Teodoro d'Errico

Rosary Madonna , 1578, Museo di Capodimonte , Naples

Teodoro d'Errico (actually: Dirck Hendricksz; 1542 / 44 in Amsterdam - 1618 ) was a Dutch painter of Mannerism , which most of his life in Naples seemed Area, where he created mainly religious paintings.

Life

Nothing is known about Teodoro d'Errico's training. When his father Henrick Centen opened his will on January 13, 1568, he was already "abroad" and by 1573 at the latest - but probably years earlier - there is evidence that he lived in Naples, where he painted a Madonna with saints for San Severo alla Sanità . According to De Dominici , he is said to have been a student of Girolamo Imparato .

It is probable and has been suspected on various occasions that Teodoro was previously in Rome : Nicole Dacos (1995) found a signature " Theo Amsteridamus " on a wall of the Domus Aurea des Nero and associated it with him. In addition, some of his paintings show stylistic affinities to works by Frans Floris and Pieter Pourbus . Leone De Castris (1988) saw his mixture of skilful disegno , pronounced plasticity and physical presence of the figures and a simultaneously delicate and expressive “ maniera ” in connection with the artistic climate in the Palazzo Farnese in Caprarola .

Teodoro was already fully integrated into the artistic circles of Naples in the 1570s, received important commissions, especially from monasteries and churches in and around Naples, and had a workshop with which he could handle larger commissions. On January 14, 1574 he was best man at the wedding of his Flemish artist colleague Cornelis Smet with Margherita de Medina. At an unknown time, Teodoro married her sister Maddalena de Medina, with whom he had 3 children: Andrea, Anna and Giovan Luca. The latter also became a painter and worked with his father from the 1590s.

Teodoro d'Errico developed into a sought-after artist in Naples and the surrounding area. Among other things, he created a rosary Madonna with saints formerly believed to be lost (Vargas) for the Benedictine nuns of San Gaudioso (a monastery that was destroyed in 1799 ), but which Leone de Castris identified in 1991 as the one in the Museum of Capodimonte (Fig. Above). He also had “privileged” relations with the Calabria region , including painting an Annunciation and a Madonna for the doors of an organ (not yet identified) on behalf of Giovan Pietro de Lanata, Procurator of the University of Reggio Calabria .

Coffered ceiling by San Gregorio Armeno , Naples

One of the main works by Teodoro d'Errico is the imaginative coffered ceiling by San Gregorio Armeno , which was created from 1580 to 1582 under the Abbess Beatrice Carafa. After the drafts of d'Errico, various other painters worked who are not unanimously identified by the critics. His hand-painted paintings on the ceiling of San Gregorio Armeno and other works from the early 1580s show an increasingly clear stylistic development in the spirit of Federico Barocci .

The same applies to the three large central images, Meeting of St. Benedict with Atchis , the Beheading of the Baptist and the Madonna in Glory on the coffered ceiling of the Neapolitan monastery church of Santa Maria Donnaromita , which were created between 1587 and 1590 for the abbess Isabella Capece. Here, too, Teodoro worked again with various other artists, including Giovanni Andrea Magliulo; Girolamo Imparato created the eight pictures on the side and a little known Giovanni Gralovo created the small pictures with holy martyrs . The carvings were made by Nunzio Ferraro and Giovan Battista Vigliante; among the gilders was a “mastro Marino” (probably Marino Bonocore).

In 1582 Teodoro had already made enough money with his art to have a house built on an estate outside the Porta Reale. On June 21, 1592 he was the best man at the second wedding of his sister-in-law Margherita de Medina, the widow of Cornelis Smet, with Rinaldo (or Aert) Mytens; Teodoro stated that he was 48 years old and lived at the Porta Santo Spirito. His eldest son Andrea went as a monk to the Monteoliveto monastery (today: Sant'Anna dei Lombardi ) in November 1592 and renounced his inheritance in favor of his sister Anna.

Detail of the Annunciation from Santa Maria Assunta in Montorio nei Frentani

In the following years Teodoro was appointed consul ( console ) of the Neapolitan painters twice : on June 22, 1593 (together with Girolamo Imparato and others) and on November 6, 1594. On April 16, 1596 he made his will and made wishes in the monastery Monteoliveto to be buried where his son Andrea lived as a monk. Ten days later he provided his younger son Giovan Luca with powers and money for a trip to Amsterdam, where he and his uncle Jacob sold a house in the Bethanienkerkstraat (called "De Romische Tiber") in October of the same year.

The last ten years of his work in Naples up to the year 1610 are poorly documented, and attributions of paintings to his work are problematic. He probably also took part in the cycle of Mary on the ceiling of Santa Maria la Nova in 1599 and 1603-04 . His last documented work is the Madonna and Child, St. Catharine of Alexandria and a St. Bishop in the Chiesa dell'Annunziata of Arienzo , which he created in 1608 for an Orazio Villacio.

