Violet-forehead brilliant hummingbird

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Violet-forehead brilliant hummingbird
Heliodoxa leadbeateri sagitta ♂

Heliodoxa leadbeateri sagitta ♂

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Genre : Heliodoxa
Type : Violet-forehead brilliant hummingbird
Scientific name
Heliodoxa leadbeateri
( Bourcier , 1843)

The violet-fronted brilliant ( Heliodoxa leadbeateri ) or violet end Brillant is a species of bird in the family of hummingbirds (Trochilidae). The species has a large distribution area that extends over the countries of Colombia , Venezuela , Ecuador , Peru and Bolivia . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

Violet-forehead brilliant hummingbirds ♀ on the feeder

The male violet-forehead brilliant hummingbird has a body length of about 12.7 cm with a body weight of only approx. 7.9 g. The females weigh about 6.7 g and are slightly smaller with a body length of about 10.9 cm. The straight beak with a slight drop at the tip is approx. 2.3 cm long. The males have a dark green upper side with a bluish purple front skull. Throat and chest glitter green, the area behind the underside is dark green. The long, strongly forked tail is bronze olive on the central control feathers. The rest of the tail is black. The top of the female is also dark green, but the front skull shimmers green. They have a small white spot behind the eye. The cheeks are dark and are delimited by a short white cheek stripe, which is sometimes indistinct. The white throat is streaked with thick green spots, the rest of the underside is more or less green mottled with a white background. The belly is tinted yellow-brown. The tail is like that of the males, but has many white spots on the outer tail feathers. Immature specimens resemble the females, but have yellow-brown cheeks. The white underside is streaked with many green spots.

behavior

Violet-forehead brilliant hummingbird on a human hand

The violet-forehead brilliant hummingbird is considered a loner. Most of the time, he stays in the Straten at heights between 1 and 10 meters in the forest or in forest clearings. You are a trapliner, i. that is, they fly regularly in rapid succession to very specific, scattered flowers. They aggressively defend small areas with nectar-rich flowers. These are located in the lower to middle strata, less often in the treetops. You can see them regularly hunting for insects. They never collect in groups, but occasionally fly to artificial feeders with water-sugar solutions.

Vocalizations

Her singing sounds like a dynamic series of light-sounding chup sounds. They eject these individually, in pairs or in irregular series, in up to six repetitions. These are often maintained for a long time.

habitat

They stay in damp to wet cloud forests, their forest edges, older secondary vegetation and shady coffee plantations. They are rarely seen here or very often locally. They move at altitudes between 500 and 2250 meters.

Subspecies

Distribution area (green) of the violet-forehead brilliant hummingbird

There are four known subspecies:

  • Heliodoxa leadbeateri leadbeateri ( Bourcier , 1843) - The nominate form occurs in northern Venezuela.
  • Heliodoxa leadbeateri parvula von Berlepsch , 1888 - This subspecies occurs in the northern, central and southern parts of Colombia, and the western part of Venezuela. The front upper head of the male is purple, the underside somewhat lighter and duller in color. The females have an ocher colored belly and the neck is copper colored. The beak of the subspecies is slightly shorter.
  • Heliodoxa leadbeateri sagitta ( Reichenbach , 1854) - This subspecies is common in eastern Ecuador and northern Peru. The male's neck is reddish. The front upper head of the female is blue, the underside has a rather brownish color.
  • Heliodoxa leadbeateri otero ( Tschudi , 1844) - This subspecies is widespread in central Peru to the northwest of Bolivia. In contrast to the northern subspecies, the female has a green front skull and is significantly brown on the underside than H. l. sagitta . The neck of the male is less copper-colored than that of H. l. sagitta .

