Mykerinos

Names of Mykerinos
Statue of Mykerinos and Queen Chamerernebti II .; Museum of Fine Arts , Boston
Horus name	Ka-chet K3-ẖ.t bull of godhood Ka-chet K3-ẖ.t bull of godhood
Sideline	Ka-nebti K3-nb.tj bull of the two mistresses
Gold name	Bik-nebu-netjer Bjk-nbw-nṯr.j Divine Golden Falcon
Proper name	Menkaure (Men kau Re) Mn k3.w Rˁ With permanent Ka forces, a Re Menkaure Mn k3 (.w) Rˁ With permanent Ka-forces, a Re Menkaure Mn k3 (.w) Rˁ With permanent Ka-forces, a Re
Royal Papyrus Turin (No. III./14)	In the original, the name of the ruler has been broken off, only the year is preserved
List of Kings of Abydos (Seti I) (No.24)	Menkaure Mn k3.w Rˁ With permanent Ka-forces, a Re
Saqqara King List	... kaure ... k3.w Rˁ (badly damaged)
Greek Manetho - variants after Herodotus : after Eratosthenes :	Africanus : Mencheres Eusebius : missing A.V.-Eusebius : missing Mycerínus Moscheres

Menkaure ( Greek Mykerinos ) was the sixth king ( pharaoh ) of the ancient Egyptian 4th Dynasty in the Old Kingdom . He ruled from about 2530 to 2510 BC. There is very little evidence of his person or his reign. He is best known for the construction of the third pyramid of Giza and for numerous statues , some of which are superbly preserved , that were found in their vicinity.

Origin and family

Cartridge name of Mykerinos in the Abydos list

Mykerinos was probably a son of Pharaoh Chephren and the Chamerernebti I. This is assumed because a knife was found in the pyramid district of Mykerinos, which bears the name Chamerernebtis.

The only known wife of Mykerinos was Chamerernebti II. Her mother of the same name, who bears the title of a royal mother, is mentioned in her grave. From this, George Andrew Reisner drew the now generally accepted conclusion that her mother was also Chamerernebti I. Mykerinos was therefore married to his sister. The only known child from this marriage was Prince Chuenre , who was buried near his father's pyramid and who, according to Reisner, was the Crown Prince, who died early.

The family connection between Mykerinos and his successor Schepseskaf is completely unclear . He had the mortuary temple of Mykerinos completed and a decree posted there, which led Reisner to the conclusion that he also saw a son in him. However, the completion of the temple alone is not a sufficient indication , since every Egyptian king had to guarantee the proper burial of his predecessor, regardless of the family relationship. An indication of ancestry (filiation) cannot be clearly read from the remains of the heavily destroyed decree.

Domination

Mykerinos succeeded his cousin Bicheris to the throne , who had only ruled for a short time. The change of government in the Egyptian calendar is documented in an inscription ; at the same time proof of a 365-day calendar already in use. The exact reign of Mykerinus is unknown. The royal papyrus Turin , which was created in the New Kingdom and is an important document on Egyptian chronology , is damaged at the relevant point and only the indication x + 8 years can be read, so it could have been 18 or 28 years. In the 3rd century BC Living Egyptian priest Manetho gives him 63 years, which is probably too high.

The highest contemporary documented date is “11. Times of the count ”(meaning a nationwide census of cattle for the purpose of tax collection), possibly also a“ year after the 11th time of the count ”. The problem with this is that these censuses originally took place every two years (ie an “xth year of the census” was followed by a “year after the nth time of the census”), but later could also take place annually (to a “Xth year of counting” was followed by “yth year of counting”). Whether a regular biennial census took place among Mykerinos cannot be determined from the available source material. If so, it would mean over 20 years of government.

Apart from the construction of his pyramid complex, no events are known from the reign of Mykerinos. The name of the ruler appears on an object from Byblos and numerous unrolled seals from Buhen are attested by the ruler .