In 1609 Teodoro's son and colleague Giovan Luca died, and on December 9, Teodoro took over the power of attorney for his surviving daughter-in-law Silvia Camardella and the guardianship of her children.

After he had already traveled to Amsterdam for a short stay in 1606, he turned his back on his life and work in Catholic southern Italy in May 1610 or shortly thereafter and definitely went back to Holland. In Naples he had previously appointed Cornelis Vinx as his agent in financial matters.

In Amsterdam, the almost 70-year-old married the thirty-one year old Suzanne Coenraet van Deuren from Delft on April 16, 1611 and stated that he was widowed by his first wife Maddalena di Medina . With his second wife he had five children between 1612 and 1618; the godfather of the eldest son Henrik was the painter Abraham Vinx. Nothing more is known about the last years of his life, and he was apparently unable to get involved in the Amsterdam art market. In 1990 Nicole Dacos tried to identify him with the creator of drawings, the so-called "master of the Egmont albums".

Teodoro d'Errico / Dirck Hendricksz died in Amsterdam in 1618 and was buried in the Nieuwezijds Kapel on November 20.

Works

Rosary Madonna , National Museum Warsaw

The following list is based on the lexicon article by Susanna Falabella.

• Crucifixion , in the Basilica di Santa Maria di Pugliano in Resina (Cappella Oliviero), ca.1569
• Annunciation with the founder, Berardina Transo , in Santa Maria della Sapienza , Naples, around 1570
• Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane , private collection
• St. Magdalena in Ecstasy , Museo Correale di Terranova, Sorrento
• St. Magdalena, weeping at the empty grave of Christ (former auction at Finarte)
• Rosary Madonna with saints , Museo di Capodimonte , Naples (originally for the Benedictine monastery of San Gaudioso, which no longer exists today), 1578
• Circumcision , in the Annunziata di Paola, dated 1580
• Assumption of Mary with apostles and angels , Parrocchiale (parish church) by Montorio nei Frentani , 1580
• Last Supper , formerly in Sant'Eligio ai Vergini, currently in the depot of the Museo di Capodimonte , Naples
• Holy Family with little Johannes d. Baptist and two St. Carthusian houses , Museo di Capodimonte, depot
• Painting ( Life of the Baptist , Life of St. Gregorio Armeno , Life of St. Benedict , Coronation of the Virgin ) and decoration of the coffered ceiling by San Gregorio Armeno , Naples, 1580–1582
• Circumcision , (formerly: Chiesa di San Domenico, Bagnoli Irpino ), Museo di S. Francesco a Folloni, Montella
• Madonna of the Rosary , National Museum Warsaw (formerly attributed to Federico Barocci)
• Madonna and Saints , Chiesa di San Michele a Celico , 1582
• Birth of the Baptist , Annunziata von Airola , 1583
• Rosary Madonna , Basilica dell'Assunta, Santa Maria a Vico , 1585
• Meeting of St. Benedict with Atchis , beheading of the Baptist and Madonna in Glory , painting for the coffered ceiling by Santa Maria Donnaromita , Naples, 1587–1590
• Madonna del Carmine , main altar of the Chiesa conventuale del Carmine, Noja, ca.1601
• Collaboration on the coffered ceiling of Santa Maria la Nova (?), 1599 and 1603-04
• Madonna del Carmine , Cappella di Giulio Bianco, Santa Maria la Nova , Naples, 1604 (together with their son Giovan Luca)
• Martyrdom of St. Catharina (once in the Casa della Ss. Annunziata), Museo civico di Castel Nuovo , Naples, ca.1605
• Holy Family , National Gallery, Prague , after 1600
• Annunciation , San Nicola, Aversa , after 1600
• St. Francis , Santuario di Paola,
• Annunciation , Chiesa di San Giuseppe, Vibo Valentia
• Visitation , in the Museum of San Lorenzo Maggiore , Naples (originally probably in the Congrega di San Marco ai Lanzieri), around 1608
• Madonna and Child, St. Catharina of Alexandria and a St. Bishop , Chiesa dell'Annunziata, Arienzo , dated 1608