Etymology and history of research

Jules Bourcier described the violet-forehead brilliant hummingbird under the name Trochilus Leadbeateri . The type specimen came from Caracas . It was not until 1850 that John Gould introduced the genus Heliodoxa u. a. for the violet-forehead brilliant hummingbird. This name is derived from the Greek words "hēlios, ἡλιος " for "sun" and "doxa, dekhomai δοξα, δεχομαι " for "splendor, glory, approve". The specific epithet is dedicated to the natural produce dealer John Leadbeater Sr. (1804-1856). "Parvula" comes from the Latin "parvulus, parvus" for "very small, small". Sagitta is the Latin word for "bow". Otero is dedicated to the Peruvian Major General Francisco de Paula Otero Goyechea (1786-1854), a friend of Tschudi.

literature

  • Steven Leon Hilty, John A. Gwynne, Guy Tudor : Birds of Venezuela . Princeton University Press, Princeton 2002, ISBN 0-691-09250-8 ( books.google.at ).
  • John Todd Zimmer : Studies of Peruvian birds: The genera Heliodoxa, Phlogophilus, Urosticte, Polyplancta, Adelomyia, Coeligena, Ensifera, Oreotrochilus and Topaza . In: American Museum novitates . No. 1513 , 1951, pp. 1–32 ( digitallibrary.amnh.org (PDF; 4.062 MB) [accessed May 24, 2015]).
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Jules Bourcier: Oiseaux-mouches nouveaux . In: Revue Zoologique par La Société Cuvierienne . tape 6 , 1843, pp. 99-104 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed May 24, 2015]).
  • Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach: Enumeration of the hummingbirds or trochilids in their true natural relationship, including the key to their systematics . In: Journal of Ornithology . tape 2 (separate issue), 1854, p. 1-24 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed May 24, 2015]).
  • Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch: Critical overview of the so-called Bogota Collections (SO Colombia) occurring Colibri species and description . In: Journal of Ornithology . tape 15 , 4th episode, 35th year, issue 3, no. 179 , July 1887, p. 313–336 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed May 24, 2015]).
  • Johann Jakob von Tschudi: Avium conspectus quae in Republica Peruana reperiuntur et pleraeque observatae vel collectae sunt in itinere . In: Archives for Natural History . tape 10 , no. 1 , 1844, pp. 262-317 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed May 24, 2015]).
  • John Gould: Description of two new species with the characters of a new Genus of Trochilidae . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 17 , no. 195 , July 10, 1849, p. 95-96 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed May 24, 2015]).
  • Étienne Mulsant, Édouard Verreaux: Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches ou colibris constituant la famille des trochilidés . tape 2 . Deyrolle, Paris 1876 ( archive.org ).

Web links

Commons : Violet-forehead brilliant hummingbird ( Heliodoxa leadbeateri )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Steven Leon Hilty u. a. (2002), p. 422.
  2. ↑ Steven Leon Hilty et al. a. (2002), p. 423.
  3. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  4. ↑ a b Jules Bourcier, p. 102.
  5. ↑ Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch, p. 320.
  6. ↑ John Todd Zimmer, p. 6.
  7. ↑ Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach, p. 7.
  8. ^ John Todd Zimmer, pp. 9 ff.
  9. ↑ Johann Jakob von Tschudi, p. 298.
  10. ↑ John Todd Zimmer, p. 11.
  11. ↑ John Gould, pp. 95 f.
  12. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 188.
  13. ↑ Étienne Mulsant et al. a., p. 209.
  14. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 293.
  15. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 345.
  16. ^ Letter from Johann Jakob Tschudi to Alfred Escher

Remarks

  1. ↑ In addition to the violet- browed brilliant hummingbird, he also classified the green- browed brilliant hummingbird ( Heliodoxa jacula Gould , 1850), the brown-bellied brilliant hummingbird ( Heliodoxa rubinoides ( Bourcier & Mulsant , 1846)) and the ruby hummingbird ( Clytolaema rubricauda ) (Syn. 1783) ( Boddaert , 17 : Heliodoxa rubinia Gould , 1850) to the new genus. With the subspecies Heliodoxa leadbeateri otero , Gould did not seem entirely sure.