Triphora (orchids)

Triphora
	Triphora trianthophora - Drawing from: ; NLBritton & A. Brown: ; Illustrated flora of the northern states and Canada; Vol. 1: Plate 562 (1913)
Systematics
	Monocots
Order :	Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family :	Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily :	Epidendroideae
Tribe :	Triphoreae
Genre :	Triphora
Scientific name
	Triphora
	Nutt.

The genus Triphora from the family of the orchid (Orchidaceae) consists of 21 species . They occur mainly in tropical America, a species also in eastern North America.

description

The Triphora species are herbaceous plants, they carry out photosynthesis or feed on mykoheterotroph . A rhizome is missing or only very short. One or more roots are fleshy and bulbous. At the base of the shoot there are fibrous roots that can form nodules at a distance. The shoot is slender and has few leaves distributed on the shoot . The leaves are arranged in two rows, the leaf blade is lanceolate to oval, the leaf base includes the shoot. The leaves are often greatly reduced, the leaf color is a reddish green. The leaves are puckered (plicate) or smooth and curled in the bud (convolute) along several veins. The leaf margin is smooth or slightly serrated.

The specimens in a population often bloom at exactly the same time. The single flower lasts only one day, the flowers of an inflorescence bloom one after the other. The inflorescence contains one to ten flowers, which - depending on the species - are resupinated or not. The bracts resemble the uppermost leaves. The ovary is narrowly fusiform. The petals are not fused together, they are white to pink in color. The sepals and lateral petals are similar, lanceolate in shape. The dorsal sepal is concave to hood-shaped, the lateral sepals are asymmetrical and slightly curved into a sickle shape. The lip is narrowed in a wedge shape at the base, the blade is three-lobed. On the blade there are three longitudinal, yellow or pink colored strips. The column is white or light green, straight and slightly club-shaped. The scar is single or bilobed. The stamen contains two pollinia that are floury in consistency. The capsule fruit is oval to inverted-egg-shaped, with six longitudinal ridges.

Triphora gentianoides

Triphora trianthophoros

Triphora uniflora

distribution

The species of the genus Triphora are common in tropical South and Central America. Triphora triantophora has a distribution area further north in eastern North America. Mostly moist forests are settled up to altitudes of 3000 meters. It could have spread northward from South America.

Systematics and botanical history

The genus Triphora was established by Thomas Nuttall in 1818 . The name Triphora is made up of the Greek words τρί- tri- , "three", and φορέειν -phora , "to carry"; it could refer to the number of flowers in an inflorescence or the number of ridges on the lip.

The assignment to the tribe Triphoreae comes from Dressler. He gave the genera Monophyllorchis and Psilochilus as closest relatives . This classification was also confirmed by more recent DNA studies, the relationships within the Triphoreae are as follows:

	Triphora

	Psilochilus

Monophyllorchis

There are 21 valid species known:

Triphora amazonica Schltr. : It occurs in Florida, in the Caribbean and in northern South America to Brazil.
Triphora carnosula (Rchb.f.) Schltr. : It occurs in northern Brazil.
Triphora craigheadii Luer : It occurs in Florida.
Triphora debilis (Schltr.) Schltr. : It occurs from Mexico to Panama.
Triphora duckei Schltr. : It occurs in northern Brazil.
Triphora foldatsii Carnevali : It occurs in Colombia and Venezuela.
Triphora galeanoi Szlach., Baranow & Mytnik : The species first described in 2014 occurs in Colombia.
Triphora gentianoides (Sw.) Nutt. ex Ames & Schltr. : It occurs from Florida to tropical America.
Triphora hassleriana (Cogn. Ex Chodat & Hassl.) Schltr. : It occurs from Ecuador to northern Argentina, Mexico and the Caribbean.
Triphora heringeri Pabst : It occurs in Brazil.
Triphora miserrima (Cogn.) Acuña : It occurs in Colombia and from Cuba to Hispaniola.
Triphora nitida (Schltr.) Schltr. : It occurs in Costa Rica.
Triphora pusilla (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Schltr. : It occurs in Brazil.
Triphora ravenii (LOWilliams) Garay : It occurs in Costa Rica and Panama.
Triphora santamariensis Portalet : It occurs in Brazil.
Triphora surinamensis (Lindl. Ex Benth.) Britton : It occurs from the Caribbean to northern Brazil.
Triphora trianthophoros (Sw.) Rydb. : It occurs in two subspecies from eastern Canada and the eastern United States to Honduras.
Triphora uniflora AWCFerreira, Baptista & Pansarin. : It occurs in Brazil.
Triphora wagneri Schltr. : It occurs from southern Mexico to Ecuador.
Triphora yucatanensis Ames : It occurs in Florida and in southeastern Mexico.

literature

Leslie A. Garay: 225 (1). Orchidaceae (Cypripedioideae, Orchidoideae and Neottioideae) . In: Gunnar Harling, Benkt Sparre (ed.): Flora of Ecuador . tape 9 , 1978, ISSN 0347-8742 .
Max E. Medley: Triphora . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . tape 26 . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 ( eFloras.org ).
Alec M. Pridgeon, Phillip Cribb, Mark W. Chase (Eds.): Genera Orchidacearum. Epidendroideae (Part one) . 2nd Edition. tape 4 . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford 2005, ISBN 0-19-850712-7 .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c Erik Paul Rothacker: The primitive Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae): phylogeny, character evolution and the systematics of Triphora (Triphoreae). (PDF) Ohio State University, 2007, accessed December 19, 2009 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Leslie Garay: Triphora . In: Orchidaceae (Cypripedioideae, Orchidoideae and Neottioideae). P. 42.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Max E. Medley: Triphora . In: Flora of North America. Volume 26, p. 592.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Erik Paul Rothacker: Triphora . In: Genera Orchidacearum. Volume 4, pp. 614-616.
^ Robert L. Dressler: Phylogeny and Classification of the Orchid Family . Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-521-45058-6 , pp. 104-105 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Triphora. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 21, 2018.

Further information

List of orchid genera

Commons : Triphora - album with pictures, videos and audio files

[Rothacker2007-1] Erik Paul Rothacker: The primitive Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae): phylogeny, character evolution and the systematics of Triphora (Triphoreae). (PDF) Ohio State University, 2007, accessed December 19, 2009 .

[Garay1978-2] Leslie Garay: Triphora . In: Orchidaceae (Cypripedioideae, Orchidoideae and Neottioideae). P. 42.

[Medley-3] Max E. Medley: Triphora . In: Flora of North America. Volume 26, p. 592.

[Rothacker2005-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Erik Paul Rothacker: Triphora . In: Genera Orchidacearum. Volume 4, pp. 614-616.

[Dressler1993-5] Robert L. Dressler: Phylogeny and Classification of the Orchid Family . Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-521-45058-6 , pp. 104-105 .

[WCSP-6] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Triphora. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 21, 2018.