Violet-throated Andean Hummingbird

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Violet-throated Andean Hummingbird
Violet-throated Andean Hummingbird illustrated by John Gould and Henry Constantine Richter

Violet-throated Andean Hummingbird illustrated by John Gould and Henry Constantine Richter

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Tribe : Coeligini
Genre : Forest nymphs ( Coeligena )
Type : Violet-throated Andean Hummingbird
Scientific name
Coeligena violifer
( Gould , 1846)

The violet- throated Andean hummingbird ( Coeligena violifer ), sometimes also known as the violet musketeer , is a species of bird in the hummingbird family (Trochilidae) that occurs in Ecuador , Peru and Bolivia . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern . The species is monotypical .

features

The violet-throated Andean hummingbird reaches a body length of about 13 to 14 cm with a weight of 8 to 13 g for males and 4 to 6 g for females. The male has a long, straight, black beak that can be 3.6 to 4 cm long. The head is blackish blue with a white spot behind the eye. The back shimmers bronze-green. The throat and chest are green with an iridescent purple throat pouch. A thin grayish band runs across the upper chest. The lower breast is green and stands out clearly from the cinnamon-colored belly and the under tail covers. The tail is forked and continuously orange to yellow-brown with narrow, bronze-colored tips. The female resembles the male, but has a slightly longer beak at 3.9 to 4.1 cm. The throat is yellow-brown with green sequins . The chest is dark green, the belly a strong cinnamon color. The tail is less forked than that of the male. Young animals resemble the females.

Behavior and nutrition

The violet-throated Andean hummingbird gets its nectar from plants of the genera Vriesea , Fuchsias and Bomaria . Arthropods are picked from the leaves or hunted in the air. As a trapliner, it flies regularly in quick succession to very specific, scattered flowers on the edge of the vegetation, occasionally also along paths inside the forest.

Vocalizations

The violet-throated Andean hummingbird presumably emits a long, gentle whistle, followed by three nasal drriiu ... no-no-no-no tones. In addition, it emits very gentle and lovely double tones.

Reproduction

The breeding season of the violet-throated Andean hummingbird runs from November to January. Otherwise little is known about its breeding biology.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area of ​​the violet-throated Andean hummingbird

The violet-throated Andean hummingbird prefers the edges of cloud forests and small forests, occasionally also secondary vegetation . It lives in altitudes from 1300 to 3700 meters, but mostly between 2800 and 3300 meters.

migration

Little is known about the migration behavior of the violet-throated Andean hummingbird. The large altitude distribution range and the occasional occurrence below 2800 meters indicate seasonal migrations between the altitudes. The reason for this is probably the availability of flower nectar at the respective altitude.

Subspecies

There are four known subspecies:

  • Coeligena violifer dichroura ( Taczanowski , 1874) occurs in southern Ecuador to northern, central and western Peru. The front skull is green. The central control springs are dark brown. The breast line is only hinted at. Overall, it is slightly larger than the other subspecies.
  • Coeligena violifer albicaudata Schuchmann & Züchner , 1998 is widespread in southern Peru. The front skull shimmers turquoise. The outer control feathers are whitish. The female has a whitish throat with green spots and a whitish belly.
  • Coeligena violifer osculans ( Gould , 1871) occurs in southeastern Peru. The front skull shimmers turquoise blue. The color of the tail tips is reduced compared to the nominate form. It has no breast line and is a little smaller.
  • Coeligena violifer violifer ( Gould , 1846) is common in northwestern Bolivia.

The Handbook of the Birds of the World regards each as species in its own right.

Etymology and history of research

The first description of the violet-throated hummingbirds Andes took place in 1846 by John Gould under the scientific name Trochilus (-) violifer . The type specimen came from Bolivia. It was later assigned to the genus Coeligena , which was introduced by Lesson in 1833. »Coeligena« is derived from the Latin words »coelum or caelum« for »heaven« and »genus« for »descendant«. The species name "violifer" is derived from the Latin "viola" for "violet" and "-fer, ferre" for "-bearing, wear". "Albicaudata" is a Latin combination of "albus" for "white" and "caudatus, cuada" for "-tailed, tail". "Dichroura" is derived from the Greek words "di-, dis δι-, δις " for "double" and "chrōs, chrōtos χρως, χρωτος " for "coating, complexion" and "-ouros, oura -ουρος, ουρα " for "-Tail, tail" off. After all, "osculans" is the Latin word for "to kiss" from "osculari" for "to hold on to something".

Web links

Commons : Andean violet- throated hummingbird ( Coeligena violifer )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

literature

  • Thomas Züchner, Peter Boesman, Guy Maxwell Kirwan in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: Bolivian Starfrontlet (Coeligena violifer) In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • John Gould: On twenty new species of Trochilidae or Humming birds . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 14 , no. 164 , 1846, pp. 85-90 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Gould: Descriptions of six new humming birds . In: Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1871 . 1871, p. 503-505 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Władysław Taczanowski: Description of the Oiseaux nouveaux du Pérou central . In: Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1874 . 1874, p. 129-140 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Karl-Ludwig Schuchmann , Thomas Züchner: Coeligena violifer albicaudata (Aves, Trochilidae): A New Hummingbird Subspecies from the Southern Peruvian Andes . In: Ornitologia Neotropical . tape 8 , no. 2 , 1997, p. 247–253 ( sora.unm.edu [PDF; 504 kB ]).
  • René Primevère Lesson : Les Trochilidées ou les Colibris et Les Oiseaux-Mouches Suivis d'un index général dans lequel sont décrites et classées méthodiquement toutes les races et espèces du genere Trochilus. Ouvrage orné de planches dessinées et gravées par les meilleurs artistes 66 plates (Prêtre, Antoine Germaine Bévalet) . Arthus-Bertrand, Paris ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1832-1833).
  • Edward Clive Dickinson, Leslie K. Overstreet, Robert Jack Dowsett, Murray Duncan Bruce: Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology . Aves Press Limited, Northampton 2012, ISBN 978-0-9568611-1-5 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Thomas Züchner u. a.
  3. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  4. ^ Władysław Taczanowski, p. 138.
  5. ↑ Karl-Ludwig Schuchmann u. a., p. 247
  6. ^ John Gould (1871), p. 503.
  7. ↑ a b John Gould (1846), pp. 87-88.
  8. ↑ René Primevère Lesson, p. XVIII.
  9. ↑ James A. Jobling p. 112.
  10. ↑ James A. Jobling p. 402
  11. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 38
  12. ↑ Karl-Ludwig Schuchmann u. a., p. 248
  13. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 135
  14. ↑ James A. Jobling p. 286

Remarks

  1. ↑ For the history of the publication see Edward Clive Dickinson u. a. Pp. 120-121. Pages XVII-XXXII of the index appeared in September 1833.
  2. ↑ Lesson assigned the following species to the genus: blue- throated nymph ( Lampornis clemenciae ( Lesson , 1830)), bronze and Indian hummingbird ( Coeligena coeligena ( Lesson , 1833)), violet-crown brilliant hummingbird ( Eugenes fulgens ( Swainson , 1827)) ( Rivolii Ornismya ).