Court

The only high officials from the reign of Mykerinus who are known by name were the Tjatiu (an office designation that is often translated as "vizier", an office that did not arise until more than three millennia later). This office was reserved for members of the royal family during the 4th Dynasty . Under Mykerinos it was clothed by his half-brothers Nikaure , Junmin , Nebemachet , Ankhmare and Duaenre .

Construction activity

The pyramid of Mykerinos

The Mykerinos pyramid with its three queen pyramids

→ Main article: Mykerinos pyramid

Mykerinos was the builder of the third and last of the three pyramids at Giza . With a base size of 102.2 × 104.6 m and an original height of 65.55 m, it is significantly smaller than the pyramids of Cheops and Chephren. Limestone from the immediate vicinity of the structure was used as the building material for the core masonry , the cladding consisted of rose granite up to a height of 15 m and Tura limestone in the remaining layers . From the north side a passage leads down to an underground antechamber. Another corridor opens into it, which runs above the first and ends blind in the masonry at about the level of the pyramid base. Apparently this is the original access corridor, which was abandoned after a change in the building plan. The actual burial chamber is located below the antechamber. The granite sarcophagus found there measured 2.43 × 0.94 × 0.88 meters. and was first worked with projections and recesses in the style of the palace facade. It thus differed quite significantly from the very simply designed sarcophagi of its predecessors. In 1838 he was supposed to be transferred to Great Britain, but never got there because the transport ship sank in a storm.

The pyramid complex

Plan of the Giza Necropolis

On the east side of the pyramid is the mortuary temple , which is similar in plan to that of Cheops. It is connected to the valley temple via a 600 meter long path . The temples were originally supposed to be built in stone, but Mykerinos died before they were finished. Only his successor Schepseskaf completed both temples and the access path, but used the time and cost-saving brick construction. The area immediately in front of the valley temple of Mykerinos has not yet been completely excavated, as there is an Islamic cemetery above it.

The pyramid has three secondary pyramids. The eastern one (G III-a) is a real pyramid and, due to its substructure, is partly thought to be the original cult pyramid of Mykerinos, which was supposed to serve as a symbolic tomb for his Ka . However, since a sarcophagus was found in it, it seems to have been converted into a queen's grave (probably for Chamerernebti II.). The other two structures (G III-b and G III-c) are step pyramids that were designed as queen tombs from the start. Bones from a young woman could even be found in G III-b.

The extensive burial ground in Giza does not seem to have undergone any significant expansion under Mykerinos. The only thing worth mentioning is the rock grave of his son Chuenre, which was laid out in a quarry southeast of the Mykerinos pyramid. Also boat pits, such as those found near the tombs of Cheops and Chephren, could not be found in the vicinity of the Mykerinos pyramid.

See also: Giza Necropolis

Statues

Almost all known statues of Mykerinos come from excavations that George Andrew Reisner carried out from 1908 in his pyramid complex. Most of the pieces were found in the valley temple, including the famous Mykerinos triads . Further finds were made in the mortuary temple. The finds are now in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston and the Egyptian Museum in Cairo . Only three statues were discovered outside of Giza.

The Mykerinos Triads

Triad with 7th Upper Egyptian Gau (Diospolis Parva); Egyptian Museum Cairo, Inv.-No. JE 46499	Triad with 17th Upper Egyptian Gau (Schakalgau); Egyptian Museum Cairo, Inv.-No. JE 40679	Triad with 4th Upper Egyptian Gau (Theban Gau); Egyptian Museum Cairo, Inv.-No. JE 40678	fragmented triad with Gau; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, inventory no. 11.3147 (head in Brussels)	Triad with 15th Upper Egyptian Gau (Hasengau); Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, inv. No. 09.200

Reisner discovered a total of four excellently preserved triads, another was more damaged, and several others were only preserved in fragments . All triads consist of greywacke and show the king together with the goddess Hathor , who is referred to there as the “mistress of the sycamore ”, and a personified Egyptian Gau . As far as can still be seen, the king is depicted in the same regalia on all triads . He wears the white crown of Upper Egypt, the ceremonial goatee and a pleated apron.

