Ultra-liberalism

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Ultraliberalism is primarily used as a political catchphrase to denote that certain liberal beliefs are exaggerated or tend to be extreme.

As early as the 19th century, the prefix had an ultra negative connotation: “Ultra, ultra-liberals, ultra-royalists, ultra-montanes. - Ultra literally means beyond. In the first two compound words cited, it signifies that the particular endeavor or theory has reached beyond the right line or limit of a liberal or monarchical endeavor, but that it is perverted through exaggeration. "

Historical use

Already in 1819 called Prince Metternich in a letter to his trusted Friedrich von Gentz the ultra-liberalism as the origin of the opposition Movement. Jörn Leonhard sees this term as a “ stigmatization of political extremism”, for which the French prefix Ultra would stand.

The Russian economist Ladislaus von Bortkewitsch used the term in a review of Vilfredo Pareto'sCours d'économie politique ” at the end of the 19th century to characterize Pareto's thinking “in the sense of extreme liberalism and idealism ” (p. 90). Bortkewitsch recognizes a “good piece of idealism” in the “ultra-liberal standpoint of Pareto”, so that one is often inclined to “counter to him the same thing that is in turn asserted against the socialist writers, namely that they reckon with ideal people instead of real people. "

Wilhelm Traugott Krug named Ludwig Börne and Heinrich Heine as examples of ultra-liberal Jews.

Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg called the doctor Dr. Julius Waldeck, a relative of Johann Jacoby , as a supporter of "the ultra-liberal school", which "has no special respect in the literary world [...]" and which also includes only "a few students, young doctors of medicine and Jews".

Examples of its use in modern times

Even today, ultra-liberalism is used very differently, often similar to the catchphrase “ market fundamentalism ”.

  • The word is found very often in the book Die Dictatur des Profits by the globalization critic Viviane Forrester . The FAZ writes in the review of her book, "ultra-liberalism" stand by Forrester for an "uncanny, not clear to be localized power" that rules the world.
  • The economist Michel Albert speaks of the ultra-liberalism of the “neo-American model”.
  • Emmanuel Macron, on the other hand, described the social model in the USA as the "ultra-liberal order".
  • Friedrich August von Hayek advocated an amalgamation of nation states in a federal state whose powers should be limited to preventing one state from being damaged by another. The federal state should therefore have powers analogous to the “ultra-liberal laissez-faire state”.
  • According to Frank A. Meyer , the core message of ultra-liberalism is “all power to the market”.
  • The philosopher Wolfgang Lenzen calls an ultra-liberal position "which not only considers abortion in any advanced state of pregnancy, but even the killing of newborns and babies up to a certain age to be morally permissible".

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Gerhard Strauss, Ulrike Hass, Ulrike Hass-Zumkehr, Gisela Harras: Controversial words from agitation to Zeitgeist: A lexicon for public use of language. Walter de Gruyter, 1989, ISBN 3-11-012078-X , p. 387.
  2. See the prefix “ultra-” in this context: Gerhard Strauss, Ulrike Hass, Ulrike Hass-Zumkehr, Gisela Harras: Controversial words from agitation to Zeitgeist: A lexicon for public use of language. Walter de Gruyter, 1989, ISBN 3-11-012078-X , p. 387.
  3. Karl Wenzeslaus Rodecker of Rotteck . In: Staats-Lexikon or Encyclopadie der Staatswissenschaften. 1845, p. 481.
  4. Jörn Leonhard, Liberalismus: on the historical semantics of an interpretation pattern. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2001, ISBN 3-486-56533-8 , p. 287.
  5. Ladislaus Bortkewitsch: The marginal utility theory as the basis of an ultra-liberal economic policy. In: Gustav Schmoller (Hrsg.): Yearbook for legislation, administration and economics. 22nd year, fourth booklet, Leipzig 1898, pp. 89–128.
  6. Wilhelm Traugott Krug, Negotiations of the first Landtag in the Kingdom of Saxony according to the new constitution: A contribution to the history of the development of constitutional life in Germany, 1833, p. 147.
  7. ^ Jacob Toury: The political orientations of the Jews in Germany. Mohr Siebeck Verlag, 1966, ISBN 3-16-821122-2 , p. 12.
  8. Karen Horn : Madness without a method. In: FAZ . February 12, 2001.
  9. ^ Ludwig Marcuse: Börne. 1968, p. 252.
  10. Dietmar Goltschnigg, Hartmut Steinecke (ed.): Heine and posterity: history of its impact in the German-speaking countries: texts and contexts, analyzes and comments. Erich Schmidt Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-503-07992-6 , p. 424.
  11. ^ Eleonore Sterling: Jew hatred: The beginnings of political anti-Semitism in Germany (1815-1850). European Publishing House, 1969, p. 44.
  12. Hans Michael Heinig: The welfare state in the service of freedom: on the formula of the "social" state in Article 20, Paragraph 1 of the Basic Law. Mohr Siebeck, 2008, ISBN 978-3-16-149653-0 , p. 112.
  13. ^ Michel Albert: Capitalism contra capitalism. Campus, Frankfurt am Main, p. 66.
  14. ^ The FN and the Fillon Problem , FAZ, November 30, 2016
  15. The urge to elect to insurgent is helping Marine Le Pen and Emmanuel Macron in France , The Economist , February 16, 2017
  16. [1]
  17. Interview with the Süddeutsche Zeitung , August 31, 2015, p. 2.
  18. ^ David Held: Democracy and the Global Order . Stanford University Press, Stasnford 1995, p . 243..
  19. Jochen Hoffmann: Theory of International Business Law. Mohr Siebeck, 2009, ISBN 978-3-16-150032-9 , p. 37. Originally from Hayek: The way to servitude . Olzog Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-7892-8262-1 , p. 286.
  20. Frank A. Meyer: What kind of capitalism do we want?
  21. Eric J. Hobsbawm: The Age of Extremes - World History of the 20th Century. Hanser-Verlag, Munich et al. 1995, p. 510.
  22. Bernd A. Laska: The anarcho-capitalists and Max Stirner. 2000.
  23. Wolfgang Lenzen: Advances in bioethics? (PDF; 79 kB)