East.
Polygonatum dolichocarpum M.N. Tamura, Fuse & YPYang : It wasfirst describedin 2014 from Yunnan .
Polygonatum × domonense Satake = Polygonatum involucratum × Polygonatum lasianthum . It occurs only on the Japanese island of Honshu .
Polygonatum falcatum A.Gray (Syn .: Polygonatum giganteum var. Falcatum (A.Gray) Maxim. ): There are two varieties:
- Polygonatum falcatum A. Gray var. Falcatum (Syn .: Polygonatum canaliculatum var. Sublanceolatum Miq. , Polygonatum stenanthum Nakai , Polygonatum umbellatum H.Lév. Nom. Illeg., Polygonatum tenuiflorum Koidz. , Polygonatum falcatum var. Tenuiflorum (Koidz.) Ohwiiflorum (Koidz.) , Polygonatum kiotense N.Yonez. ): It occurs in Japan and in southern Korea.

Polygonatum filipes Merr. ex C.Jeffrey & McEwan : It thrives in forests, in thickets and on grassy slopes at altitudes of 200 to 600 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Fujian , Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Zhejiang.

Polygonatum franchetii Hua : It thrives in forests at altitudes of 1100 to 1900 meters in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan, Hubei, Shaanxi and Hunan.

Polygonatum geminiflorum Decne. : It occurs from northern Pakistan to the western Himalayas.

Polygonatum glaberrimum K. Koch : It occurs from northeastern Turkey to northern Iran.

Polygonatum gongshanense L.H. Zhao & XJHe : It wasfirst describedin 2014 from Yunnan .

Polygonatum gracile P.Y.Li (Syn .: Polygonatum tsinlingense Tsui ): It thrives in forests and on grassy slopes at altitudes of 2100 to 2400 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi and Shanxi.

Polygonatum graminifolium Hook. : It occurs in the western Himalayas.

Polygonatum grandicaule Y.S.Kim, BUOh & CGJang : It occurs in southern Korea.

Polygonatum griffithii Baker : It occurs from Arunachal Pradesh via Nepal to Tibet.

Polygonatum hirtellum Hand.-Mazz. (Syn .: Polygonatum alternicirrhosum var. Piliferum P.Y.Li ): It grows in forests and on open slopes at altitudes from 1000 to 2900 meters in the southern Chinese provinces of Gansu and Sichuan, and perhaps in Qin Mountains in southern Shaanxi.

Polygonatum hookeri Baker (Syn .: Polygonatum pumilum Hua ): It occurs from the Himalayas (northern India, Sikkim) via Tibet to the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai , Sichuan and Yunnan and perhaps in Qin Ling in southern Shaanxi.

Polygonatum humile fish. ex Maxim. (Syn .: Polygonatum officinale var. Humile (Fisch. Ex Maxim.) Baker , Polygonatum humillimum Nakai , Polygonatum humile var. Humillimum (Nakai) YNLee ): It comes from eastern Kazakhstan , the Chinese provinces of Hebei, Heilongjiang , Jilin, Liaoning as well Shanxi, in Korea, in Mongolia, in Russia's Far East, Siberia to Japan and perhaps in Inner Mongolia.

Polygonatum × hybridum Brügger (= Polygonatum multiflorum × Polygonatum odoratum , Syn .: Polygonatum × intermedium var. Symeanum Rouy , Polygonatum officinale var. Intermedium (Boenn.) Syme , Polygonatum multiflorum var. Intermedium (Boenn.) Baker , Polygonatum × intermedium (Boenn .) Brügger nom. Illeg., Polygonatum × mixtum K. Richt. , Polygonatum multiflorum subsp. Intermedium (Boenn.) K. Richt . , Polygonatum × intermedium var. Boenninghausenii in G.Rouy & J. Foucaud nom. Inval.) Sie occurs in Europe.

Polygonatum inflatum Kom . : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning in Japan and from Korea to Russia's Far East.

Polygonatum infundiflorum Y.S.Kim, BUOh & CGJang : It occurs in southern Korea.

Polygonatum involucratum (Franch. & Sav.) Maxim. : It occurs in Japan and from Korea to Russia's Far East.

Polygonatum jinzhaiense D.C. Zhang & JZShao : It was first described in 2000 and occurs only in the Chinese province of Anhui .

Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsl. (Syn .: Polygonatum vietnamicum L.I. Abramova ): It occurs from Indochina to southern China.

Polygonatum × krylovii (Ameljcz. & Malachova) ALEbel = Polygonatum humile × Polygonatum odoratum . It occurs in Siberia .

Polygonatum lasianthum Maxim. : It occurs in Korea and Japan.

Auen-Weißwurz ( Polygonatum latifolium Desf. , Syn .: Polygonatum hirtum (Bosc ex Poir.) Pursh , Polygonatum canaliculatum Miq. Nom. Illeg., Polygonatum skorpili Velen. ): It occurs from Central Europe to Turkey, but is absent in Germany.

Polygonatum leiboense S.C.Chen & DQLiu : It occurs only in southern Sichuan.

Polygonatum longistylum Y.Wan ex CZGao : It occurs only in the Chinese autonomous region of Guangxi .

Polygonatum luteoverrucosum Floden : It occurs from Arunachal Pradesh to southeastern Tibet. It was first described in 2015.

Polygonatum macranthum (Maxim.) Koidz. : It occurs in Japan.

Polygonatum macropodum Turcz. : It occurs in northern China.

Polygonatum megaphyllum P.Y.Li : It occurs in central China.

Polygonatum mengtzense F.T.Wang & Tang : It occurs from the Chinese provinces of Yunnan and Guangxi to Vietnam.

Solomon's seal ( Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. ): It comes from Europe to the Caucasus, from Pakistan to the western Himalayas and Assam before.

