garage
A garage is usually a lockable, roofed and enclosed by solid walls (with garage door ) parking space ( parking space ) for vehicles , mostly cars , but also cable car equipment. Covered parking spaces for rail vehicles have different names depending on the country, but they are usually not referred to as a garage. In Austria and Switzerland these are often referred to as Remise for trams . This is how parking spaces for carriages were previously named, so that the two words overlap when the automobile was introduced at the turn of the century before last. In Austria and Switzerland, the term garage also includes repair workshops and depots for buses or trolleybuses. The word garage , like the related gare ('station'), comes from the French, garer means 'to keep safe'.
A distinction can be made between individual garages and large garages (Switzerland: parking garage ). While in a single garage the vehicle has its own lockable space, the large garage is used to accommodate several vehicles. However, some types of large garages also offer the option of enclosing a vehicle separately through roller doors and grids between individual parking spaces. Large garages are sometimes also monitored with cameras. Garages do not have to be lockable, such garages are called carports . A garage facility that is used by several owners is also known as a community garage .
On the other hand, large garages for short-term parking are called multi-storey car parks . Underground parking spaces are called underground parking spaces , but this includes permanent parking spaces as well as temporary parking spaces.
Garage variants
- Prefabricated concrete garage
- Prefabricated garage made of steel or aluminum
- brick garage
- Single garage: parking space for one vehicle
- Double garage: two cars can park here next to each other
- Duplex garage or double-storey garage: two cars can park here on top of each other
- Large garage : garage designed for trucks or mobile homes
- Large garage : Garage with several parking spaces
- Earth pressure garage: must be structurally designed so that walls and / or roof can bear the load even when wet; it must also be insulated against moisture.
- Underfloor garage: single-storey earth pressure garage, z. B. can be built into a slope or installed as a completely underground parking lot. Your roof can be used as a garden area or terrace.
- Underground car park : underground garage with several parking spaces
- Multi -storey garage: above-ground, multi-storey garage with several parking spaces
- Row garage: several garages with thin partition walls are built next to each other in modular construction
- Parking systems
- Parking garage
- Carport
- Bicycle garage
Garage roof
Even for prefabricated concrete garages there are different roof shapes so that the garage can be adapted to the look of the house, e.g. B.
Many cities require a green roof when building garages or carports , on the one hand for improved rainwater management, on the other hand to compensate for the increasing sealing of the landscape.
Garage door
There are different forms of garage doors :
- Wing gate
- Overhead door
- rolling gate
- Sliding gate
- Swing gate
- Sectional door
Today, garage doors are usually equipped with a door operator so that they can be opened e.g. B. can be opened more conveniently by remote control from the car.
Construction law in Germany
In terms of building law, the construction and operation of garages in Germany is regulated in the ordinances on the construction and operation of garages ( Garagenverordnung , GaragenVO) of the individual federal states.
The federal model garage ordinance (M-GarVO) stipulates, among other things:
They are garages with a usable area
- up to 100 m² small garages,
- over 100 m² to 1000 m² central garages,
- over 1000 m² large garages.
Open garages are garages that have openings that lead directly to the outside and are at least one third of the total area of the surrounding walls.
The parking space is at least 5 m long and 2.3 m wide (further parking spaces on the left and right) or 2.5 m wide. Access sizes, curve radii, tramlines, etc. are also defined.
The M-GarVO also regulates the storage of flammable substances: B. in small garages up to 200 liters of diesel fuel and up to 20 liters of gasoline can be stored in tightly closed, break-proof containers.
If garages are built near the property line or directly on the property line, the frontier building law applies. Under certain size requirements, the border building law allows garages to be built directly on the property line even without the consent of the neighbor. The size specifications differ depending on the federal state or state building code.
The machine hall (e.g. in agriculture) is a special case. It is used for storing or repairing motor vehicles such as trucks, tractors, etc. It therefore fulfills the formal definition of a garage. However, most of the vehicles are work machines. User behavior is also significantly different. Accordingly, the relevant garage regulations of the federal states provide for deviations with regard to the structural requirements (e.g. fire protection) and technical equipment (e.g. ventilation).
Garages are primarily used to accommodate vehicles. They must therefore - contrary to common practice - be free of objects that do not directly serve the vehicle. The aim is to achieve more free parking spaces and fewer blocked roads.
history
The first new garages were built in the USA, Great Britain, France and Germany before the turn of the century. The spectrum of these buildings specially designed for the new vehicles included simple wooden sheds as well as elaborately designed, luxurious collective garages.
One of the oldest garages still preserved in Germany is the automobile shed at Villa Esche in Chemnitz by Henry van de Velde, completed in 1903 . This was a relatively simply equipped double garage (the orangery was not extended until 1911).
A particularly impressive example of the luxury of private garage buildings at that time is the Reiner Automobile House, completed in 1907 in Munich (Montenstrasse and Prinzenstrasse) by architect Karl Bauer. Up to four large automobiles could be parked in this luxury garage with a garage, workshop, gasoline store and washing area, as well as men's, play and women's rooms, a library, a bowling alley and an associated swimming pool, located next to the automobile owner's villa.
