Tefnights
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| Horus name |
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| Gold name |
title) |
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| Throne name |
Špss-Rˁ |
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| Proper name |
(Tefnight) T3 (y) .f nḫt Tefnacht |
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Tefnacht , also Tefnacht , was first prince of Sais and then as the first pharaoh (king) the founder of the 24th dynasty ( third intermediate period ).
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Domination
His reign as prince is from 740 to 727 BC. And as Pharaoh from 727 to 720 BC. To apply. In his eighth year as pharaoh, Bakenrenef, the second and last pharaoh of the 24th dynasty, succeeded the throne.
Tefnakht is first in Schenkungs stele probably from out of the 36th and 38th year Sheshonq V. mentioned. He continuously expanded his power and claimed the title of "Prince of Libu". He was soon ruler over the entire west delta and as far as Memphis / Itaui . This made him de facto more powerful than the pharaohs of the 22nd and 23rd dynasties. The further expansion to the south led to the confrontation with the Kushite ruler Pije .
Expansion policy
On the advance of Tefnakht and some allied princes such as Osorkon IV. , Auput II. And Sheshonq south on the kingdom of Herakleopolis first beat Upper Egyptian troops Pije among the generals and Pawerem Rumersekeni back. Namilt von Hermopolis , who initially appeared as the main opponent, ran over to Tefnachte according to the report of a stele. In a different opinion he was an ally of Tefnachte from the start.
The Kushitic troops of Pije were able to achieve small successes in the battle on the Nile , in battles at Herakleopolis and Per-Pega and by taking three fortresses, but they did not succeed in improving their bad situation decisively. Finally Pije intervened personally in the event, besieged Hermopolis and forced the city to surrender . Namilt submitted to Pije and the siege of Herakleopolis, ruled by Pajeftjauemauibastet , was ended. Eventually Persechemcheperre , Meidum and Itjaui surrendered . Memphis, garrisoned by 8,000 soldiers and loyal to Tefnachte, still resisted but was captured by the Pije troops. As a result, Auput II of Leontopolis , Iukanesch of Sebennytos , Padiiset of Athribis / Heliopolis and also Osorkon IV of Tanis / Bubastis , a dozen other regents submitted to Athribis.
After a revolt in the city of Mesed / Mostai (north of Athribis) was suppressed, Tefnachte also submitted - who only assumed the title of king after the Pijes campaign - but demonstratively remained in Sais and took the oath of allegiance and tributes from the ambassadors from Pije lose weight. After the last hostile cities Hut-Sobek / Krokodilopolis and Atfih had given up, the four kings Auput II, Osorkon IV, Namilt and Pajeftauemauibastet visited the Cushite ruler Pije. However, he only recognized Namilt as ritually “pure” because the others were uncircumcised and “fish eaters” in his eyes. Therefore, Pije left him alone in his palace before returning to Napata himself with the tributes.
Evaluation in research
According to Dieter Kessler , the struggle between Pije and Tefnachte was “the result of the disputes between rival small states by no means planned in advance”, so the conquest of Egypt only occurred in the course of the campaign . Usually, however, the conquest of Egypt by the Kushitic ruler is seen as the result of a planned power politics.
Royal statute
After retreating from Pije to Napata, Tefnachte was able to consolidate his rule and assumed a royal statute:
- Name of Horus : With a discreet heart
- Gold name : gold falcon
- Throne name : Schepses-Re (The Sublime, a Re)
The throne name is given on a donation stele in Athens with the 8th year of the reign.
Mention in the Bible
The note in the Old Testament (2 Kings 17.4), according to which Hoshea of Israel sent for help, is very likely to refer to “So, the King of Egypt ” on Tefnacht. Kenneth A. Kitchen , on the other hand, prefers Osorkon IV.
See also
literature
General
- Susanne Martinssen-von Falck: The great pharaohs. From the New Kingdom to the Late Period. Marix, Wiesbaden 2018, ISBN 978-3-7374-1057-1 , pp. 185–190.
- Thomas Schneider : Lexicon of the Pharaohs. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3 , pp. 287-288.
About the name
- Jürgen von Beckerath : Handbook of the Egyptian king names. 2nd edition, von Zabern, Mainz 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2591-6 , pp. 202-203.
Questions of detail
- Jürgen von Beckerath: Chronology of the pharaonic Egypt. von Zabern, Mainz 1997, ISBN 3-8053-2310-7 , p. 93.
- Aidan Dodson , Dyan Hilton: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press, London 2004, ISBN 977-424-878-3 , pp. 232-233.
- Karl Jansen-Winkeln : The Chronology of the Third Intermediate Period: Dyns 22-24. In: Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, David A. Warburton (eds.): Ancient Egyptian Chronology (= Handbook of Oriental studies. Section One. The Near and Middle East. Volume 83). Brill, Leiden / Boston 2006, ISBN 90-04-11385-1 , pp. 234-264 ( online ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ largely hieroglyphs and inscriptions according to von Beckerath: Handbuch der Ägyptischen Könignames. Mainz 1999, p. 203.
| predecessor | Office | successor |
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| ? |
Pharaoh of Egypt 727 to 720 BC Chr. |
Beacon renef |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Tefnights |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Egyptian pharaoh and founder of the 24th dynasty |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 8th century BC Chr. |
| DATE OF DEATH | 8th century BC Chr. |