The first of the well-preserved triads (Kairo JE 46499) is 93 cm high. It shows Mykerinos standing in the middle, putting the left leg forward. To his right stands Hathor, recognizable by her attribute of the sun disk between two cow horns above her head. To the left of the king is the 7th Upper Egyptian Gau (Diospolis Parva) personified by a woman, recognizable by the Gaustandarte with the sign of the goddess Bat . A second triad (Kairo JE 40679) has a practically identical structure. With a height of 92.5 cm, it is almost the same size. Here stands the 17th Upper Egyptian Gau (Schakalgau) to the left of the king. A third group (Kairo JE 40678) is only slightly higher at 95.5 cm. Here, too, the persons are arranged in the same way, but the depicted fourth Upper Egyptian Gau (Theban Gau) is shown much smaller than the two aforementioned Gau personifications.

There are major differences in two other copies. The first is damaged (11.3147) and is in Boston . The piece obtained measures 80 cm; it includes a king's head 30 cm high, located in Brussels. It shows the king standing in the middle, to the right of him a female figure, probably Hathor, and to the left of him probably another personified Gau, who is shown here as a male. The second Boston piece (09.200) shows a completely different figure composition: Here Hathor sits in the middle on a throne, Mykerinos stands on her left, and the female personification of the 15th Upper Egyptian Gaus (Hasengau) is this time on her right. A fragment (12.1514) also located in Boston could originally have been constructed in a similar way to the latter.

In addition to these pieces, there are other, smaller fragments made of greywacke as well as those made of alabaster . The latter can only be reconstructed into triads with great uncertainty. Reisner suspected that greywacke was used for the triads of the Upper Egyptian Gaue, while alabaster was used for the Lower Egyptian.

More statues from Giza

Mykerinos and Chamerernebti II .; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston	fragmented seated statue; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, inv. No. 09.202	Head of Mykerinos or Sheepseskaf; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, inv. No. 09.203

In addition to the triads, numerous other statues were found in the valley temple. One of the most famous is a superbly preserved double statue (Boston 11.1738). It shows the king standing with the Nemes headscarf , goatee and an apron. To his left is a queen, probably Chamerernebti II. She puts her right arm around Mykerinos's shoulders and grabs his left upper arm with her left hand. The statue is made of greywacke and measures 139 × 57 × 54 cm.

In addition, Reisner found two incompletely preserved seated statues made of alabaster (Boston 09.202 and Cairo JE 40703), two unfinished seated statues, a statue head made of alabaster (Cairo JE 40704) showing the king with a Nemes headscarf, another statue head made of alabaster ( Boston 09.203), which is sometimes thought to be a portrait of Shepseskaf, a face fragment (Boston 11.717), two headless statuettes showing the king standing, one of them made of ivory (Boston 11.280ab) and one made of porphyry (Boston 11.739ac) , as well as 14 unfinished statuettes of the seated king, some of which are in Cairo, some in Boston and New York.

unfinished statuettes; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston	larger than life seated statue; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, inv. No. 09.204	Torso of a statue; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, inv. No. 11.3146

There are only a few pieces from the mortuary temple compared to the rich finds from the valley temple. In addition to a few smaller fragments of alabaster, greywacke and possibly copper, Reisner found only two statues. One of them, however, is a larger than life seated statue of the ruler (Boston 09.204). It is made of alabaster and is 235 cm high. The statue was found in several fragments and is exhibited in a restored condition. The second statue (Boston 11.3146) is also made of alabaster, is only about two-thirds life-size and only very incompletely preserved. Only the torso is in good condition. In the case of other finds of royal statues that were made in the west cemetery of the Great Pyramid of Cheops , it is unclear whether they are Mykerinos or Chephren.

