Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945

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Graphic representation of the relationships between characters in "Underwater: A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945"

Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945 is the autobiographical report by the German classical philologist and philosophy historian Marie Simon , who became known to a broader public after her death as a victim of National Socialist persecution. The text first appeared in 2014, while she died in Berlin on September 16, 1998.

History of origin

In December 1997, Marie Simon's son Hermann placed a recording device on the table in his parents' apartment with the request: “You always wanted to tell your story.” The basis for the oral descriptions was Marie's “inner diary”. As early as 1940, a Jewish friend who firmly trusted Marie's survival had confirmed Marie in her plan to one day bring her memories to the public. The author Irene Stratenwerth and Hermann Simon created the book manuscript on the basis of 75 hours .

construction

The description of Marie's life from 1922 to 1945 is divided into a prologue and six chapters in the book . The chapters are structured chronologically with the exception of a few foresight and retrospect . In the prologue, a central event from 1942 is singled out, as a result of which Marie is able to hide with a fanatical National Socialist under false pretenses .

In the book there are individual photos of Marie and important people around her. The endpaper shows a city map of Berlin in which the 19 addresses are marked where Marie Jalowicz lived during the period described. In an afterword, Hermann Simon describes the genesis of the book and writes about his mother's life after 1945. In the attached register of persons, the life data of around 60 of the numerous people in the book are listed. Sometimes you can also read there how they were related to Marie or other people. Two pages of acknowledgments show how many institutions and private individuals have supported Hermann Simon in his research. Results from this flow into the few footnotes to the text.

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Childhood and Adolescence (1922–1940)

Marie was the only child of Betti and Hermann Jalowicz. Her father was a lawyer, the mother was not allowed to do the Abitur and found her calling in her husband's professional support. In Marie's educated middle-class parents' home, Jewish traditions were observed. In 1938, when she was only 53 years old, her mother succumbed to cancer, and her father died in 1941, a decisive experience for Marie: "I had to pull myself together and grow up immediately." A dream lets her understand the death of her father as a mission to survive: " That I was allowed to live, should live and would live because he wanted it that way. "

Forced labor at Siemens (1940–1942)

While doing forced labor in arms production at Siemens, which Marie was obliged to do in July 1940, she made the decision to go into hiding. She succeeded in ensuring that her father's small pension continued to be paid to her despite the lack of a legal basis. Since forced laborers were not allowed to quit, she first had to get her fired. Then she deceived a postman and gave the reason for the fact that she was considered deported by the employment office and no longer existed for the German authorities.

Escape Attempts and Submersion (1942)

While her relatives came to terms with the impending deportation, Marie subordinated all decisions to her will to survive. At first Marie thought of saving herself through a marriage of convenience. She turned to a Chinese man in the neighborhood, Shu Ka Ling, but the authorities did not issue a marriage permit. Due to her "precise and agile reaction ability" she was able to evade arrest by two Gestapo members in June 1942 with a trick . She soon broke off contact with her Jewish relatives. She had her unborn child with her lover Ernst Wolff aborted, not without sadness. She fell in love with the Bulgarian Dimitr, called Mitko, and traveled with him to Sofia in the autumn of 1942 . To do this, she used Johanna Koch's ID card, which had been revised by a forger . But Marie had to travel back to Berlin in November 1942. She learned to take off the yellow star and to sew it on again in a flash with a few stitches, and so she was able to enter a house through the front door as a Jew and exit through the back door as an Aryan. On long forays through Berlin, she gathered information about the different parts of the city and, when things got tough, used her femininity to her advantage. Her self-confidence saved her life several times.

The first winter in hiding (1942/1943)

At first, Marie was able to hide for a few weeks in Berlin apartments in which former patients of the Jewish gynecologist Bruno Heller lived, for example the former artist Carola Schenk. Carola later arranged for her to stay with her sister-in-law, the artist and anti-Nazi Camilla Fiochi. Camilla's apprentice Inge Hubbe was the daughter of the communist Trude Neuke , who made sure that Marie found shelter with various members of her family after Heller's arrest.

