Bird knotweed

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Bird knotweed
Beach knotweed (Polygonum oxyspermum)

Beach knotweed ( Polygonum oxyspermum )

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Knotweed family (Polygonaceae)
Subfamily : Polygonoideae
Genre : Bird knotweed
Scientific name
Polygonum
L.

Bird knotweed ( Polygonum ) are a genus of plants within the knotweed family (Polygonaceae). The approximately 65 species are distributed almost worldwide.

description

Illustration of the common knotweed ( Polygonum aviculare )
Same-leaved knotweed ( Polygonum arenastrum )
Polygonum plebeium

Vegetative characteristics

The Polygonum species grow as annual to perennial herbaceous plants or subshrubs . The ochrea is very variable. The almost always alternate leaves are always longer than wide.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are grouped together in one to many-flowered clusters in the leaf axils or in spiked , racemose or, very rarely, paniculate inflorescences . The flowers are hermaphroditic in almost all species and only rarely unisexual. The perigone consists of five similar, white, greenish or reddish bloom cladding sheets ( tepals ). These are neither keeled nor winged at the fruit time. There are four to eight stamens and two or three styles in the flowers .

The fruits are triangular or lenticular nuts that are always less than twice as long as the perigone and are enclosed or only protrude with the tip.

Systematics, botanical history and distribution

The genus Polygonum was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 359. The genus name Polygonum L. nom. cons. is preserved according to the rules of the ICBN (Vienna ICBN Art. 14.9 & App. III). The scientific name Polygonum is acoustically identical to the ancient Greek polýgonos (= much generating, fertile), but semantically it belongs to goný (= the knee; internode ), which refers to the typical nodular stems. A synonym for Polygonum L. is Duravia ( S. Watson ) Greene

The genus Polygonum belongs to the tribe Polygoneae in the subfamily Polygonoideae within the family Polygonaceae .

Originally, Carl von Linné only included three species, Polygonum latifolium , Polygonum sive and Polygonum angustifolium, in the genus Polygonum . Today these three species no longer belong to the genus Polygonum , but are divided into related genera. In the meantime, the number of species in the genus, in which Carl von Linné originally had only three species, increased to over three hundred species. Today the genus is divided by most authors into several monophyletic genera. About 65 species remain in the genus Polygonum .

The genus Polygonum is almost cosmopolitan , that is, it is common to almost all of the world. Exceptions are Africa, tropical South America and the west Indian islands. The most important centers of diversity , that is, areas where most species are native, are in Southwest Asia and western North America. The Mediterranean region is also comparatively rich in species of this genus.

There are around 65 species of Polygonum , here is a selection:

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

The following is no longer assigned to this genus Polygonum :

Common names

In addition to the name Vogelknöterich, a large number of other common names for the genus were in use. In Old High German, the name Denngras was common.

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literature

  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (Hrsg.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . 2nd, supplemented edition. tape 1 : General Part, Special Part (Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta): Lycopodiaceae to Plumbaginaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3322-9 , pp. 545-547 . .
  • JK Small: A monograph of the North American species of the genus Polygonum. In: Memoirs from the Department of Botany of Columbia College , Volume I, 1895, pp. 1-183.
  • Karl Heinz Rechinger : Polygonaceae , pp. 352-436. In: Karl Heinz Rechinger (Hrsg.): Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . Founded by Gustav Hegi. 2nd, completely revised edition. Volume III. Part 2: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 1 (Phytolaccaceae - Portulacaceae) . Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1979, ISBN 3-489-60020-7 (published in deliveries 1959–1979).
  • Karl Heinz Rechinger , H. Schiman-Czeika: Polygonaceae . In: Karl Heinz Rechinger: Flora of the Iranian highlands and the surrounding mountains . Lief. 56.- Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt Graz, Austria, 1968.
  • Harald Niklfeld: Cytogeographical notes on the origin and development of Polygonum aviculare agg. , In: Floristic Working Group Natural Science Association Styria , Volume 2, 1970.
  • Mihai Costea, François J. Tardif, Harold R. Hinds: Polygonum - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 5 - Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 2 , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2005, ISBN 0-19-522211-3 . (Sections Description and Systematics)
  • Tse-Hsiang Pen, Rudolf V. Kamelin: Polygonaceae. : Polygonum Linnaeus. , P. 278 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 5 - Ulmaceae through Basellaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Polygonum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed December 7, 2013.
  2. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (reprint from 1996).
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Polygonum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
  4. ↑ Li Anjen (李安仁Li An-ren); Alisa E. Grabovskaya-Borodina, Suk-pyo Hong, John McNeill, Hideaki Ohba, Chong-wook Park: Polygonum Linnaeus. , P. 278 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 5: Polygonaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X .
  5. ↑ Heinrich Marzell: Dictionary of German plant names . 5 vols. Reprint. Hirzel S. Verlag, Cologne 2000, ISBN 3-7776-0355-4 .
  6. ^ Gerhard Köbler: Dictionary of the Old High German vocabulary . Schöningh, Paderborn 1993. ISBN 3-506-74661-8

Web links

Commons : Knotweed ( Polygonum )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files