Polygonatum nervulosum Baker : It occurs in the eastern Himalayas.

Polygonatum nodosum Hua : It occurs in central and southern China.

Fragrant Weisswurz or Genuine Solomon's Seal ( Polygonatum odoratum ) (Mill.) Druce : It occurs in three varieties from Europe to Japan:

Polygonatum odoratum var. Maximowiczii (F.Schmidt) Koidz. (Syn .: Polygonatum maximowiczii F.Schmidt , Polygonatum officinale var. Maximowiczii (F.Schmidt) Maxim. , Polygonatum thunbergii var. Maximowiczii (F.Schmidt) Nakai , Polygonatum hondoense Nakai ex Koidz. ): It comes from Russia's Far East to to northern and north-central Japan.

Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce var. Odoratum

Polygonatum odoratum var. Pluriflorum (Miq.) Ohwi (Syn .: Polygonatum officinale var. Pluriflorum Miq. , Polygonatum vulgare var. Macranthum Hook. F. , Polygonatum odoratum var. Macranthum (Hook. F.) H. Hara , Polygonatum officinale var . macranthum (Hook. f.) Hua , Polygonatum japonicum var. variegatum Nakai , Polygonatum quelpaertense Ohwi , Polygonatum odoratum var. quelpaertense (Ohwi) H. Hara , Polygonatum planifilum Kitag. & Hir.Takah. ): It comes in Korea and Japan in front.

Polygonatum omeiense Z.Y.Zhu : This endemic thrives on wooded slopes at altitudes of around 1800 meters only in the Emei Shan in central Sichuan.

Polygonatum oppositifolium (Wall.) Royle : There are two varieties:

Polygonatum oppositifolium var. Decipiens Baker : It occurs from Sikkim to Assam.
Polygonatum oppositifolium (Wall.) Royle var. Oppositifolium : It occurs from Assam via Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim to southern Tibet.

Polygonatum orientale Desf. : It occurs from Turkey to northern Iran and the Crimea.

Polygonatum prattii Baker : It thrives in forests, in thickets and on grassy slopes at altitudes of 2500 to 3300 meters in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan.

Polygonatum × pseudopolyanthemum Miscz. ex Grossh. = Polygonatum glaberrimum × Polygonatum orientale . It occurs in the Caucasus .

Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh : It occurs from eastern Canada to the eastern, northern and central United States.

Polygonatum punctatum Royle ex Kunth : It occurs from eastern Nepal to western Yunnan.

Polygonatum qinghaiense Z.L.Wu & YCYang : It wasfirst describedin 2005 from Qinghai .

Polygonatum robustum (Korsh.) Nakai : It occurs only in Korea.

Polygonatum roseum (Ledeb.) Kunth : It occurs from Central Asia to western China.

Polygonatum sewerzowii rule : It occurs from northeastern Iran to Central Asia.

Polygonatum sibiricum F.Delaroche : It occurs from Siberia to Bhutan and Korea.

Polygonatum singalilense H.Hara : It occurs from Nepal to Bhutan.

Polygonatum sparsifolium F.T.Wang & Tang : It was first described in 2002 from the Chinese province of Hubei.

Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim. : It occurs from the southern part of Russia's Far East to Korea.

Polygonatum stewartianum Diels : It occurs in Sichuan and Yunnan.

Polygonatum × tamaense H.Hara = Polygonatum falcatum × Polygonatum lasianthum . It occurs only on the Japanese island of Honshu .

Polygonatum tessellatum F.T.Wang & Tang : It occurs from China to Indochina.

Polygonatum urceolatum (JMHShaw) Floden : It was first described in 2014 and occurs from Guangxi to northern Vietnam.

Polygonatum Verticillatum ( Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. , Syn .: Polygonatum macrophyllum Sweet , Polygonatum minutiflorum H.Lév. , Polygonatum erythrocarpum Hua , Polygonatum kansuense Maxim. Ex Batalin , Polygonatum leptophyllum (D.Don) Royle , Polygonatum jacquemontianum Kunth , Polygonatum roseum Hook. Nom. Illeg., Polygonatum angustifolium Bubani nom. Illeg., Polygonatum verticillatum var. Gracile Baker ex Aitch. , Polygonatum verticillatum subsp. Stellifolium (Peterm.) K. Richt . ): It is from Europe through Southwest Asia and Russia as well as the Himalayas to China widespread.

Polygonatum wardii F.T.Wang & Tang : It occurs from Assam to Tibet.

Polygonatum yunnanense H.Lév. : It occurs in central China.

Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp. (Syn .: Polygonatum kungii F.T.Wang & Tang , Polygonatum anhuiense D.C. Zhang & JZShao ): It thrives in forests and on shady, moist slopes at altitudes of 800 to 2700 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan , Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi as well as Sichuan and maybe in Zhejiang.

Polygonatum zhejiangensis X.J.Xue & H.Yao : It is said to be found in the Chinese province of Zhejiang, but the Flora of China 2000 does not list it.

swell

Chen Xinqi, Minoru N. Tamura: Polygonatum , pp. 223–232 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5 .
Frederick H. Utech: Polygonatum , p. 210 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Oxford University Press, New York a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Polygonatum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 18, 2016.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Frederick H. Utech: Polygonatum , p. 210 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Oxford University Press, New York a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Chen Xinqi, Minoru N. Tamura: Polygonatum , pp. 223–232 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng- yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5 .

Web links

Commons : Weißwurzen ( Polygonatum ) - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[WCSP-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Polygonatum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 18, 2016.

[FoNA-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Frederick H. Utech: Polygonatum , p. 210 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Oxford University Press, New York a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 .

[FoC-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Chen Xinqi, Minoru N. Tamura: Polygonatum , pp. 223–232 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng- yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5 .