Bronze Indian Hummingbird

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Bronze Indian Hummingbird
Bronze Indian Hummingbird

Bronze Indian Hummingbird

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Tribe : Coeligini
Genre : Forest nymphs ( Coeligena )
Type : Bronze Indian Hummingbird
Scientific name
Coeligena coeligena
( Lesson, RP , 1833)

The bronze Indian hummingbird ( Coeligena coeligena ) is a sailing bird in the hummingbird family (Trochilidae), a species found in Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru, and Bolivia . The IUCN classifies the population as Least Concern .

features

The bronze sea hummingbird reaches a body length of about 14 cm, with a weight of the males of 7.3 g and the females of 6.2 g. The male has a long straight black beak. The lower bill is often yellow at the base. The head and top are dark bronze brown with a pronounced maroon shimmer, which merges into green at the back of the back. There is a white spot behind the eye. The throat and chest are speckled white and streaked with dark gray. The rest of the underside is reddish brown to brown, the under tail-coverts reddish brown with cinnamon-colored edges. The forked tail is bronze in color. The female is similar to the male, but has a longer beak and the tail is less forked. Young animals resemble the females.

Behavior and nutrition

The bronze Andes Hummingbird takes its nectar of flowering fuchsias , bomarea , Cavendishia , Centropogon , heliconias and Siphocampylus . It catches arthropods in flight or by picking them up while hovering. As a trapliner, it flies regularly in rapid succession to very specific, scattered flowers in central strata at the edges of the forest. It is seldom seen gathering in the treetops of blossoming trees where it sometimes defends its fodder territory .

Reproduction

The breeding season of the bronze hummingbird is from November to March. The nest is a small goblet that it attaches in the undergrowth 1 to 1.5 meters above the ground. Usually the nest is well hidden in the tangle of undergrowth. The nest is made of moss and plant fibers. The clutch consists of two eggs. The incubation period is 15 to 16 days and incubation is carried out by the female. The chicks are blackish with two yellow-brown back marks. The nestlings fledge at 22 to 24 days.

Vocalizations

The bronze Indian hummingbird presumably emits a series of single, rather sweet-sounding tsit tones at a frequency of 1 to 1.6 tones per second. It also makes high- pitched , short tsit-sit-it-it sounds that thin out at the end. The calls also contain individual tsi or tsit tones, which are normally given in flight.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area of ​​the bronze hummingbird

The bronze sea hummingbird prefers moist foothills forests at altitudes of 1500 and 2600 meters. Occasionally it can be seen in open terrain with isolated trees and in coffee plantations. He gets his food in the vicinity of nutritious vegetation.

migration

The bronze sea hummingbird is a seasonal line bird . So far, however, little research has been done into its migration behavior. Most likely it will move on after the breeding season.

Subspecies

Bronze Indian hummingbird illustrated by Jean-Gabriel Prêtre as part of the first description

There are six known subspecies:

  • Coeligena coeligena ferruginea ( Chapman , 1917) is common in western and central Colombia. This subspecies is very similar to the nominate form, but is less white on the throat and the underside looks washed out, dark yellow.
  • Coeligena coeligena columbiana ( Elliot, DG , 1876) occurs in eastern and central Colombia and northwestern Venezuela. This subspecies is the smallest of this species. The plumage looks a little more olive.
  • Coeligena coeligena coeligena ( Lesson, RP , 1833) is common in northern Venezuela.
  • Coeligena coeligena zuliana Phelps & Phelps Jr , 1953 occurs in the Sierra de Perijá in northeast Colombia and western Venezuela. This subspecies has a slightly greener plumage than the nominate form. The top and bottom are less bronze in color.
  • Coeligena coeligena obscura ( from Berlepsch & Stolzmann , 1902) is common in southern Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. This subspecies has the darkest plumage of any subspecies. The back looks blackish, the throat greyish with less white and large dark speckles.
  • Coeligena coeligena boliviana ( Gould , 1861) occurs in central and southeastern Bolivia. This subspecies also resembles the nominate form but has green sequins on the top . the tail is bronze, blackish purple. This is also darker than in the other subspecies.

