Theodore Roosevelt Dam
| Theodore Roosevelt Dam | ||
|---|---|---|
 |
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| location | ||
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| Coordinates | 33 ° 40 '18 " N , 111 ° 9' 41" W | |
| country |
 United States
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| place | Gila County , Maricopa County , Arizona | |
| Waters | Salt River | |
| Height upstream | 655.6 m | |
| power plant | ||
| owner | Salt River Project (SRP) | |
| operator | SRP | |
| construction time | 1905 to 1911 | |
| Start of operation | 1909 | |
| technology | ||
| Bottleneck performance | 36 megawatts | |
| Expansion flow | 62.3 m³ / s | |
| Turbines | 1 × 36 MW | |
| Others | ||
The dam Theodore Roosevelt ( English Theodore Roosevelt Dam ) is a dam with hydroelectric power plant in the state of Arizona , USA , at the border between the Gila and Maricopa County located and the Salt River to a reservoir (Engl. Theodore Roosevelt Lake dams). It is located approximately 122 km (76 miles ) northeast of Phoenix and 48 km (30 miles) northwest of the town of Globe .
In addition to generating electricity, the dam primarily serves as a flood protection and storage space to compensate for the uneven flow regime of the Salt River. It is owned by the United States Bureau of Reclamation but operated by the Salt River Project .
Barrier structure
The first dam, erected between 1905 and 1911, was a masonry arch dam with a height of 85 m (280 ft ) above the foundation base . The top of the wall was at a height of 652.5 m (2141 ft) above sea level . The length of the top of the wall was 220 m (723 ft). The volume of the structure was 262,815 m³ (343,750 cubic yards ). The thickness of the dam was 56 m (184 ft) at the base and 4.9 m (16 ft) at the crown.
From 1989 to 1996 the dam was fundamentally expanded. A new concrete arch dam was added to the air side of the old dam; The flood reliefs on the right and left side of the dam were also completely redesigned. The new dam was also built 23.5 m (77 ft) higher than the old one; this enabled both the reservoir to be enlarged and additional storage space to be created for flood protection.
The new barrier structure is a concrete arch dam with a height of 109 m (357 ft) above the foundation level. The top of the wall is at an altitude of 676 m (2218 ft) above sea level. The length of the top of the wall is 369 m (1210 ft). The thickness of the dam is 60 m (196 ft) at the base and 6.6 m (21.6 ft) at the top. The volume of the new dam is 463,319 m³ (606,000 cubic yards).
The dam wall has both a flood relief and a bottom outlet . A maximum of 4247 m³ / s (150,000 cft / s) can be discharged via the flood discharge, and a maximum of 330 m³ / s (11,657 cft / s) via the bottom outlet.
Reservoir
The reservoir of the original dam stretched at the normal target of 651 m (2136 ft) over a length of 37 km (23 miles ), covered an area of around 72 km² (17,800 acres ) and contained 1.73 billion m³ ( 1.4 million acre-feet ) of water.
After the expansion of the dam, the reservoir will take up an area of around 86.98 km² (21,493 acres) with a normal storage target of 655.6 m (2151 ft) and will contain 2.03 billion m³ (1.65 million acre-feet) ) Water.
After the dam was expanded, the normal storage target was intentionally raised only by 4.6 m (15 ft) to 655.6 m (2151 ft), as the remaining additional free storage space should be used for flood protection . In the event of a flood, as it statistically occurs every 200 years, the reservoir should rise to a level of 663 m (2175 ft). In the event of a probable maximum flood , the reservoir would rise almost to the height of the wall crest of 676 m (2218 ft) and hold around 4.23 billion m³ (3.43 million acre feet) of water.
power plant
The power plant is located at the foot of the dam. The installed capacity with one turbine is 36 MW . The annual production fluctuates: in 2003 it was around 18 and in 2006 around 93.9 million kWh .
To supply the construction site with electricity, a turbine with an output of 0.9 MW was provisionally installed in 1906 at the end of a 32 km long canal. Then a power station house was built below the dam on the left bank; From August 1909, it initially housed three machines, each with an output of one MW. In the transformer house about 180 m (600 ft) away, the generator voltage was increased from 2.3 kV to 45 kV by means of power transformers. Three additional machines were installed by 1916 and two more generators were connected to the grid in September 1924.
At the beginning of the 1970s, the meanwhile 8 machines, which were still designed for a frequency of 25 Hz , were replaced by a single machine that works with the line frequency of 60 Hz that is common in the USA . The new machine went into operation in 1974.
During the expansion of the dam from 1989 to 1996, the turbine was also renewed, as the greater head height required the flow rate from 68 m³ / s (2400 cft / s) to 62.3 m³ / s (2200 cft / s) could be reduced.
history
prehistory
Due to the irregular flow of the Salt River , the need to build dams on the Salt and Verde Rivers was recognized as early as the second half of the 19th century. But it wasn't until the National Reclamation Act came into effect on June 17, 1902 and the United States Reclamation Service (USRS), the predecessor of the United States Bureau of Reclamation , was established that this could be tackled.
