Transfer (school)
A transfer is understood to mean the advancement of a student to the next higher class level at the end of a school year . At Bavarian schools are called the same process as the rise in Austria one speaks in this case of upgrades - while the transfer as punishment in a parallel class takes place in the Switzerland of promotion . In order to avoid excessive differences in the performance level of the pupils within a class , low-performing pupils are sometimes not transferred and have to repeat the class level or switch to a lower school type; high-performing pupils can sometimes skip a class level.
Situation in Germany
General
Attending the next higher grade with a subsequent state-recognized certificate requires authorization in Germany , which is granted by means of a certificate with sufficient proof of performance from the previous grade.
The decision whether or not to promote a student is made at the class report card . All teachers of the student who make a prognosis for the coming school year based on all previous performance are entitled to vote . The exact requirements for a transfer vary depending on the federal state . On the advice of the certificate conference, in some federal states the parents of a pupil can also opt for a voluntary non-promotion (stepping back to the previous year).
Particularly gifted students can, with the consent of their legal guardians , skip a grade, i.e. move up two grade levels after a school year.
In the qualification phase of the gymnasiale Oberstufe there is no longer any transfer, but a one-off voluntary decline is possible. This is particularly advisable if admission to the Abitur examination is at risk.
Possibility of transfer despite poor performance
The certificate forms the basis for the transfer. If the performance stated in it does not meet the requirements, the teachers (in some federal states with parent and student representatives) discuss during the so-called certificate conference whether a transfer to the next grade level makes sense. There are certain limits above which a transfer is not possible or within which a transfer is still questionable. In the second case, a decision must be made as to whether a student can be transferred despite the non-compliance with the transfer requirements.
In general, there is the possibility of the so-called touch compensating poor performance in individual subjects offset by good performance in other subjects. The transfer provisions for this are very different for each type of school ( Hauptschule , Realschule , Gymnasium ) and each federal state. In principle, good minor subjects or short subjects can not compensate for a bad major or long subject . A school grade of 6 in a main subject can sometimes not be compensated at all, but a 5 can usually be compensated for by a 3, 2 or 1. In some federal states, two subjects with poor performance must be compensated for by two subjects with good performance, in other federal states one is not balanced 5 permitted. The main subjects are German , mathematics and the first foreign language , at some schools a second or third foreign language or the subject of natural sciences can also be rated as a major. The same number of hours per week in the subjects in question is decisive as a criterion. In some school types in some federal states, obvious talent can be used to compensate for poor performance. This can be the case, for example, if the deficits are compensated for by extraordinary talent in other disciplines.
The decision whether or not to apply the compensation scheme in the case of poor performance is at the discretion of the certificate conference. What is decisive for the teachers is whether there are pedagogical reasons for the likelihood of successful participation in the coming school year despite the poor performance.
If this is not the case, the student cannot be transferred; in colloquial terms , he remains seated or does a lap of honor .
Another non-transfer
If a student is not transferred several times in a row, the suspicion arises that the student is attending too demanding a type of school. In this case, there are inconsistent regulations in Germany. In some federal states, pupils who are not transferred twice within a school level ( lower or middle level ) usually have to leave the school type and attend the next lower type of school in the future (“schooling”).
In other federal states, on the other hand, students are allowed to attend two consecutive grades for a maximum of three years. This means that they have to attend a lower type of school if the failure to promote takes place in two consecutive grade levels.
Frequency of non-transfer
In Germany, 3% of pupils repeated a class in general schools in the school year 2000/2001 . In the 2010/2011 school year, the proportion of repeaters had decreased to 2%, with around 59% of all repeaters being boys and around 41% being girls.
Situation in Austria
Pupils with a “not enough” (5) can advance if this was not the case in this subject in the previous year and the subject continues to be taught and the class conference agrees based on the overall grades. There is also the possibility of a repeat exam in autumn . However, there is a possibility that the student in question may get a clause in that particular subject. This means that despite a 5 in the report card, the student can continue to move up if all teachers who teach him agree.
Skipping school levels is possible once in the primary school , in the lower secondary level and in the upper secondary level according to § 26 SchUG under special conditions to be read there.
Situation in other countries
Repeating grade levels
Not all school systems know the repetition of a grade. In Sweden and Finland, for example, individual support takes place instead. Repetition of the grade is also unusual in Great Britain . In the United States , students automatically advance to the next grade at the end of the school year. An exception are grades K and 1, where it is possible to hold back the student in the previous grade if the student would be overwhelmed by the curriculum of the next grade. The decision to withhold is made solely by the class teacher in agreement with the parents. In higher grades in the USA, individual support measures such as attending the summer school (individual support from the school during the summer vacation ) or the use of a non-profit or commercial homework support service take the place of withholding . Special programs are available for disabled students as well as for foreign students with language difficulties.
