Forest bird

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Forest bird
Red forest bird (Cephalanthera rubra)

Red forest bird ( Cephalanthera rubra )

Systematics
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily : Epidendroideae
Tribe : Neottieae
Sub tribus : Limodorinae
Genre : Forest bird
Scientific name
Cephalanthera
Rich.

The helleborine ( Cephalanthera ) are a plant genus in the family of orchids (Orchidaceae).

The genus was established in 1818 by the French botanist Louis Claude Marie Richard . The genus name is made up of the Greek κεφαλή kephalē "head" and ἀνθηρός anthērós "blooming" and indicates that the anther of the columna sits like a head.

description

Vegetative characteristics

The forest birds are autotrophic or fully myco-heterotrophic , slender, perennial and herbaceous growing rhizome - geophytes . The rhizome is short, creeping, and often branched. The roots are clustered, are numerous in the autotrophic species and are divided into vertical, thicker storage roots and horizontal fungal roots. A vegetative propagation can take place via adventitious buds.

The stem is upright, unbranched, cylindrical, grooved, in the autotrophic species green, leafy, glabrous or hairy at the tip, with one or a few roughly punt-shaped to cylindrical leaf sheaths at the base. The leaves are basal and alternate in a spiral arrangement, ovate to lanceolate or linear, folded lengthways, with longitudinal nerves without recognizable transverse nerves, entire, green, unspotted, sessile, narrowed at the base and surrounding the stem, in the mycotrophic species white and membranous sheaths regressed.

Generative characteristics

The inflorescence is a terminal, loose, multi-flowered to few-flowered, rarely single-flowered raceme with a straight, upright, roughly cylindrical axis. The bracts of the lower individual flowers are mostly leaf-like, but not divorced, and usually protrude above the flowers, those of the upper flowers are much shorter.

The flowers are twisted by 180 °, fairly upright, more or less sessile, slightly open and bell-shaped, rarely wide open, white, pink or yellow. The ovary is slightly twisted and bald. The sepals (sepals) are free, similar and about the same size. The lateral petals (petals) are slightly shorter than the sepals and with these they tend more or less strongly forward to form a helmet. The lip has grown to the base of the column; it is twofold, rarely simple. The posterior section ( hypochil ) is concave and has two upright side lobes that envelop the column. It is sagged at the bottom or has a short spur; Nectar is not offered. The front section ( epichil ) is of firm structure, spread out, ovoid-elliptical, blunt or pointed, the top has three to seven longitudinal lamellae. The column is upright, usually with two narrow, lateral wings. The stamen is upright, foldable, two-fold, with two two-part, granular-floury, sessile pollinia, which lack the glutinous glands (viscidia). The scar is concave and rounded, without a differentiated rostellum. Some species are self-pollinating.

After flowering , many-seeded, upright, elongated capsule fruits develop . The seeds are flat and reticulate with widened meshes.

Cephalanthera austiniae
Cephalanthera falcata
Cephalanthera longibracteata
Cephalanthera × school egg

Types and distribution

The genus counts 18 species . The area extends from North Africa and Europe to China and Japan . One in three mycotrophic species comes from the western United States .

Europe, North Africa and the Middle East

  • Caucasian forest bird ( Cephalanthera caucasica Kraenzl. ): It occurs from the Caucasus to northwestern Iran.
  • Cretan forest bird ( Cephalanthera cucullata Boiss. & Heldr. ): It occurs in central and eastern Crete.
  • White forest bird ( Cephalanthera damasonium (Mill.) Druce )
  • Spurred Forest Bird ( Cephalanthera epipactoides Fischer & CAMey. ): It occurs from the Aegean Islands of northwestern Greece to western and northern Turkey.
  • Kotschy's forest bird ( Cephalanthera kotschyana Renz & Taubenheim ): It occurs from Turkey to the Caucasus.
  • Kurdish forest bird ( Cephalanthera kurdica Bornm. ): It occurs from Turkey to Iran.
  • Long-leaved forest bird or sword-leaved forest bird ( Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch )
  • Red forest bird ( Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich. )

East asia

North America

Natural hybrids

  • Cephalanthera × mayeri (E. Mayer & Zimmerm.) A.Camus ( Cephalanthera damasonium × Cephalanthera rubra )
  • Cephalanthera × otto-hechtii Keller ( Cephalanthera longifolia × Cephalanthera rubra )
  • Cephalanthera × renzii B. Baumann, H.Baumann, R.Lorenz & Ruedi Peter ( Cephalanthera caucasica × Cephalanthera longifolia )
  • Cephalanthera × schaberi H.Baumann ( Cephalanthera epipactoides × Cephalanthera longifolia )
  • Cephalanthera × schulzei E.G. Camus ( Cephalanthera damasonium × Cephalanthera longifolia )
  • Cephalanthera × taubenheimii H.Baumann ( Cephalanthera damasonium × cephalanthera kotschyana )

Picture gallery

swell

  1. a b c Helmut Baumann: Cephalanthera . In: Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchideen (Ed.): Die Orchideen Deutschlands . Verlag AHO Thuringia, Uhlstädt - Kirchhasel 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1 , p. 242
  2. a b c d e f g h Xinqi Chen, Stephan W. Gale, Phillip J. Cribb: Cephalanthera . In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 25: Orchidaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2009, ISBN 978-1-930723-90-0 , pp. 174-177 (English). ( online )
  3. a b c d e f g h i j k l m M. L. Alarcón & Carlos Aedo: Cephalanthera . In Santiago Castroviejo, Carlos Aedo, Alberto Herrero Nieto (eds.): Flora Ibérica. Plantas Vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. Vol. XXI. Smilacaceae – Orchidaceae . Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid 2005, ISBN 84-00-08305-9 , p. 54-58 . ( PDF ) (span.)
  4. ^ A b Charles J. Sheviak, Paul M. Catling: Cephalanthera . In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 583-584 (English). online (Engl.)
  5. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cephalanthera. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 6, 2020.

Additional information

literature

  • Fritz Füller: Epipactis and Cephalanthera (Orchids of Central Europe, 5th part). 4th edition (unchanged reprint of the 3rd edition from 1986). Westarp Sciences, Hohenwarsleben 2005 (Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei, Volume 329), ISBN 3-89432-310-8 .
  • Rudolf Schlechter: The Orchids 4 Vol. & Regist. 3rd edition (revised Senghas, K., 1985-2003).
  • Hans Sundermann : European and Mediterranean orchids . 2nd Edition. Brücke-Verlag, Hildesheim 1975, ISBN 3-87105-010-5 .
  • JG Williams among others: Orchids of Europe with North Africa and Asia Minor . BLV Verlag, Munich 1979, ISBN 3-405-11901-4 .

Web links

Commons : Waldvöglein ( Cephalanthera )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files