White-bellied wren

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White-bellied wren
White-bellied wren (Uropsila leucogastra) (7223082950) .jpg

White-bellied wren ( Uropsila leucogastra )

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Superfamily : Certhioidea
Family : Wrens (Troglodytidae)
Genre : Uropsila
Type : White-bellied wren
Scientific name of the  genus
Uropsila
Sclater, PL & Salvin , 1873
Scientific name of the  species
Uropsila leucogastra
( Gould , 1837)

The White-bellied Wren ( Uropsila leucogastra ) is a bird art from the family of wrens (Troglodytidae), in Mexico , Guatemala , Belize and Honduras is widespread. The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The white-bellied wren reaches a body length of about 9.5 to 10 cm with a weight of the males from 9.8 to 10.5 g and the females from 8.0 to 9.1 g. The reins are yellow-brown gray, the rear eye stripe gray-white. The area behind the eye is medium brown, the gray ear covers with brown speckles. The top of the head and the top are medium brown and become more red-brown at the rump . The hand and arm wings are medium brown with unclear darker strokes on the outer flags. The control feathers are medium brown with many fine black bands. The throat, chest and upper abdomen are gray, the flanks, thighs and rump are yellow-brown. The eyes are brown, the beak blackish gray and a little lighter at the base. Both sexes are similar. Young animals resemble fully-grown specimens, have a less distinct posterior eye stripe and the markings on the ear covers are more scattered.

Behavior and nutrition

The white-bellied wren feed on insects and spiders. He has also been seen stealing prey from a spider web. It looks for its food from the lower strata close to the ground to the relatively high strata . In the bromeliad thicket it fetches prey from the rosettes of leaves . In the southern areas of distribution, in which ants are on the move, he likes to mingle with other mixed groups and follow their swarms.

Vocalizations

Often both sexes of the white-bellied wren sing a short series of six quick tones in a duet, which go up and down and decrease at the end. The whole thing happens in a gurgling, liquid quality. At U. l. pacifica lacks this lively quality in the vocals. The sounds include chek , cursing chirping and hard, dry cracking rattle.

Reproduction

The breeding season of the white-bellied wren runs from late March to June. At the moment it has not been researched whether there are several broods per year. The nest has a peculiar shape, similar to a retort , with the piston, which serves as the egg chamber, approx. 12.5 × 20 cm. The entrance is curved downwards and is about 5 cm long. This is beautifully woven from fine grass and decorated on the outside with ferns, spider egg chambers, moss and similar material. Slightly less robust nests are probably built to rest. He places this three to four meters above the ground, occasionally 1.5 or even 15 meters above the ground. Usually this is in the protected bromeliad thicket or in Acacia which are protected by symbiotic ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex . In a study in Guatemala, 55 out of 59 nests with such a symbiotic relationship were discovered. Usually a clutch consists of four eggs that are smooth, light blue. Incubation is carried out by both sexes, as is the feeding of the nestlings. So far, no data are available on the incubation period and the time until the nestlings fledge.

distribution and habitat

The white-bellied wren prefers various types of forest, including the semi-arid forests of western Mexico and the much more humid rainforests of Yucatán. You can often see him in the thicket of wild pineapples of the species Bromelia pinguin . It moves at altitudes from sea level to 500 meters.

migration

It is believed that the white-bellied wren is a resident bird .

Subspecies

There are five known subspecies:

  • Uropsila leucogastra pacifica ( Nelson , 1897) occurs in southwestern Mexico. The subspecies is paler, has longer wings and shorter legs than the nominate form.
  • Uropsila leucogastra leucogastra ( Gould , 1837) occurs in eastern Mexico in the southeast of the state of Veracruz to Tabasco and north of Chiapas .
  • Uropsila leucogastra centralis Phillips, AR , 1986 is widespread in eastern central Mexico from northern Puebla to central Veracruz. The subspecies is paler than the nominate form.
  • Uropsila leucogastra restricta Phillips, AR , 1986 occurs in southeastern Mexico in the north of the Yucatán peninsula . The subspecies is lighter, grayer and overall more matt than all other subspecies.
  • Uropsila leucogastra brachyura ( Lawrence , 1887) is distributed in southeastern Mexico in the eastern and central Yucatán over northern Guatemala, Belize and northern Honduras. The subspecies has more clearly defined tail bands. The under tail ceilings show dark lattice shapes.

