Bukhara People's Republic

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Bukhara People's Republic
Flag of the Bukhara People's Republic
Emblem of the People's Republic of Bukhara
Official languages Chagatan , Dari
Capital Bukhara
Form of government People's Republic
Existence period 1920-1924
Religions Sunni Islam , Sufism ( Naqschbandi ), Judaism
Central Asia 1922

The People's Republic of Bukhara ( russian Бухарская народная советская республика, БНСР ; Uzbek Bukhara Xalq Sho'ro Jumhuriyati , Tajik Ҷумҳурии Халқии Шӯравии Бухоро , Persian جمهوری خلقی شوروی بخارا) Was 1,920 to 1,924, a closely with Soviet Russia or the Soviet Union allied People's Republic and from 1924 to 1925 an SSR within the USSR. Their area covered 182,193 km² and around 2.2 million inhabitants, mainly Uzbeks (60%), Tajiks (30%) and Turkmen (10%).

prehistory

The Emirate of Bukhara had been part of the Russian Empire since 1868 , but the Mangit dynasty still had extensive rights of rule. After the end of the tsarist empire in the spring of 1917 , the emirate achieved de facto independence.

Fajzullah Chodscha , a radical reformist with contacts to the Soviets and the second richest man in Bukhara after the Emir Alim Khan , organized the resistance against the Emir. He intended cultural and social reforms. In 1920 his "Communist Party of Bukhara" turned to armed resistance and on August 29, 1920 asked Soviet Russia for help, which immediately supported the "working people of the emirate": Mikhail Vasilyevich Frunze sent 7,000 infantry , 2,500 cavalry , 5 armored trains , 40 Guns and 11 planes to Bukhara, the “communists” of the emirate supposedly had 5,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry. On the Emir's side were 8,700 infantry and 7,500 cavalry, plus allegedly 27,000 irregular fighters. On September 2, 1920, the "old" Bukhara fell and the emir fled to Afghanistan .

development

On October 18, 1920, the "Socialist People's Republic of Bukhara" was proclaimed, and Fajzullah Chodscha became "Chairman of the Council of Ministers". However, the government lacked the cadres to implement reforms; it had to rely on those of the old regime, which were naturally not very interested. Added to this was the fear of violating Bukhara’s religious and social traditions. The government soon lost the support of the poor sections of the population. In the east of the country, the ousted Emir Alim Khan gathered fighters against the Soviets with British help, but was driven back to Afghanistan by the Red Army in early 1921. At the end of 1921 the followers of the emir crossed the border again and allied themselves with the Basmati and Enver Pasha . Enver was appointed commander in chief of the armed forces of Islam and governor of the Emir of Bukhara by Alim Khan . He actually conquered Dushanbe and occupied all of eastern Bukhara (now part of Tajikistan ), but was defeated by the Soviets in the summer of 1922 and fell in battle.

The People's Republic of Bukhara was recognized as independent on March 4, 1921 in an alliance treaty with Soviet Russia. But de facto the ministers of the republic were all arrested by the Soviets and taken to Moscow at the end of 1923, with the exception of Fajzullah Chodschas, who feared a popular uprising if he was arrested. On September 19, 1924, the intimidated returnees proclaimed the "Socialist Republic of Bukhara", which was incorporated into the Soviet Union . On February 17, 1925, the Moscow SSR was dissolved again from a national point of view and divided between the Uzbek , Turkmen and Tajik ASSR .

Relations with Germany

Parallel to the Rapallo negotiations between Germany and the Soviet Union, a delegation from the Trade Commission of the Supreme Economic Council of the Bukhari People's Republic also arrived in Berlin in 1922. However, the delegates Yunus Abd al-Wahhab and 'Azzam Shah Muhammad Shah fell victim to gas poisoning on October 27, 1922, which has not yet been fully explained. Their successor, Yusuf Mukimbayev, had two tombs erected for them in March 1923 at the Muslim cemetery in Berlin-Neukölln , which are still preserved today.

literature

  • Seymour Becker: Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865–1924 , New York / London 2004.
  • Vincent Fourniau: Un mouvement de jeunesse inconnu en Asie Centrale: Les jeunes Boukhares entre les idéologies de libération nationale et sociale , in: Matériaux pour l'histoire de notre temps, vol. 6 (1991), no. 25, p. 11– 17th
  • Glenda Fraser: Enver Pasha's Bid for Turkestan, 1920-1922 , in: Canadian Journal of History , Vol. 22 (1988), No. 2, pp. 197-212.
  • Adeeb Khalid: The Bukharan People's Soviet Republic in the Light of Muslim Sources , in: Die Welt des Islams , Vol. 50 (2010), No. 3/4, pp. 335-361.
  • David X. Noack: The military and economic plans of the Foreign Office and the intelligence agency for the Orient for Russian / Soviet and Chinese Turkestan 1914–1933 , master's thesis, Potsdam 2013.
  • Rudolf A. Mark : War on Distant Fronts: The Germans in Central Asia and the Hindu Kush 1914–1924. Schöningh, Paderborn / Vienna 2013, ISBN 978-3-506-77788-1 .
  • Dov B. Yaroshevski: Bukharan Students in Germany, 1922–1925 , in: Ingeborg Baldauf / Michael Friederich (eds.): Bamberger Zentralasienstudien - Conference files ESCAS IV , Bamberg 8. – 12. October 1991, Berlin 1994, pp. 271-278.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Figures for the predecessor state of the People's Republic, the Emirate of Bukhara around 1900 according to Burchard Brentjes : Chane, Sultans, Emirs - Islam from the collapse of the Timurid Empire to the European occupation , Koehler and Amelang, Leipzig 1974, p. 259.
  2. ↑ baymirza hayit: Turkestan in XX. Century , Leske, Darmstadt 1956, p. 130.
  3. ↑ Baymirza Hayit: " Basmatschi ": Nationaler Kampf Turkestans in the years 1917 to 1934 , Dreisam, Cologne 1992, ISBN 3-89452-373-5 , p. 191.
  4. ↑ History of the German Central Asia policy: double review , german-foreign-policy.com September 27, 2017.
  5. ^ Gerhard Höpp : Berlin for Orientalists - A City Guide , Schwarz, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-87997-500-0 , p. 12.