Coeligena coeligena zuloagae Phelps & Phelps Jr , 1959 is now considered a synonym for the nominate form.

Etymology and history of research

The first description of the bronze hummingbird was in 1833 by René Primevère Lesson under the scientific name Ornismya coeligena . He got the type specimen from Florent Prévost and erroneously assigned the country Mexico as the collecting area for the hummingbird . In the index of the same book he introduced the genus Coeligena . The word "Coeligena" is derived from the Latin words "coelum or caelum" for "heaven" and "genus" for "descendant". Lesson himself called the species Ornismye Fille du Ciel , that is, daughter of heaven . »Ferruginea« is derived from the Latin »ferrugineus« for »rust-colored« or »ferrugo, ferruginis« for »iron rust«. "Columbiana" refers to the country of Colombia, "Zuliana" to the state of Zulia , and "boliviana" to the country of Bolivia. "Obscura" is derived from the Latin "obscurus" for "dark, gloomy, unclear". »Zuloagae« is dedicated to Guillermo Zuloaga Ramirez (1904–1984).

literature

  • Thomas Züchner, Peter Boesman in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: Bronzy Inca (Coeligena coeligena) In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • René-Primevère Lesson : Les trochilidées ou Les colibris et les oiseaux-mouches: suivis d'un index général, dans lequel sont décrites et classées méthodiquement toutes les races et espèces du genre trochilus . Delivery 9. A. Bertrand, Paris 1833 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • William H. Phelps, William H. Phelps Jr .: Eight new subspecies of birds from the Perija Mountains, Venezuela . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 66 , 1953, pp. 1-12 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • William H. Phelps, William H. Phelps Jr .: Two new subspecies of birds from the San Luis Mountains of Venezuela and distributional notes . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 72 , 1959, pp. 121-126 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Daniel Giraud Elliot: Notes on the Trochilidae. The Genera Lampropygia . In: Ibis (=  3 ). tape 6 , no. 21 , 1876, p. 54-60 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Frank Michler Chapman : The distribution of bird-life in Colombia: a contribution to a biological survey of South America . In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . tape 36 , 1917, pp. 1–729 ( digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 12.4 MB ]).
  • Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch, Jan Sztolcman: On the Ornithological Researches of Jean Kalinowski in Central Peru . In: Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London . tape 2 , no. 1 , 1902, pp. 18-60 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • John Gould: An introduction to the Trochilidæ: or family of humming-birds . Taylor and Francis, London 1861 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Edward Clive Dickinson, Leslie K. Overstreet, Robert Jack Dowsett, Murray Duncan Bruce: Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology . Aves Press Limited, Northampton 2012, ISBN 978-0-9568611-1-5 .

Web links

Commons : Bronze Andean Hummingbird ( Coeligena coeligena )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Thomas Züchner u. a.
  2. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  3. ↑ Frank Michler Chapman, p. 298.
  4. ^ A b Daniel Giraud Elliot, p. 57.
  5. ↑ a b c René Primevère Lesson, p. 141, plate 53.
  6. ↑ a b William H. Phelps u. a. (1953), p. 1.
  7. ^ Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch a. a., p. 23.
  8. ↑ a b John Gould, p. 136.
  9. ^ William H. Phelps et al. a. (1959), pp. 121f.
  10. ↑ René Primevère Lesson, p. XVIII.
  11. ↑ James A. Jobling p. 112
  12. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 159
  13. ↑ a b James A. Jobling p. 278

Remarks

  1. ↑ For the history of the publication see Edward Clive Dickinson u. a. Pp. 120-121.
  2. ↑ Lesson assigned the blue- throated nymph ( Lampornis clemenciae ( Lesson, RP , 1830)), the bronze and diamond hummingbird and the violet-crown brilliant hummingbird ( Eugenes fulgens ( Swainson , 1827)) (Syn: Ornismya rivolii) to the new genus .