Valley temple
A valley temple is an ancient Egyptian temples building that results in a pyramid complex part and by a causeway with a pyramid temple was connected. It was built from Sneferu and up to the end of the 12th Dynasty on the edge of the fruit land and the canal bank .
Valley temples stood on a terrace on the canal bank and had a monumental quay , which was used to land large ships. They had chapels for statues of the builder and roof places of worship accessible via stairs. When the new type of pyramid district was introduced under Sneferu, the cultic encounter between the king and the gods was moved from the pyramid district to the valley. This probably continued the tradition of the fortresses of the gods and valley districts of the Thinite period. During ritual festivals, the pyramid district was visited by gods with their barges and probably received by the king or his images in the valley temple. In later times, aspects of the valley temple lived on in podium temples , which were erected from the New Kingdom opposite the pylon on the canal or river bank. There was also a cult image there that awaited the arrival of other deities. An interpretation as a royal embalming house is no longer applicable according to Dieter Arnold .
The valley temple of Chephren is one of the first completely preserved valley temples. Furthermore, valley temples of Mykerinos , Sahure , Niuserre , Unas , Pepi II. , Sesostris II. And Amenemhet III. excavated. In the fertile land there are numerous others that have not yet been explored. During the Middle Kingdom there were also comparable facilities in private graves in Qau el-Kebir , Thebes and Aswan . The last example of this is at the mortuary temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari .
literature
- Dieter Arnold: Lexicon of Egyptian architecture . Albatros, Düsseldorf 2000, ISBN 3491960010 , p. 257, → Taltempel .
- VA Donohue: Pr-nfr. In: Journal of Egyptian Archeology (JEA). 64 , 1978, pp. 143-148.
- IES Edwards : The Pyramids of Egypt . West Drayton 1947; Rev. ed. Harmondsworth 1961; Rev. ed. Harmondsworth 1985 (German edition Die ägyptischen Pyramiden. 1967), pp. 136-138.
- Bernhard Grdseloff: The Egyptian cleaning tent. Cairo 1941 [Review by E. Drioton, in: Annales du service des antiquités de l'Égypte (ASAE). 40 , 1941, pp. 1007-14]
- Paule Posener-Kriéger: Les archives du temple funéraire de Néferirkarê-Kakai II. Cairo 1976, pp. 549-563.
- Herbert Ricke : Comments on Egyptian architecture in the Old Kingdom. Vol. II, Cairo 1950, pp. 86-114.
- Rainer Stadelmann : Valley temple. In: Wolfgang Helck (Ed.): Lexicon of Egyptology. Vol. VI, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1975-1992, pp. 189-193.
Web links
Remarks
- ↑ The gods often included Sokaris , Hathor and the standards of the gods ( Horus entourage )
- ↑ Testified by the Abusir papyri from the 5th and 6th dynasties and festive calendars, as well as groups of statues in the valley temple of Mykerinos.