• 

  Last Supper , Museo di Capodimonte, Naples

literature

• Bernardo De Dominici: Vite de'pittori, scultori ed architetti napoletani . Volume 2, Naples 1743, p. 248 ( online ; accessed April 22, 2019); and Volume 3, Naples 1745, p. 23.
• Carlo Celano: Notes del bello dell'antico e del curioso (1692), ed. by A. Mozzillo - A. Profeta - FP Macchia, Naples 1970
• Gennaro Aspreno Galante: Guida sacra della città di Napoli (1872), ed. by N. Spinosa, Naples 1985
• Wilhelm Rolfs: History of Painting in Naples , Leipzig 1910, pp. 241, 244–248, 281
• Francesco Abbate, Giovanni Previtali: "Dalla venuta di Teodoro d'Errico a quella di Caravaggio", in: Storia di Napoli , Volume 2, Cava de 'Tirreni 1972, pp. 869-871, 874, 898-900, 902
• Giovanni Previtali: "Teodoro d'Errico e la" Questione meridionale "", in: Prospettiva 3, 1975, pp. 17-34
• Giovanni Previtali: La pittura del Cinquecento a Napoli e nel Vicereame , Turin 1978, pp. 100-102, 106 f., 133-135
• Mimma Pasculli Ferrara: Arte napoletana in Puglia dal XVI al XVIII secolo , Fasano 1983, p. 176 f., 311
• Carmela Vargas: Teodoro d'Errico: la maniera fiamminga nel Viceregno , Naples, 1988
• Pierluigi Leone De Castris: "Teodoro d'Errico: i quadri" privati ​​"", in: Prospettiva , 1989-90, No. 57-60, pp. 121-130
• Pierluigi Leone De Castris: in: La pittura in Italia. Il Cinquecento , II, Milano 1988, pp. 494-497, 509, 511, 521, 740
• Pierluigi Leone De Castris: “1573: l'ondata fiamminga. Cornelis Smet e Teodoro d'Errico capofila della "maniera tenera" al Sud ", in: Pittura del Cinquecento a Napoli. 1573-1606 l'ultima maniera , Naples 1991, pp. 31-83, 330-332
• Nicole Dacos: Le maître des albums Egmont: Dirck Hendricksz Centen , in: Oud-Holland 104, 1990, 2, pp. 49-68
• Nuccia Barbone Pugliese: “Un dipinto inedito di Teodoro d'Errico”, in: Napoli nobilissima 30, 1991, pp. 31-34;
• Nuccia Barbone Pugliese: “A proposito di Teodoro d'Errico e di un libro recente”, in: Prospettiva 62, 1991, No. 62, pp. 81-93
• Giovanni Previtali: La pittura a Napoli tra Cinquecento e Seicento , Naples 1991, pp. 11-17
• G. Boraccesi: “Teodoro d'Errico, Fabrizio Santafede e la chiesa del Carmine a Noicottaro”, in: Fogli di periferia 5, 1993, 2, pp. 28-32;
• R. Cannatà: "Pittura meridionale del tardo Cinquecento in Abruzzo: dipinti di Teodoro d'Errico ...", in: Bollettino d'arte 6, 1993, 77, pp. 79-92;
• Nicole Dacos: “Per vedere, per imparare” , in: Fiamminghi a Roma 1508-1608… (Brussels / Rome catalog), Milan 1995, p. 34 no. 12
• MT Penta: "Teodoro d'Errico: un ritratto di Orsola Benincasa", in: Napoli, l'Europa. Ricerche di storia dell'arte in onore di Ferdinando Bologna , ed. by F. Bologna and Fiorella Sricchia Santoro, Catanzaro, 1995, pp. 183-188;
• Stefano Causa: “Teodoro d'Errico il Fiammingo: note in margine a una mostra recente”, in: Bollettino d'arte 82, 1997, 101-102, pp. 35-48;
• Francesco Abbate: Storia dell'arte nell'Italia meridionale. Il Cinquecento , Rome 2001, pp. XX, 206 f., 213, 217, 222-230, 232, 238, 294, 338 f., 347, 358, 374
• Susanna Falabella:  Hendricksz, Dirck (Teodoro d'Errico). In: Mario Caravale (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 61:  Guglielmo Gonzaga-Jacobini. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2003.

Web links

Commons : Teodoro d'Errico  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} Susanna Falabella:  Hendricksz, Dirck (Teodoro d'Errico). In: Mario Caravale (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 61:  Guglielmo Gonzaga-Jacobini. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2003.
2. ↑ This indicates u. a. a crucifixion in the Basilica di Santa Maria di Pugliano in Resina (Cappella Oliviero), which, according to an inscription there, must have been made as early as 1569. Susanna Falabella:  Hendricksz, Dirck (Teodoro d'Errico). In: Mario Caravale (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 61:  Guglielmo Gonzaga-Jacobini. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2003.
3. ↑ Bernardo De Dominici: "Memorie di Io: Antonio Santoro, Gio: di Gregorio, Luigi Carbone, Gio: Bernardino Asoleni, Teodoro d'Errico, Alesandro Francesi, Girolamo d'Arena, e Carlo Sellitto, Pittori", in: Vite de pittori, scultori e architetti napolitani, vol. II , 1744, Bologna, 1979, pp. 292–318, here: p. 248, online as an e-book (accessed on April 22, 2019)