Skipping a grade
In the United States the "Skip" of individual grades is ( Educational acceleration , grade skipping ) common, although there for gifted students development programs ( Educational enrichment are) available, which also gifted to enable a normal school career without major jogs. Highly gifted students often find favorable conditions at private schools . Critics of “skipping” mention that by skipping a grade, students are placed in a social environment that they can cope with intellectually, but not socially and emotionally, a fundamental problem for gifted students.
Discussion of the non-transfer
Proponents of the non-promotion of low-performing students believe that meaningful teaching is only possible if the intellectual level of all students in a class is as uniform as possible. Pupils with large deficits could not grasp the more complex lesson content based on them and would inevitably fall further behind. In learning psychology , this circumstance is also referred to as the Matthew effect , alluding to the Bible text, because whoever has there will be given. Mt 25,29 LUT . Studies by Knut Schwippert , Wilfrid Bos and Eva-Maria Lankes show that high-performing students gain more knowledge than low-performing students. Existing differences in performance are thus intensified through teaching. Over long periods of time, this inevitably leads to the content of the lesson being inappropriate for a subgroup of students. So that high-performing students are not under-challenged or low-performing students overtaxed, the better students should skip a class and the poorer students compensate for the learning deficits by repeating the content in order to ensure the homogeneity of the level of performance.
The opponents object that all students are different and therefore there is never a homogeneous performance within a class. They also object that students who repeated a year fell back to their previous level of ability in the year after the repeated class. It also demotivates students with this practice.
Sitting down could be abolished and replaced by individual support, for example through significantly smaller class sizes or during the summer holidays or on weekends. However, such an individualized education system requires a significantly larger number of teachers and is considerably more expensive.
A study by the Bertelsmann Stiftung in 2009 came to the conclusion that repeating grades is pedagogically ineffective and expensive. According to the study, 931 million euros are spent annually in Germany on “staying seated”. The study did not state how high the costs are for a different education system. The Philologists' Association accuses the Bertelsmann Stiftung of a lack of neutrality and distorted standards.
Consequences of not being transferred
The so-called “staying seated” in the sense of not relocating was shown together with problematic behavior at school such as bullying in school and refusal to attend school as a predictor of risky behavior among young people , in this case binge drinking . In the study by Donath and colleagues, adolescents in grade 9 who had to repeat a grade at least once were significantly more likely to be heavy drinkers than adolescents who had previously been regularly transferred.
See also
Web links
- welt.de (2013): Interview : Josef Kraus , the President of the DL ( German Teachers Association ), warns against abolishing staying seated. There is a trend in society to want to take too much away from children.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Bavarian FOS and BOS-order , Bavarian Real School rules , Bavarian grammar school rules
- ^ Decision of the Austrian Federal Administrative Court of August 30, 2016
- ↑ Doctoral Regulations ( Memento of the original from April 25, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 91 kB); In Switzerland, the term transfer refers to the punitive transfer of a student to a parallel class of the same year.
- ↑ https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Themati/BildungForschungKultur/Schulen/BroschuereSchulenBlick0110018129004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile Federal Statistical Office: Schools at a Glance - Brochure - 2012 edition
- ↑ http://www.bmukk.gv.at/schulen/service/schulinfo/nicht_genuegend.xml Advancement in Austria - requirements
- ↑ http://www.bmukk.gv.at/schulen/unterricht/ba/rechtsbasis.xml
- ↑ acceleration ; Getting Your Child An Appropriate Education
- ↑ http://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/cps/rde/xchg/bst/hs.xsl/nachrichten_97560.htm press release of the Bertelsmann Foundation from September 3, 2009
- ↑ http://de.sitestat.com/bertelsmann/stiftung-de/s?bst.PDF.rechts.Presse.Nachrichten.Sitzenbleibenkoste_97560.Downloads.StudieK KlassenWiede&ns_type=pdf&ns_url=http: //www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/cps /rde/xbcr/SID-2ABDE95F-F09E05D9/bst/xcms_bst_dms_29361_29362_2.pdf "Class Repetitions - Ineffective and Expensive", study by the Bertelsmann Foundation from 2009
- ↑ http://www.news4teachers.de/2013/06/verzerrt-philologen-chef-meidinger-kritisiert-chancenspiegel/
- ↑ Donath, C., Gräßel, E., Baier, D., Pfeiffer, C., Bleich, S. & Hillemacher, T. (2012). Predictors of binge drinking in adolescents: ultimate and distal factors - a representative study. BMC Public Health 2012, 12: 263.
