Waterloo Bridge
Coordinates: 51 ° 30 ′ 31 ″ N , 0 ° 7 ′ 1 ″ W.
| Waterloo Bridge | ||
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| use | Road bridge | |
| Convicted | Main road A301 | |
| Crossing of | Thames | |
| place | London | |
| construction | Reinforced concrete - girder bridge | |
| overall length | around 400 m | |
| width | 24.38 m | |
| Longest span | 72 m | |
| start of building | 1st bridge - 1811 2nd bridge - 1937 |
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| opening | 1st bridge - June 18, 1817 2nd bridge - 1945 |
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| location | ||
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The Waterloo Bridge is a road bridge over the River Thames in London . It connects the Strand and Aldwych in the City of Westminster on the north-west side with the South Bank in the London Borough of Lambeth on the south-east side.
The first bridge at this point was opened in 1817 and named in memory of the victory in the Battle of Waterloo . The current bridge was opened in 1945.
location
The main road A301, which starts at the high beach, forms the access ramp, which climbs slightly up to the bridge along Somerset House . This then crosses the Victoria Embankment, the Thames and the Queens's Walk on the South Bank. The BFI Southbank cinema is located under the end of the bridge . The bridge's south ramp leads along Queen Elizabeth Hall , the Hayward Gallery and the National Theater to the roundabout around the BFI IMAX in the immediate vicinity of Waterloo Station .
Waterloo Bridge (1945)
The Waterloo Bridge is London's longest bridge at around 400 m, regardless of the fact that the length specifications differ greatly.
It crosses the river with 5 flat, approx. 72 m wide arches in light gray color. Apart from a horizontal grooved profile below the railing and the beveled arch edges, which appear darker as a result, the bridge has no decoration or decoration. It is clad in Portland limestone , which cleans itself when it rains. The pillars are clad in granite from the earlier bridge.
The bridge is 24.38 m (80 ft ) wide, of which 3.35 m (11 ft) are each on the two walkways. The 17.68 m (58 ft) carriageway used to have six lanes. Today an irregular juxtaposition of bicycle and bus lanes, threading lanes into the beach underpass and normal lanes on the roadway is marked.
Technical details
The bridge looks in line with the other London Thames bridges like an arch bridge, but from a constructive point of view it is a girder bridge with two parallel reinforced concrete - hollow boxes , which so strongly about the 5 bridge spans haunched are that they seem an arched bridge with spans of about 72 m generate.
The box girders under the sidewalks are 25 ft (7.6 m) wide. Their height decreases from 7.5 m above the pillars to 2.4 m at the apex of the arches . They form a continuous beam , which, however, is interrupted in the middle by an approximately 27 m (90 ft) long suspension beam . The reinforcement of the girders, is different than usual, welded to achieve a higher strength.
In the 9.14 m (50 ft) wide space there is a steel construction made up of longitudinal and transverse beams.
The four reinforced concrete - pillars are 2 m thick concrete slabs in 10.5 m depth below the river bed. The pillars have a hollow cross-section and are 35 m long and 5 m wide. They have ship-shaped flow dividers.
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Waterloo Bridge (1817)
The first bridge at this point was designed by John Rennie senior and built between 1811 and 1817 under his direction. She was 380 m (1240 ft) long. It consisted of 9 identical basket arches with spans of 36.6 m (120 ft) and arrow heights of 10.7 m (35 ft). The 8 river piers were 6.1 m (20 ft) wide and 25.9 m (85 ft) long. A pair of Doric columns stood on each of the flow dividers , above which the balustrade was interrupted by a protruding reveal, behind which pedestrians could rest. The 13 m wide bridge had 2.3 m wide sidewalks and an 8.4 m wide carriageway. The bridge was clad in granite from Penryn , Cornwall , while granite from Aberdeen was used for the balustrade .
history
Waterloo Bridge was the fourth Thames Bridge in London after London Bridge , Westminster Bridge and Blackfriars Bridge - apart from Putney Bridge, which was then far from the city .
Around 1806 real estate speculators began to be interested in a toll bridge to Lambeth because of the rapidly expanding urban area. In 1809 the Strand Bridge Company was founded and John Rennie was appointed Chief Engineer. The foundation stone was laid on October 11, 1811. With a parliamentary resolution of 1816, the name of the bridge was changed to Waterloo Bridge , in memory of the decisive victory that the Allied troops under Duke of Wellington and their allied Prussians under Field Marshal Blücher in the battle of Waterloo against Napoleon Bonaparte the year before had won. On June 18, 1817, the second anniversary of the battle, the bridge was inaugurated by the Prince Regent, who later became King George IV .