An almost normal life (April 1943 to March 1945)

Through the mediation of Trude Neuke, Marie and the Dutch foreign worker Gerrit Burgers entered into a relationship of convenience: “Burgers had great advantages from me, but I also from him. If we were to experience liberation, we would be even with each other and I would end this relationship immediately. ”The apartment of Burgers' landlady, Luise Blase, now became Marie's hiding place, where she felt very comfortable at times. The neighbors thought she was half-Jewish, but did not denounce her, and the caretaker even made sure that she could go to the air raid shelter without fear of being checked during the increasing number of bomb attacks . Trude Neuke's arrest and two bombs that led to the destruction of their respective homes took place at this time. Since it was hopeless for Burgers and she to find another place to live together, he moved into collective accommodation for foreign workers .

End of the war (end of March to summer 1945)

Administrative building of the Jewish community, Oranienburger Strasse 28, Berlin-Mitte

After separating from Burgers, Marie moved back to Kaulsdorf to stay with the Kochs, with whom Frau Koch's father now also lived. There Burgers visited Marie again before returning to Holland. She declined his request to accompany him, stating that she wanted to stay in Berlin, where she was born. She registered with the administration of the Jewish community. While looking for survivors from her former environment, she found her uncle Karl and Trude Neuke.

The review ends with Maries moving into her first own apartment in Berlin-Pankow in the summer of 1945.

Narrative structure and style

The autobiographical text is written from Marie's first-person perspective , a look back at the narrated time. In some places this retrospective situation is clearly noticeable, often indicated by the adverb “later”. For example, the sentence “I wasn't to find out what was really going on with Ernst Wolff until much later .” Refers to a passage further back in the book in which Marie learns about the homosexual relationships of her lover at the time. These passages partly point beyond the time told in the book: At one point it is reported that Trude Neuke , with whom Marie finds shelter, promises to take responsibility for her until the victory of the Red Army . This is followed by the sentence: "Later I should feel this moment as one of the great highlights of my life."

Very few political events are mentioned in the text. Details are not reported, it's just about what they triggered in Marie:

  • The announcement of the surrender of the 6th Army in Stalingrad on February 3, 1943 caused an excitement in Marie that “exceeded everything I had experienced up to then. It was absolutely clear to me: the war has been decided, the Allies will win, world history will keep its meaning. Mankind and Germany will be saved from final ruin. "
  • The assassination attempt on July 20, 1944 can also be found in the book. Since Marie was of the opinion that Germany must be completely defeated by the Allied invasion , she was not depressed that the attack had failed.

The book "not only refuses any sentimentality, but even any arc of suspense ". With “wit and sadness, cool mind and crazy love” the story is told and one's own decision is assessed positively despite all the dangers and difficulties: “It was also worth taking on all the fears and adversities. Because life is beautiful. "

People (selection)

The people are represented in a very differentiated way. “Simon is hunted, but she is not a victim. And those who help her are brave, but not heroes. ”Quite a few helpers pay for their risk: men with sex, women with subordination.

Marie Jalowicz

Marie also reflects on her own development in the book. It was only at the end of the war that she became aware of how much she had thought for years in a friend-foe scheme and "how much through no fault of her own the war had caused even among the non-Jews."

Ernst Wolff

Marie had fallen in love with Ernst Wolff, who was strongly influenced by Jews and was approaching 50 at the time, when she volunteered to work in his family research archive. After the death of her father in 1941, a relationship developed between the two of them that had a "great and important influence" on Marie's personality through Ernst's roots in Jewish traditions, but which disappointed her physically without her knowing the reason for it. Marie last met Ernst in August 1942, just before the deportation. He showed no rebellion, rather he spoke of the deportation euphemistically as a “journey”, which Marie found horrific. On that day, he put Marie in contact with his cousin Herbert Koebner, who had specialized in forging documents and who later turned Johanna Koch's ID into papers for Marie. It was only much later that Marie found out from Bruno Heller that Ernst Wolff's family had paid for the forgery of the papers for them with their last savings and that he was homosexual.