Uropsila leucogastra musica ( Nelson , 1903) is now used as a synonym for the nominate form , Uropsila leucogastra hawkinsi Monroe , 1963 and Nannorchilus leucogastra australis van Rossem , 1938 as a synonym for U. l. considered brachyura .

Etymology and history of research

The first description of the white-bellied wren was made in 1837 by John Gould under the scientific name Troglodytes leucogastra . The type specimen came from the state of Tamaulipas . It was not until 1873 that Philip Lutley Sclater and Osbert Salvin introduced the genus Uropsila, which was new to science . This name is derived from "oura ουρα " for "tail" and "psilos ψιλος " for "slim". The species name »leucogastra« is a Greek word formation from »leukos λευκος « for »white« and »gastēr, gastros γαστηρ, γαστρος « for »belly«. "Pacifica" refers to the Pacific Ocean . "Centralis" is derived from the Latin "centrale, centrum" from "central, in the middle, center, center", "restricta" from "restrictus, restringere" for "restricted, limit". »Brachyura« is a Greek word formation from »brachus βραχυς « for »short« and »-ouros, oura -ουρος, ουρα « for »-tailed, tail«. “Hawkinsi” is dedicated to Roland Walter Hawkins (1920–2001). »Musica« has its origin in »musicus« for »melodic, musician« or »mousikos, mousikē μουσικος, μουσικη « for »harmonic, music«. »Australis« stands for »south« from »auster, austri« for »south«.

literature

  • Donald Eugene Kroodsma, David Brewer in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: White-bellied Wren (Uropsila leucogastra) in Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • John Gould: Mr. Gould exhibited several specimens and drawings of Birds allied to the well-known Wren of Europe . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 4 , 1837, pp. 88-89 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1836).
  • Allan Robert Phillips: The known birds of North and Middle America. Distributions and Variation, Migrations, Changes, Hybrids, etc. 1 (Hirundinidae to Mimidae; Certhiidae). Roberts Rinehart Publisher, Denver 1986, ISBN 0-9617402-0-5 .
  • Edward William Nelson: Preliminary descriptions of New Birds from Mexico and Guatemala in the Collection of the United States Department of Agriculture . In: The Auk . tape 14 , no. 1 , 1897, p. 42–76 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 1.5 MB ]).
  • Edward William Nelson: Description of new birds from Southern Mexico . In: Proceedings of The Biological Society of Washington . tape 16 , 1903, pp. 151-160 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • George Newbold Lawrence: Description of New Species of Birds of the Families Silviidae, Troglodytidae and Tyrannidae . In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . tape 4 , no. 2 , 1887, p. 66-68 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Burt Leavelle Monroe: Three new subspecies of birds from Honduras . In: Occasional papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan . No. 26 , 1963, pp. 17 (English, museum.lsu.edu [PDF; 341 kB ]).
  • Adriaan Joseph van Rossem: Notes on some Mexican and Central American Wrens of the Genera Heleodytes, Troglodytes, and Nannocgilus; and four new races . In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . tape 59 , no. 416 , 1938, pp. 10-15 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Philip Lutley Sclater, Osbert Salvin: Nomenclator Avium Neotropicalium Sive Avium Quae In Regione Neotropica Hucusque Repertæ Sunt Nomina Systematice Disposita Adjecta Sua Cuique Speciei Patria Accedunt Generum Et Specierum Novarum Diagnoses. Sumptibus Auctorum, London 1873 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

Web links

Commons : White-bellied Wren ( Uropsila leucogastra )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Donald Eugene Kroodsma u. a.
  2. ↑ IOC World Bird List Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, hyliotas, wrens, gnatcatchers
  3. ↑ a b Edward William Nelson (1897), pp. 72-73.
  4. ^ A b John Gould (1837), p. 89.
  5. ^ A b Allan Robert Phillips (1986), p. 133.
  6. ↑ George Newbold Lawrence (1887), p. 67.
  7. ^ Edward William Nelson (1903), p. 159.
  8. ↑ a b Burt Leavelle Monroe (1963), p. 5.
  9. ^ Adriaan Joseph van Rossem (1938), p. 15.
  10. ^ Philip Lutley Sclater et al. a. (1873), pp. 7 & 155.
  11. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 397.
  12. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 223.
  13. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 96.
  14. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 333.
  15. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 76.
  16. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 262.
  17. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 62.