Carl Benz , the inventor of the automobile, had perhaps the most famous single garage in Germany built in 1910 in Ladenburg as a tower in historicist forms with a parking space on the ground floor and a study on the upper floor.
Also as a garage was built in the East Westphalian town of Minden in 1908, a carriage house in which Theodore Mayer, one of the first automobile owners of the city, his vehicle housed. Here, too, there is a small apartment for the chauffeur above the parking space.
After the First World War, (individual) garages were mostly built as part of expensive private houses, since the ownership of an automobile was still largely restricted to wealthy groups. However, there were also the first garages made of sheet metal as prefabricated structures, and a uniform catalog of requirements that were placed on a garage slowly emerged. It was like that B. customary to make garages heatable, since there were not yet sufficient options for frost protection in automobiles. In 1939 the Reichsgaragenordnung was enacted, which for the first time also contained regulations on the proof of vehicle parking spaces for new buildings.
Others
In October 2007 the German Garagenverband e. V. founded. According to the statutes, the purpose of the association is to “promote the acquisition of knowledge about garages as well as informing the public about production, design-related differences, purposes and possible uses (public relations)”. The association was deleted from the association register in December 2013.
See also
- Bicycle garage
- Petrol station and garage operation
- Holtzendorff garage
- Ostend garage (Hanau)
- Central garage
- Garage (Saarbrücken)
- Kant garages
- Large garage south
- Stern garages
- Hanielgarage
literature
- Pierre Belli-Riz: L'Immobilier de l'automobile en France, 1890–2000: du garage à la ville (Thèse de doctorat, Urbanisme et aménagement) , Université de Paris VIII. 2000 (Lille, Atelier national de reproduction des thèses, 2002)
- Shannon Sanders McDonald: The parking garage. Design and evolution of a modern urban form , Washington 2007
- Anton Pech u. a .: Parking garages - garages: basics, planning, operation. 2., revised. Springer, Vienna / New York 2009, ISBN 978-3-211-89238-1 .
- Andreas K. Vetter: Haus & Auto , Callwey Verlag Munich, 2011
- Kathryn A. Morrison, John Minnis: Carscapes. The Motor Car, Architecture and Landscape in England , New Haven / London 2012
- John A. Jakle, Keith A. Sculle: The Garage. Automobility and building innovation in America's early Auto Age , Knoxville (Tennessee) 2013
- René Hartmann: Architecture for automobiles - multi-storey car parks and multi-storey car parks in Germany. A car [mobile] vision in the 20th century (dissertation, Institute for Art History and Historical Urbanism), Technical University Berlin 2015
Web links
- Information system of the Conference of Ministers of Construction , Section Model Regulations and Model Decrees> Building Supervision, Construction Technology> PDF Garage Ordinance - MGarVO (May 2008 version)
- Section 12 Parking spaces and garages Building Use Ordinance (BauNVO)
- A hundred years of study
Individual evidence
- ↑ An indication that such a definition is possible is the ordinance on the construction and operation of garages and the number of parking spaces required when referring to Germany . There in Section 1, Paragraph 1, Clause 1 and Paragraph 2, there is a note that there are open garages and closed garages.
- ↑ cf. Wolfgang Fabry: Public law aspects of green roofs. ( Memento of the original from August 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ see website building ministers' conference ( memento of the original from September 3, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Model Garage Ordinance Part III, Section 18 Paragraph 3.
- ^ VG Darmstadt , judgment of December 5, 2012, Az. 2 K 48/12, full text .
- ↑ Garages are there for parking. In: WDR market. July 3, 2019, accessed July 28, 2019 .
- ↑ Shannon Sanders McDonald: The parking garage. Design and evolution of a modern urban form , Washington 2007
- ↑ Kathryn A. Morrison, John Minnis: Carscapes. The Motor Car, Architecture and Landscape in England, New Haven / London 2012, p. 167
- ↑ Pierre Belli-Riz: L'Immobilier de l'automobile en France, 1890–2000: du garage à la ville (Thèse de doctorat) , Université de Paris VIII. 2000
- ^ René Hartmann: Architecture for automobiles - multi-storey car parks and multi-storey car parks in Germany. A car [mobile] vision in the 20th century (dissertation) , Technical University Berlin 2015
- ^ René Hartmann: The multi-storey car park as a new building task - buildings and projects in Berlin until 1933 (Master's thesis, Institute for Art Research and Historical Urban Studies), Technical University Berlin 2009
- ↑ Rhein-Neckar-Industriekultur.de: Oldest planned car garage in the world in Ladenburg. Retrieved August 19, 2014 .
- ↑ History of the "Alte Wagenhaus" ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Website of the free artist group Regenbogen, accessed on January 30, 2015
- ↑ https://www.stadtstrich.de/s/p3r/rgao/rgao.htm
- ↑ Deletion date: December 5, 2013, Bayreuth District Court VR 200174; Search via http://www.handelsregister.de for Deutscher Garagenverband eV