Johanna (Hannchen) cook

The laundry worker Johanna (Hannchen) Koch and her husband, the fireman Emil Koch, were long-time friends of the Jalowicz family and had rented their summer cottage in Kaulsdorf, later they bought it. They “were simple people, but opponents of the Nazis who always stood by us.” Johanna, who made Marie her ID available for almost three years from September 1942 and gave her money despite tight budgets, is not only seen positively in the book : While Marie's mother was still alive, Johanna was Marie's father's lover for many years. Emil Koch made Marie pay for this insult, she had to be "at his will" as a girl, he was "the first" and one last time after the end of the war. Johanna enjoyed the fact that Marie, who was in hiding, was dependent on her and wanted Marie to be “poor, dependent and suffering” so that she could “comfortingly caress” her. In the last days of the war, Mrs. Koch deliberately scared Marie by inviting a National Socialist to have a coffee: “The whole thing was staged for the sole purpose of tormenting me.” Marie calls Johanna Koch “crazy”, because the transfer of identity had to be As a result, Johanna considered herself “a Jalowicz and therefore a Jew”. Again and again she tormented Marie with sentences like: “We are one being because we have the same name and our birthday is on the same day. Your soul belongs to me. ”Since Johanna Koch had saved Marie’s life, Marie felt“ chained ”to her. Johanna resisted sinking back into insignificance after the end of the war: "She, the resistance heroine and host of an international society, should become the wallflower from the secret annex that she once was."

Bruno Heller

Marie experienced the Jewish gynecologist Bruno Heller as ambivalent. He went to great lengths to “save as many Jews as possible” and thus ran a high risk that ultimately led to his arrest and deportation . But his dark sides also found their way into the book, such as his hurtful remarks, which often led to arguments with Marie. Although he was an opponent of the National Socialists, he could not bear the thought of the military defeat of the Wehrmacht. Marie gave his wife Irmgard Heller great credit for helping to save Jews despite her anti-Semitic attitude. Marie also describes how attitudes and behavior of people changed as a result of the events. At Bruno Heller's request, Gerda Janicke was ready to hide Marie several times in her apartment for a few weeks, but she let her starve. The arrest of Heller brought about a change: "From today [...] we will fight against injustice. [...] From today everything will be shared."

Trude Neuke (the "red Trude")

With her promise "Until the victory of the Red Army, I will take responsibility for your life and the rescue from our common enemies." Trude became Maries "second protector", which aroused jealousy in Johanna Koch. The relationship between Trude and Marie was characterized by the fact that the two did not meet as individuals, but as representatives of groups: “For me, Trude was the personified resistance of a communist, and for her I embodied the figure of the persecuted Jewish girl whom one was had to help out on principle. ”Trude's mother solemnly welcomed Marie into her family. In the summer of 1944 Trude was denounced and arrested, but Marie found her unharmed after the end of the war.

National Socialists

Breaks and contradictions are also evident in the National Socialists in the book:

  • The convinced National Socialist Galecki had material stolen from armaments factories and in this way exploited the system for which he was enthusiastic without remorse.
  • The landlady Luise Blase, a primitive National Socialist, capitalized on Marie's illegality, but on the other hand procured her "consumer goods that even the privileged could hardly get at", such as soaps or shampoos from her supply. When Luise's son Kurt was called up for the Volkssturm , his mother sacrificed him in her mind to the Fiihrer and, despite her pain, behaved as her convictions required. Marie paid tribute to this consistent attitude.

Themed threads

Revaluation of values

In view of the threat and destruction, the previous value system was put to the test:

  • For example, Marie's father presented his daughter with community as a great good. Nevertheless, she left them and justified this with the changes that became visible through the persecution: “But that which was degraded, dissolved and destined for death, was no longer my community. I didn't want to belong anymore. "
  • A worthy coffin had played an important role in funeral rituals in peacetime. Hannchen Koch stuck to this formality when her mother died in 1945 when she tried to get a coffin in Berlin during the turmoil at the end of the war. Marie calls it "absurd" that Ms. Koch's value system had not changed in the face of war and the extermination of the Jews.
  • Even religious-traditional regulations such as the command to eat kosher were adapted to the situation by Marie, and traditional authorities were devalued: She said to a Jewish acquaintance that she had decided that horse meat, which Jews traditionally are not allowed to eat, was strictly kosher; and she herself is currently the chief rabbinate .

Adaptation as the basis of survival

Marie had to become a “tactician” (“I had learned my lesson: I had to be careful and quickly adapt to the habits of the people who took me in”), had to lie in order to survive.

  • So she thanked Mrs. Koch profusely for mutton, which she couldn't eat despite her hunger: she had to use the container for her feces because the toilet in her hiding place was on the stairwell, which she was not allowed to use during the day. and there was no other pot with a lid.

Her longing for an end to her dependency was great: "I often longed for conditions in which I did not have to behave tactically." After the end of the war, she came with the liberating realization that she no longer had to "duck" or run away Self-esteem back: "I have real papers in my pocket, nobody can tell me anything."

