Retaining wall
A sheet pile wall is a sheeting for securing construction pits or terrain jumps , which can also take on a sealing function. In some cases, sheet piles are only for the waterproofing or for immobilization of pollutants built by enclosing of contaminated soil. As a rule, sheet piling is made from structural steel .
Manufacturing and functioning
A sheet pile wall consists of individual profiles ( sheet piles or sheet piles , the (called) usually vibrated into the ground vibrate ), rammed or pressed. In addition, special construction machines with leaders are used, to which the corresponding rams , vibrators or presses can be attached. With these machines it is also possible to pull sheet piles out of the ground for reuse.
The boards are mostly made of steel, but in exceptional cases they can also be made of reinforced concrete , plastic or wood . The individual boards are connected to one another by interlocking locks ( tongue and groove ), so that a coherent wall is created. When installing, each board is led through the lock of the board that was driven last and connected to it with a positive fit. A completely watertight connection is achieved either with plastic seals inserted in the locks or by subsequent welding.
Materials
The usual structural steels according to EN 10025 are used for steel sheet piling :
- S 235 JRC (1.0120)
- S 275 JRC (1.0128)
- S 355 JRC (1.0551)
A special corrosion protection is explicitly not provided. An erosion rate in the air and soil of approx. 0.01 mm / year and in fresh and sea water of approx. 0.03 mm / year is assumed. Exact values for the dimensioning are specified in DIN EN 1993-5 , Chapter 4.4.
Profiles
Sheet pile wall profiles differ in their shape and material thickness. The best known are light profiles ( Hoesch , Krupp ), panel profiles (Hoesch, Larssen , Krupp), Z-profiles (Krupp, Hoesch, Peiner , Arbed ) and I-profiles ( Arbed or Peiner box sheet piling). Trunking boards are related to sheet pile wall profiles . However, these do not have an interlocking, tight lock and are therefore not suitable for sealing tasks.
The common profiles are available in lengths of approx. 6 m to 30 m.
Statics
In the simplest case, a sheet pile wall is only held in place by being deeply embedded in the subsoil, which corresponds to the static system of a cantilever . It must be taken into account that the sheet pile wall must be considerably longer than the excavation depth. From a certain height of the wall, additional support is usually required. This is done using internal horizontal straps that give the system additional support . The belts are either supported against each other or anchored back into the ground with ground anchors . It is also possible to support the belts on the base of the excavation using inclined struts. However, this takes up a relatively large amount of (often non-existent) space.
Areas of application
The main area of application is the securing of construction pits in areas where the available space does not allow an embankment or a seal against pressing water is required (see foundation (construction) , structural sealing # sealing against pressing water ). Sheet pile walls are used here as temporary safety measures that can be pulled back after the construction work has been completed and the excavation pit has been backfilled.
Steel sheet piling can be made practically watertight. It is possible to work in a construction pit (sheet pile wall box) enclosed by sheet pile walls, even below the water table. At the bottom, the construction pit is sealed either by a naturally dense soil or a concrete slab (underwater concrete base). With dewatering it is also possible to temporarily lower the groundwater in the construction pit.
Sheet pile walls are adjacent to the time-limited use as shoring permanently as components in hydraulic engineering for quay walls , sluice walls , channels (watercourse with artificially produced water bed), moles and dock , as well as flood protection used.
Sheet pile walls are among the "soft shoring types" ('soft' means: Depending on the depth, back anchors or stiffeners must be inserted at certain intervals; see also construction pit # construction pit sheeting ). They are not suitable if the settlement of neighboring structures outside the excavation could lead to damage, e.g. B. in inner-city areas.
Combi wall
Combination walls are a special design for sheet pile walls. In order to increase the rigidity of the shoring wall, I-profiles are inserted into the ground as support piles at regular intervals and the spaces between them are filled with conventional sheet piles. The bearing piles reduce their high modulus of the deformations of the combi wall.
The dimensions of the supporting piles are similar to the I-beams customary in construction, but the edges of the flanges are adapted accordingly in order to be able to create a tight lock connection with the intermediate piles.
history
The Romans already used sheet piling. Until the 19th century, however, there were only wooden sheet piling.