Statues outside Giza

Two statues of Mykerinus have also been found in other parts of Egypt. The first comes from the area around the Ptah Temple in Memphis . It has a height of 55 cm and consists of light gray diorite with black speckles. The king is depicted sitting on a throne and wearing the Nemes headscarf. This statue is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (Cairo CG 42). The second statue was found in 2004 in the possession of an antiques dealer in Luxor . Their original place of origin is unknown. The statue made of diorite is 66 cm high, 19.5 cm wide and 25 cm deep. Mykerinos is shown seated on a throne without a backrest. He wears an apron and the Nemes headscarf.

2013 were Israeli hazor the radicals one of granite produced Sphinx discovered that supports the proper name of the Mykerinus. It is the only known statue to date that shows this king in the form of a sphinx and the only statue of Mykerinos that has been found outside of Egypt. Since there are no known close ties between Egypt and Hazor from the 4th Dynasty, the excavators suspect that the statue was only brought to Hazor as a gift during the New Kingdom and that it was later destroyed during armed conflicts. The residue obtained was found in a waste pit. It is a 30 × 40 cm fragment of a base on which the front paws of the Sphinx and a lettering between them have been preserved. The total weight of the original statue is estimated to be around 500 kg. It is thus the largest sphinx that was discovered outside of Egypt.

Mykerinos in the memory of ancient Egypt

• 

  Remains of a human-shaped wooden coffin with the name of Mykerinos; Late period

Old empire

A death cult can be proven for Mykerinos, which lasted until the end of the 6th dynasty . 21 priests of the dead and officials connected with the cult of the dead are documented from this period. This number is smaller than that of Cheops and Chephren with 73 and 32 funeral priests and officials, respectively, but it is still the third highest of the 4th dynasty. The economic importance of the cult of the dead, however, had declined sharply under Mykerinos. Numerous agricultural goods ( domains ) were usually created for the supply of offerings . For example, 60 domains are attested for Cheops and 51 for Chephren, whereas only two for Mykerinos.

In the mortuary temple of Mykerinos decrees of the kings Merenre and Pepi II were found, in which the priesthood was granted certain privileges . The name of Mykerinos is always written with the determinative of the seated king statue, which suggests that the cult at that time no longer applied to the deceased king, but only to his statues. The decree of Pepis II also shows that restoration work was carried out on the mortuary temple at that time.

Middle and New Kingdom

In the 13th Dynasty , Mykerinos found its way into religious coffin texts and in the New Kingdom also into the book of the dead that resulted from them . The Book of the Dead Proverbs 30 B, 64 and 148 contain a postscript in several manuscripts in which the alleged history of these Proverbs is discussed. They are regarded as the work of the god Thoth and are said to have been found under the rule of Mykerinos by the prince Hordjedef .

Late period

The mortuary temple of the queens pyramid GIc belonging to the Cheops complex probably served as a sanctuary of Isis as early as the 18th dynasty . In the 21st Dynasty , during the reign of the Pharaohs Psusennes I and Amenemope , this temple was greatly expanded. In the course of the cult of Isis, a priesthood for Cheops was established again. In addition to Cheops, other kings were also occasionally worshiped. For Mykerinos two priests from the 26th dynasty are attested, who were also priests of Cheops or of his pyramid. Two seal impressions also testify to a priest named Henat from the 27th dynasty , who only bore the title of Priest of Mykerinus . Mykerinos apparently enjoyed an independent cult in the late period.

A wooden, human-shaped coffin, which was found in the front burial chamber of the Mykerinos pyramid and which was probably intended for a renewal of the royal burial, dates to the 26th dynasty or later. Parts of a human skeleton were found together with the coffin, although this dates back to early Christian times.

Greek traditions

The Greek historian Herodotus (490/480 to around 425 BC) only survives a few anecdotal stories about the three kings buried in Giza. He describes Cheops and Chephren as cruel tyrants who closed all temples in the country and forced the people to build their pyramids. Mykerinos, however, is described by him as a kind and benevolent ruler who reopened the temples to the people. Despite his righteous rule, according to Herodotus, much misfortune happened to him. His beloved daughter died first, and she was buried in Sais in a cow-shaped coffin. The second stroke of fate was an oracle which prophesied that he only had six years to live. Mykerinos, who felt it was unfair that his life should be so much shorter than that of his two tyrannical predecessors, received the explanation that a 150-year period of oppression had been planned for Egypt, which Cheops and Chephren had recognized, but Mykerinos Not. In Diodorus of Sicily (1st century BC) there is a shorter description of Mykerinos, which, however, is practically identical in content to the information in Herodotus.