The importance of education

Education was very important to Marie. Language, behavior, knowledge, but also ideals of educated citizens played a role:

  • Language: When she heard the subjunctive of indirect speech again at the end of the war, which she was familiar with from her youth, she wept with emotion.
  • Behavior: After the liberation, Marie resolved not to "spit out anymore, because that was uncivilized".
  • With great effort, Marie worked on “... remaining humane. Because survival also means not sinking to the level of the enemy. ”She attached great importance to“ maintaining a dignified, educated, bourgeois colloquial language ”and“ temporarily thinking in hexameters ”.
  • The years in hiding actually increased her thirst for knowledge: “My need for intellectual activity was great.” When she lived with Luise Blase, she was able to borrow at least trivial literature from a lending library and kept a record of it. She combined this with writing down conversations and thoughts in oilcloth notebooks, the loss of which she could never get over during the bombing.
  • After the end of the war, it was important to her to return to the civilized community: “I didn't want to spit out anymore because that was uncivilized.” She was particularly interested in whether the university was still open and whether it was already possible to enroll again. And she decided: "I would rather be alone than have a partner who did not have a higher education."

The role of chance

Marie is rooted in Jewish traditions, but separates this from belief in God: “... I wasn't sure whether God even existed. But on the other hand he was - hakadausch boruch hu - my reliable companion ... ”In the epilogue Hermann Simon writes that his mother was always convinced“ that it was coincidence that made her survive ”, not coincidence. In 1993 she explained: “I reject the interpretation of coincidences as coincidences, as unscientific and also as blasphemous ; for this interpretation implies the knowledge of the unknowable, the research of the very highest advice by definition, and is thus as foolish as it is presumptuous. "

language

Parts of the verbatim speech are given in the Berlin dialect . Marie's identity as a citizen of this city plays a major role in her survival: “I was never noticed in Berlin. I was a Berliner in my language, my appearance and behavior. [...] If I wanted to live in hiding without constantly hiding, that would only be possible in Berlin. "At the end of the book, she even makes the Berlin language a moral criterion:" It was the language of the people who helped. The fine standard German, on the other hand, had not proven itself. It was above all the German educated bourgeoisie that had failed. "

In a picture that relates to language, Marie's longing to no longer have to adapt to herself becomes particularly clear: “I finally wanted to speak the way I was able to speak again.” So freedom of speech is for Marie an essential feature of their identity .

Hebrew words such as minyan or kaddish are used wherever adherence to the Jewish tradition can be felt despite the adverse circumstances . The Broche , the Hebrew blessing, is mentioned several times. Marie herself wrote a brochure with which she, in desperation, tried to make ornamental fish in the aquarium her allies.

Marie described the role of language as a bearer of subliminal criticism using the example of a comparison of obituaries from late autumn 1944: “When it was written that the son of a family had died 'for leaders, people and fatherland', it was clear: it was from the Nazis composed. But there were also advertisements like that of a family from Charlottenburg that said, 'God, the Lord took our daughter from us.' The young woman was killed in a bomb attack. The same advertisement also commemorated a domestic worker who had been part of the family. This ad contained a clear commitment against the Nazis between the lines, but formulated in such a way that it was unassailable to the authorities. "

reception

Götz Aly described the book in the weekly newspaper Die Zeit as "sensational". “The experiences that Marie Jalowicz describes so vividly do not merge into pairs of opposites like persecutors - helpers, friends of the Jews - enemies of Jews. They cannot be applied selectively to specific groups of people or to individuals. Rather, many, probably most of the people, had both in themselves: indifference and occasional helpfulness, humane and racist behavior, darker and lighter sides. "

The Frankfurter Rundschau praised Jalowicz Simon's book in a review as “insights from a clever outsider who makes her observations among Nazi Germans and who finds fanaticism and greed also gallows humor and defeatism”. The author relates "of course from the retrospective and overview, but above all fascinating from the Lamäng, not flippant, but straightforward".