The Salt River Valley Water Users' Association was formed on February 7, 1903, because the USRS had requested the settlement of disputes between local landowners and the establishment of a landowners association as a prerequisite for its participation in the Salt River Project (SRP) . The land of the settlers united in the association was deposited as security for the loan from the federal government ; the loan was later to be repaid through the sale of water and electricity (the last installment on this loan was made in October 1955). On March 14, 1903, the SRP was approved by Home Secretary Ethan A. Hitchcock . The SRP and the construction of the dam were the first project of the newly founded USRS in the American West.
The project officially began on August 24, 1903. But before the actual construction work on the dam could begin, a road had to be built from the small town of Mesa, 96 km (60 miles) away, to the construction site. In December 1904, the first equipment could then be transported to the construction site via the new road.
Established from 1905 to 1911
The tender for the construction of the dam was announced on February 23, 1905; the order was placed on April 8th of the same year by the Galveston-based company John O'Rourke , which had submitted the lowest bid of USD 1.1 million . The first stone of the dam was set on September 20, 1906.
To supply the construction site with electricity, the construction of a 32 km (20 miles) long canal began in 1904, at the end of which in 1906 a temporary power station with a turbine and an output of 0.9 MW was built; later a power station building was built below the dam and additional turbines were added, resulting in a total output of 4.5 MW. The first overhead line between the power station and a Pacific Gas & Electric substation in Phoenix was completed in July 1909. On October 1, 1909, commercial, permanent operation began.
Repeated floods and the inexperience of the John O'Rourke company with regard to the management of a large construction site meant that the originally planned construction period was extended from 2 to 5 years. The dam was officially inaugurated on March 18, 1911 by former President Theodore Roosevelt .
The total cost of the Salt River Project , borne by the Salt River Valley Water Users' Association , was eventually set at $ 10.28 million. In February 1917, the Association's Home Secretary made the proposal that they could take over the running and maintenance of the Salt River Project's dams and canals from the USRS. After the contract was signed, the Association took over on November 1, 1917; the structures erected remained in the possession of the USRS.
The total costs for the construction of the dam, the power plant and various extensions by 1927 are given as 5.56 million USD . Workers were paid between $ 2 and $ 5 a day during construction, with 75 cents deducted for meals.
Expansion from 1989 to 1996
From 1989 to 1996 the dam was fundamentally expanded. First, a bridge was built upstream of the dam in order to divert Arizona State Route 188 , which until then ran over the top of the wall. The bridge was completed in October 1990. Then a new concrete arch dam was added on the air side of the old dam. The first block of concrete was poured in September 1992, the last in June 1995. The total cost of the expansion was $ 430 million , of which the bridge accounted for $ 21.3 million.
One of the reasons for the expansion was new hydrological calculations ordered after the failure of the Teton Dam in 1976 for all federally owned dams. For the Roosevelt Dam, the calculations showed that the top of the wall would be flooded in the event of a maximum possible flood. The maximum inflow into the reservoir was assumed in the calculations to be 18,520 m³ / s (654,000 cft / s), whereas in the original design of the dam it was only set at 7080 m³ / s (250,000 cft / s).
Others
The dam was classified as a National Historic Landmark on May 23, 1963 . After the expansion and the associated fundamental redesign, however, this was reversed on March 10, 1999; the dam is still listed on the National Register of Historic Places .
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Upgrading to Aging Roosevelt Dam. swhydro.arizona.edu, accessed December 9, 2018 .
- ^ A b c The Salt River Project, Arizona. (PDF) uair.library.arizona.edu, p. 5 , accessed on December 8, 2018 .
- ↑ a b c Theodore Roosevelt Dam. United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR), accessed December 6, 2018 .
- ↑ a b Theodore Roosevelt Dam. Salt River Project (SRP), accessed December 7, 2018 .
- ^ A b Roosevelt Hydro Power Plant AZ USA. Global Energy Observatory, accessed December 7, 2018 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Salt River Project. (PDF) USBR, pp. 5–16 (6–17) , accessed on December 6, 2018 (English).
- ↑ a b c d e Roosevelt Dam The US Reclamation Service's Crown Jewel. USBR, accessed December 6, 2018 .
- ↑ a b Arizona: Roosevelt Dam and Powerplant. National Park Service (NPS), accessed December 9, 2018 .
- ^ Roosevelt Dam upgrade. Sulzer AG , accessed December 9, 2018 .
- ↑ a b 100 years of power from Theodore Roosevelt Dam. SRP, accessed December 7, 2018 .
- ↑ Roosevelt Dam is the cornerstone of Phoenix-area growth. The Arizona Republic , March 11, 2011, accessed December 16, 2018 .
- ↑ a b A Brief History of Roosevelt Dam. USBR, accessed December 6, 2018 .
- ^ Roosevelt Dam. NPS, accessed February 26, 2019 .