The geographer Strabo (around 63 BC to after 23 AD) finally does not mention Mykerinos, but reports a legend that revolved around its pyramid. It says it is the tomb of a woman named Rhodopsis . When she was bathing once, an eagle came, took one of her shoes with him and threw it into the lap of an unnamed king who was just ruling in Memphis . The king then had the owner of the shoe looked for and found her in Naukratis . He made her his wife and finally let her build the said pyramid.

Modern reception

The English poet Matthew Arnold wrote a poem in 1849 with the title Mycerinus , in which he thematized Herodotus' tradition of the alleged oracle. The French writer and archaeologist Guy Rachet published five novels about the pyramid builders of the 4th Dynasty in 1997 and 1998. The last volume, The Divine Pyramid , deals with Mykerinos.

After Mykerinos two are main belt - asteroid named: (4413) Mycerinos and (4568) Menkaure .

literature

General

• Peter A. Clayton : The Pharaohs . Bechtermünz, Augsburg 1994, ISBN 3-8289-0661-3 , pp. 31, 45, 49, 55f., 58, 59, 60f.
• Martin von Falck, Susanne Martinssen-von Falck: The great pharaohs. From the early days to the Middle Kingdom. Marix, Wiesbaden 2015, ISBN 978-3-7374-0976-6 , pp. 116–122.
• Jean-Jacques Fiechter: Mykérinos le dieu englouti . Maisonneuve & Larose, Paris 2001, ISBN 2-7068-1488-8 . ( Online version )
• Thomas Schneider : Lexicon of the Pharaohs . Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3 , pp. 163-164.

About the name

• Jürgen von Beckerath : Handbook of the Egyptian king names . Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 1984, ISBN 3-422-00832-2 , p. 52, 179-180.
• Peter Kaplony : The cylinder seals of the Old Kingdom. Volume III, Fondation Egyptologique, Brussels 1981, plates 34, 35.

To the pyramid

• Zahi Hawass : The Treasures of the Pyramids . Weltbild, Augsburg 2003, ISBN 3-8289-0809-8 , pp. 134-137.
• Mark Lehner: Secret of the Pyramids . Econ, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-572-01261-9 , pp. 134-137.
• George Andrew Reisner: Mycerinus. The Temples of the Third Pyramid at Giza . Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Massachusetts) 1931, ( PDF; 176 MB ).
• Rainer Stadelmann : The Egyptian pyramids. From brick construction to the wonder of the world (= cultural history of the ancient world . Volume 30). 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1991, ISBN 3-8053-1142-7 , pp. 140-152 and Tff. 54-59a.
• Rainer Stadelmann: The great pyramids of Giza . 1990, pp. 192-204 et al. Fig. 125-134, 143-153.
• Miroslav Verner : The pyramids (= rororo non-fiction book. Volume 60890). Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1999, ISBN 3-499-60890-1 , pp. 272–285.

For further literature on the pyramid see under Mykerinos pyramid .

Questions of detail

• Jürgen von Beckerath: Chronology of the pharaonic Egypt . von Zabern, Mainz 1997, ISBN 3-8053-2310-7 , pp. 26, 28, 33-34, 39, 155-159, 175, 179, 188.
• Aidan Dodson , Dyan Hilton: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson, London 2004, ISBN 0-500-05128-3 , pp. 52-61 ( PDF file; 67.9 MB ); retrieved from the Internet Archive .
• Peter Lacovara, Nicholas Reeves: The colossal statue of Mycerinus reconsidered. In: Revue d'Egyptologie. No. 38, 1987, pp. 111-115.
• Miroslav Verner: Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology . In: Archives Orientální. Vol. 69, Prague 2001, pp. 363-418, ( PDF; 31 MB ).
• Dietrich Wildung : The role of Egyptian kings in the consciousness of their posterity. Part I. Posthumous sources on the kings of the first four dynasties. In: Munich Egyptological Studies. Vol. 17, Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 1969, pp. 213–224.