The bridge was not a financial success, however, as many people took the detour via the toll-free Westminster and Blackfriars Bridges. In 1878 the bridge was nationalized and taken over by the Metropolitan Board of Works , which also lifted the previously levied toll .
In the past, the London Bridge with its 19 narrow arches had always been a danger to shipping, but it had also slowed the tidal flow significantly. With the construction of the New London Bridge, also planned by Rennie, and the subsequent demolition of the old bridge in 1832, the tides were again able to flow almost unhindered to Teddington Lock . In the long run this led to scouring of the foundations of the Waterloo Bridge. From 1882 to 1884, concrete slabs were therefore placed around the foundations.
In 1923 subsidence appeared on three pillars, which is why the bridge was closed to traffic in 1924. As a stopgap, Sir William Arrol & Co. built a steel truss bridge , which was retained for traffic in one direction after the repair work was completed. After discussing the alternatives, the London County Council decided to demolish the bridge in 1925. However, the necessary funds were not finally approved until 1936. Meanwhile, the demolition of the Waterloo Bridge had already begun in 1934. For this, a provisional truss bridge had to be built on the existing pillars, from which the stone blocks on the bridge could be dismantled. Falsework was erected to dismantle the arches. The pillars were finally removed under the protection of sheet piling . The demolition work was planned by the engineering firm Rendel, Palmer & Tritton and carried out by Sir William Arrol & Co.
Giles Gilbert Scott , a renowned architect who was assisted by Rendel, Palmer & Tritton for the structural design, was commissioned to plan the new building . The construction work was awarded to Peter Lind & Co. Construction began in 1937 but was delayed due to the outbreak of World War II . Because of the lack of male workers, the majority of the work on the bridge was made by women; it was sometimes referred to as "Ladies' Bridge". Waterloo Bridge is the only bridge in London that was damaged in the Air Force attacks on London ( 1940/41 ). In 1942, part of the new bridge was opened to traffic. In 1943 the temporary truss bridge was dismantled. On December 10, 1945, the Waterloo Bridge was formally opened. In his address, Herbert Stanley Morrison thought full of pathos of the men involved in its construction. He didn't mention the women at all. This was made up for by Minister Tracey Crouch in 2015 .
Waterloo Bridge in 1981 as a Grade II * listed structure under monument protection provided.
The bridge in art
The bridge has been painted by various artists, including John Constable , William Turner and Claude Monet .
Others
On September 7, 1978, the Bulgarian writer Georgi Markov was the victim of the " umbrella attack " at the bus stop on the bridge . A Bulgarian secret service agent poisoned him with ricin .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ 365.76 m = 1200 ft in: Waterloo Bridge - Where Thames smooth waters glide on Thames.me.uk
- ↑ 369 m in: Waterloo Bridge on HistoricEngland.org.uk
- ↑ 378.7 m in: Waterloo Bridge (1945) on engineering-timelines.com
- ↑ 381 m = 1250 ft; so so far the German-language Wikipedia without citing the source
- ↑ 476 m, with two side fields included, in: Leonardo Fernández Troyano: Bridge Engineering. A global perspective. Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puentes, Thomas Telford 2003, ISBN 0-7277-3215-3 , p. 414
- ↑ 435.9 m = 1430 ft is the distance between the two expansion joints on Google Earth, which are usually installed at the two ends of a bridge structure.
- ^ Waterloo Bridge on BHO - British History Online
- ↑ a b Waterloo Bridge on HistoricEngland.org.uk
- ^ Christian Menn: Reinforced concrete bridges . Springer-Verlag, Vienna, New York 1986, ISBN 3-211-81936-3 , p. 25
- ↑ Leonardo Fernández Troyano: Bridge Engineering. A global perspective. Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puentes, Thomas Telford, London 2003, ISBN 0-7277-3215-3 , pp. 414 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ Leonardo Fernández Troyano: Bridge Engineering. A global perspective. Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puentes, Thomas Telford, London 2003, ISBN 0-7277-3215-3 , pp. 137 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ Old Waterloo Bridge (1817) on Engineering Timelines.com
- ↑ a b c Waterloo Bridge (1945) on Engineering Timelines.com
- ↑ Heritage Minister Recognizes Women Who Built Waterloo Bridge With National Heritage Listing (June 23, 2015).
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upstream Hungerford Bridge Tunnel on the Northern Line |
River crossings of the Thames |
Downstream Garden Bridge (planned) |