The steel sheet pile wall in its current design was invented around 1880 by the Bremen state master builder Tryggve Larssen . The service life of this sheet pile wall, which was also called Larssen iron sheet pile wall , rivetless iron sheet pile wall type Larssen or after a manufacturer Rothe Erde sheet pile wall , was estimated at 80 to 100 years at the beginning of the 20th century. One of the manufacturers was the German-Luxembourgish mining and smelting company .
The steel sheet pile wall consisted of a U-shaped profile with a riveted connecting clamp, the lock. They were manufactured at Stahlwerk Union in Dortmund from 1902, and when they proved successful, Larssen received a patent in 1904. In 1902 the first sheet pile wall was rammed into the Hohentorshafen in Bremen, where it still stands today. In the period from 1914 to 1921, the sheet pile wall profile with a lock was developed and has since been rolled from one piece. In competition with the U-profile, building director Lamp invented the Z-profile in 1912, which was first manufactured in Luxembourg , and from 1926 in a modified form at Hoesch in Dortmund .
literature
- Sheet pile wall manual calculation, Thyssen Krupp Bautechnik GfT, foreword Jürgen Grabe, 2007 (the continuation of the Hoesch sheet pile wall manual)
- Working committee "Bank edging" of HTG e. V. (Hrsg.): Recommendations of the working committee “Bank edging”. Ports and waterways . "EAU 2012". 11th edition. Ernst & Sohn , Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-433-01848-4 (690 pages, also as an e-book).
- Bernhard Wietek : Basic construction - introduction to theory and practice . MANZ Verlag Schulbuch GmbH, Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-7068-1206-1
Web links
- Sheet pile handbook (PDF)
- TU Graz building wiki
- Sheet pile walls - Part 1 (PDF; 4.2 MB), 2 (PDF; 4.7 MB), 3 (PDF; 2.3 MB) and 4 (PDF; 4 MB) - information brochure from the Steel Information Center
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Review of technical journals. : Oesterreichische / Österreichische monthly for the public building service. Official trade journal (…) , year 1911, p. 536 (online at ANNO ).
- ↑ Thyssen Krupp GfT Bautechnik ( Memento of the original from April 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) - sheet pile calculation
- ↑ a b (Advertisement by the "German-Luxembourgish Mining and Huts Act."). : The hydropower. Central body for water management and water law interests. Austria-Hungary's first trade journal in this field / Austrian water management. (before (as) "Die Wasserkraft"). Organ of the water management association of Austrian industry and the central association for river and canal shipping in Austria. Austria-Hungary's first specialist journal in this field / The water management. (formerly "Oesterr. Water Management" and "The White Coal"). Journal for all technical, economic and legal questions related to inland navigation and water management (...) / The water management. Journal for all technical, economic and legal questions in the water and electricity industry (…) , year 1918, p. 383 (online at ANNO ).
- ^ Advertisement for the "Hut Belval (Luxembourg"). : The hydropower. Central body for water management and water law interests. Austria-Hungary's first trade journal in this field / Austrian water management. (before (as) "Die Wasserkraft"). Organ of the water management association of Austrian industry and the central association for river and canal shipping in Austria. Austria-Hungary's first specialist journal in this field / The water management. (formerly "Oesterr. Water Management" and "The White Coal"). Journal for all technical, economic and legal questions related to inland navigation and water management (...) / The water management. Journal for all technical, economic and legal questions in the water and electricity industry (…) , year 1926, p. 543 (online at ANNO ).
- ^ Review of technical magazines. : Oesterreichische / Österreichische monthly for the public building service. Official trade journal (…) , year 1911, p. 537 (online at ANNO ).
- ↑ Compare Geotechnik 1992, Issue 4, Festschrift 90 years Hoesch steel sheet piling , article S. Roth (Hoesch) with photo p. 179. The locks are riveted and thus the sheet piling can be dated before 1914, because Hoesch only succeeded in this year to roll the locks. Another old sheet pile wall with riveted locks is in the city harbor of Lünen .