Web links

Commons : Mykerinos  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Menkaure on Digital Egypt (English)
• The Ancient Egypt Site (English)
• Zahi Hawass: Menkaure (English)

Remarks

1. ^ Translation after Thomas Schneider
2. ^ Term of office 63 years.

Individual evidence

1. ^ Alan H. Gardiner: The royal canon of Turin . Plate 2
2. ^ Alan B. Lloyd: Herodotus, book II. P. 77ff.
3. ↑ Year numbers according to Schneider: Lexicon of the Pharaohs .
4. ↑ Reisner: Mycerinus. Pp. 18, 233, plate 19.
5. ↑ ^{a b} Peter Jánosi: Giza in the 4th dynasty. The building history and occupancy of a necropolis in the Old Kingdom. Volume I: The mastabas of the core cemeteries and the rock graves . Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2005, p. 66, ISBN 3-7001-3244-1 .
6. ^ Siegfried Schott: Altägyptische Festdaten , Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz / Wiesbaden 1950, p. 54.
7. ↑ see Verner: Archaeological Remarks .
8. ^ Schneider: Lexicon of the Pharaohs . P. 164
9. ^ Maurice Dunand: Fouilles de Byblos I. 1926-1932 . Paris 1931, p. 169.
10. ↑ Peter Kaplony : The cylinder seals of the Old Kingdom. Catalog (= Monumenta Aegytiaca. Vol. 3). Brussels 1981, pp. 116-127.
11. ↑ Anna Maria Donadoni Roveri: I sarcofagi egizi dalle origini alla fine dell'Antico Regno . Rome 1969, p. 105 ( PDF; 46.5 MB )
12. ↑ Reisner: Mycerinus . Pp. 109-110 (No. 12); Berta Porter, Rosalind LB Moss: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis . 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1974, p. 28 ( PDF 30.5 MB ); Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis. Accessed August 31, 2019 . 
13. ↑ Reisner. Mycerinus . P. 109 (No. 11); Berta Porter, Rosalind LB Moss: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis . 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1974, p. 28 ( PDF 30.5 MB ); Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis. Accessed August 31, 2019 .  }
14. ↑ Reisner: Mycerinus . P. 109 (No. 10); Berta Porter, Rosalind LB Moss: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis . 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1974, p. 28 ( PDF 30.5 MB ); Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis. Accessed August 31, 2019 . 
15. ↑ Reisner: Mycerinus . P. 110 (No. 13); Bertha Porter, Rosalind LB Moss: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis . 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1974, pp. 28-29 ( PDF 30.5 MB ); Boston Museum of Fine Arts
16. ^ Berta Porter, Rosalind LB Moss: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis . 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1974, pp. 28-29 ( PDF 30.5 MB ); Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis. Accessed August 31, 2019 . 
17. ↑ Reisner: Mycerinus . P. 109 (No. 9); Berta Porter, Rosalind LB Moss: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis . 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1974, p. 27 ( PDF 30.5 MB ); Boston Museum of Fine Arts
18. ↑ Reisner: Mycerinus . P. 110 (No. 14); Boston Museum of Fine Arts
19. ↑ Reisner: Mycerinus . P. 110 (nos. 15-16).
20. ↑ Reisner: Mycerinus . P. 110 (No. 17); Berta Porter, Rosalind LB Moss: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis . 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1974, p. 29 ( PDF 30.5 MB ); Boston Museum of Fine Arts
21. ↑ Reisner: Mycerinus . P. 111 (No. 19); Berta Porter, Rosalind LB Moss: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis . 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1974, pp. 29-30 ( PDF 30.5 MB ); Boston Museum of Fine Arts
22. ↑ Reisner: Mycerinus . P. 110 (No. 18); Berta Porter, Rosalind LB Moss: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis . 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1974, p. 29 ( PDF 30.5 MB )