Reviews

  • Pieke Biermann: Alone in the German ice desert. Marie Jalowicz Simon: “Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945 ” , in: Deutschlandradio Kultur , March 6, 2014
  • Matthias Dohmen: What would have become of her? , in: Vorwärts , March 19, 2014,
  • Ulrike Krenzlin: Submerged. In: The paper. Biennial for art, politics, economics, 17th volume, special edition, 15th December 2014
  • Susanne Leinemann: When more and more Berlin Jews had to go into hiding during National Socialism, the Neukölln doctor Benno Heller and his wife organized hiding places for them. In: Berliner Morgenpost , March 30, 2014
  • Nadia Pantel: What the Jew Marie Jalowicz Simon undertook to survive during the Nazi era is outrageous. Tough against herself and others, she was tactically smart - even when dealing with self-confessed Nazis. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , October 14, 2014

expenditure

  • Marie Jalowicz Simon, in hiding. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt, Hardcover 2014, ISBN 978-3-10-036721-1 .
  • Marie Jalowicz Simon, in hiding. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt, E-Book 2014, ISBN 978-3-10-402897-2
  • Marie Jalowicz Simon, in hiding. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. Argon Verlag , Berlin, audio book 2014, ISBN 978-3-8398-1316-4

Awards

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ press release
  2. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. Edited by Irene Stratenwerth and Hermann Simon, S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2014, ISBN 978-3-10-036721-1 , p. 273.
  3. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 49.
  4. ↑ Tell the whole truth at the end of your life . Interview with Hermann Simon and Detlev Lücke on Friday
  5. ^ A b Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 69.
  6. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. Pp. 70-71.
  7. ↑ Ulrike Krenzlin: Submerged. In: The paper. Biennial for art, politics, business, 17th volume, special edition, December 15, 2014 [1] , accessed on February 5, 2015.
  8. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 123.
  9. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 86.
  10. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 276.
  11. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 366.
  12. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 100.
  13. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 208.
  14. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 209.
  15. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 322.
  16. ↑ a b c Nadia Pantel: A question of dignity. What the Jewess Marie Jalowicz Simon undertook to survive during the Nazi era is monstrous. Tough against herself and others, she was tactically smart - even when dealing with self-confessed Nazis. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , October 14, 2014, accessed on February 5, 2015.
  17. ^ Pieke Biermann : Alone in the German ice desert. Marie Jalowicz Simon: “Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945 ” . In: Deutschlandradio Kultur , March 6, 2014, accessed on February 4, 2015.
  18. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 377.
  19. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 99.
  20. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. Pp. 99-100.
  21. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 128.
  22. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 138.
  23. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 172.
  24. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 64.
  25. ^ A b Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 384.
  26. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. , P. 369.
  27. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 349.
  28. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 320.
  29. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 354.
  30. ^ A b Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 384.
  31. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 367.
  32. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 352.
  33. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 225.
  34. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 180, p. 225.
  35. ^ A b Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 224.
  36. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 213.
  37. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. Pp. 230-231.
  38. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 208.
  39. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 209.
  40. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 237.
  41. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 261.
  42. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 198.
  43. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 332.
  44. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 298.
  45. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 332.
  46. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 89.
  47. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 348.
  48. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 304.
  49. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 113.
  50. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 117.
  51. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 249.
  52. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 385.
  53. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 383.
  54. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 386.
  55. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 346.
  56. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 273.
  57. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 287.
  58. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. Pp. 289/290.
  59. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. Pp. 289/334.
  60. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 386.
  61. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 372.
  62. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 386.
  63. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 12.
  64. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 410.
  65. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: U-Boats , quoted from: Marie Jalowicz Simon: Untergetaucht. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 410.
  66. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 245.
  67. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 387.
  68. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 249.
  69. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 308.
  70. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 12.
  71. ^ Marie Jalowicz Simon: Submerged. A young woman survived in Berlin 1940–1945. P. 325.
  72. ↑ Marie wanted to survive , Zeit article from March 13, 2014, accessed on January 31, 2015
  73. ↑ Just survive it , article in the Frankfurter Rundschau of March 14, 2014, accessed on January 31, 2015
  74. ^ Pieke Biermann: Alone in the German ice desert. , accessed February 4, 2015.
  75. ↑ Matthias Dohmen: What would have become of her? , accessed February 4, 2015.
  76. ↑ Ulrike Krenzlin: Submerged. , accessed February 5, 2015.
  77. ↑ Susanne Leinemann: The doctor who became a hero in Neukölln. , accessed February 4, 2015.
  78. ↑ Nadia Pantel: A question of dignity. , accessed February 5, 2015.
  79. ↑ Audio book best list from June 2014 , www.hoerjuwel.de, accessed on February 14, 2016.
  80. ^ Written communication from Dr. Beate Kosmala, Silent Heroes Memorial Center, Berlin, to Reisen8 on March 24, 2015.