23. ↑ Reisner: Mycerinus . P. 110 (nos. 20-21).
24. ↑ Reisner: Mycerinus . P. 111 (No. 22); Berta Porter, Rosalind LB Moss: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis . 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1974, p. 30 ( PDF 30.5 MB )
25. ↑ Reisner: Mycerinus . P. 112 (No. 23); Berta Porter, Rosalind LB Moss: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis . 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1974, p. 30 ( PDF 30.5 MB ); Boston Museum of Fine Arts
26. ↑ Reisner: Mycerinus . P. 112 (No. 24); Berta Porter, Rosalind LB Moss: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis . 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1974, p. 30 ( PDF 30.5 MB ); Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis. Accessed August 31, 2019 . 
27. ↑ Reisner: Mycerinus . P. 114 (No. 48); Berta Porter, Rosalind LB Moss: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis . 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1974, p. 30 ( PDF 30.5 MB ); Boston Museum of Fine Arts
28. ↑ Reisner: Mycerinus . P. 113 (No. 40); Berta Porter, Rosalind LB Moss: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis . 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1974, p. 30 ( PDF 30.5 MB ); Boston Museum of Fine Arts
29. ↑ Reisner: Mycerinus . Pp. 112-113; Berta Porter, Rosalind LB Moss: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis . 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1974, pp. 30-31 ( PDF 30.5 MB );
30. ↑ Reisner: Mycerinus . P. 108 (No. 1); Berta Porter, Rosalind LB Moss: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis . 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1974, pp. 32-33 ( PDF 30.5 MB ); Boston Museum of Fine Arts
31. ↑ Reisner: Mycerinus . P. 108 (No. 2); Berta Porter, Rosalind LB Moss: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. III. Memphis . 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1974, p. 33 ( PDF 30.5 MB ); Boston Museum of Fine Arts
32. ↑ Ludwig Borchardt: Catalog Général des Antiquités Égyptiennes du Musée de Caire. Statues and statuettes of kings and individuals. Part 1 . Berlin 1911, p. 39
33. ↑ Zahi Hawass: A Statue of Menkaure Found in Luxor . In: Eva-Maria Engel, Vera Müller and Ulrich Hartung (eds.): Signs from the sand. Highlights from Egypt's history in honor of Günter Dreyer . Menes, Vol. 5, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2008, pp. 211-218. ( PDF; 5.5 MB )
34. ^ Archaeological find. How did the Sphinx come to Galilee? In: faz.net , July 15, 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
35. ↑ Wildung: role of Egyptian kings . Pp. 213-214
36. ↑ Wildung: role of Egyptian kings . Pp. 152-156
37. ↑ Wildung: role of Egyptian kings . Pp. 200-202
38. ↑ Wildung: role of Egyptian kings . Pp. 156-158
39. ↑ Wildung: role of Egyptian kings . Pp. 202-204
40. ↑ Wildung: role of Egyptian kings . P. 215
41. ↑ Wildung: role of Egyptian kings . Pp. 216-217
42. ↑ Wildung: role of Egyptian kings . Pp. 217-221
43. ↑ Wildung: role of Egyptian kings . Pp. 168, 222-223
44. ↑ Wildung: role of Egyptian kings . Pp. 168, 223-224; Renate Germer: Remains of royal mummies from pyramids of the Old Kingdom - do they really exist? In: Sokar 7, 2003, p. 39
45. ↑ Herodotus : Histories . II, 129-134
46. ↑ Diodor : Bibliotheca Historica . I, 64 ( online version )
47. ^ Strabo : Geographika. 17th book, I, 33 ( online version ( Memento from September 4, 2005 in the Internet Archive ))
48. ↑ online version

predecessor	Office	successor
Bicheris	Pharaoh of Egypt 4th Dynasty	Sheepseskaf

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on November 22, 2008 in this version .