Living terrace

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Zollischeck terrace, Sternstrasse, Sahlhaus construction

The inner development of an urban block of houses is called a terrace , terrace house or residential terrace in Hamburg . As a rule, these are multi-storey apartment buildings arranged in a row , which stand behind a front building at right angles to the street axis and are accessed via a passage and mostly non-drivable residential path. If the row of houses runs through a whole block and has another entrance on the opposite street, it is usually called a passage . Terraces and passages were created from the mid-19th to the beginning of the 20th century in the expansion areas near the city and port and go back to the tradition of the inner-city development of the Gängeviertel typical of Hamburg at this time . In their building history, they show the development stages of urban reform approaches, are considered to be a copy of the traditional workers' quarters and at the same time as the forerunners of the social settlements of the Schumacher era that emerged after the First World War .

term

The term terrace was transferred from the English terraced houses (row houses) in the 19th century and originally referred to private roads with small apartment complexes branching off from public roads. It was included in the Hamburg Building Police Act in 1865 and in the official Hamburg address books in the 1870s. It is viewed as a euphemism or a speculative lie, since it gives "a thing of little respect a name, albeit an inappropriate, yet melodious name". It cannot be clearly delimited and is used colloquially for various forms of backyard development. In the address books of the 1920s, however, a very precise distinction was made, so terraces in the narrower sense are exclusively the rows of houses across the street. Hinterhäuser were mostly commercial buildings parallel to the perimeter buildings, courtyards were subject to mixed use and were created irregular, small buildings with innerhöfischen garden areas were as garden houses called.

Building history

The first terraces were built from 1845 in the then newly developed cloister area of today's Schanzenviertel . After the closure of the gate in 1860, a large number of these backyard rows were created with the construction of mass housing in the urban expansion areas that make up today's districts of St. Pauli , Sternschanze , St. Georg , Borgfelde and Rothenburgsort . Their structural orientation was determined by the Hamburg Building Police Act of 1865.

The next construction phase is seen for the period from 1880 to the beginning of the 20th century in the ring, which stretches around the inner city with the districts of Rotherbaum , Eimsbüttel , Eppendorf , Winterhude , Barmbek , Uhlenhorst , Eilbek and Hammerbrook . In the areas of the town of Altona , which was independent until 1937, numerous courtyard buildings with terraces emerged at the end of the 19th century, but these are characterized by their different structures. In the areas of Wandsbek , Wilhelmsburg and Harburg , which were also not previously Hamburg , terraces remained exceptions in the development.

The first terrace buildings were narrow due to the intensive use of urban building land and were considered inaccessible to light, air and sun. They were built without minimum hygienic standards, water points and toilets were outside the houses in the courtyard. The shared toilets brought a first step forward, they were sanitary rooms laid out on each floor at the landing , until finally water connections were installed in the apartments. By changing the floor plan, stairwells could be fitted with windows, which in addition to the incidence of light, offered ventilation options. An attempt was made to limit the building density with minimum spacing requirements under building law .

During the bombing of the Second World War , many of the terraces were destroyed, others were demolished in the post-war period and replaced by new buildings. In the 1980s, extensive examinations of the existing structure were carried out, almost 400 terraces had been preserved to date. The Hamburg building authorities classified most of them as worthy of preservation, many of them were placed under monument protection and renovated. The rise in living standards, but also increasing urban traffic and increasing noise pollution, which one escapes in the backyards, have made the terraces more popular.

particularities

Rows of booths

Row of stalls in the Große Freiheit

Booths are single-storey rear buildings and are considered relics from the pre-industrial era, which were only rarely used in the urban expansion areas. A row of stalls with 16 houses in Marktstrasse 7 in the Karolinenviertel , St. Pauli, which were built after the great fire of 1842 as emergency shelters for the homeless, has been preserved in today's townscape . Formerly located in Altona, the Holsteinischer Hof from 1850 was at Große Freiheit 84, today St. Pauli, whose south terrace still exists. Other rows of stalls that have been preserved are the Bleicherhäuser in Ulmenstrasse 33/35 in Winterhude, built in 1866, and the Moorwood workers' houses from 1890 on Küsterkamp 24-27 in Wandsbek. The name Bude was also transferred to the lower apartments in the Sahlhäuser.

Sahlhäuser

Sahlhäuser in Hamburg-Ottensen , Zeißstraße 22–34

Sahlhäuser are multi-storey residential buildings, the upper floors of which, known as Sähle or Sahlwohnungen, can be reached through a separate staircase. A striking element is the resulting group of three doors, with the staircase in the middle and the doors to the separate ground floor apartments or stalls immediately to the right and left of it . Sahlhäuser also go back to pre-industrial times, were already elements of the Gängeviertel and were created by adding storeys to small houses and stalls. In the middle to the end of the 19th century, they were built in mass housing, mainly in St. Pauli and Altona, also as street-facing buildings, but this type of construction can be found particularly in the terraces. Sahlhäuser in the backyard buildings that have been preserved are, for example, the Zollischeck terrace at Sternstrasse 29 in Sternschanze or the row of houses at Wohlersallee 6-10 in Altona.

Alster and Elbe terraces

The residential complexes near the Alster and Elbe in Rotherbaum / Harvestehude and Ottensen, built in the last third of the 19th century, are a special form of terrace buildings. This is a row of buildings behind the country houses and villas of the Hamburg merchants, some as so-called row villas , on former private roads. They were inhabited by a “broad bourgeois public” and were also referred to as the “upper class of the Hamburg terrace stock”. When the private paths were taken over as public roads, their names became the official designation, regardless of the existing buildings, for example the Alsterterrasse and the Sophienterrasse on the Alster and the Rainvilleterrasse and the Klopstockterrasse on the Elbe.

literature

  • Jörg Haspel: Hamburg's back houses: terraces - passages - courtyards . Christians Verlag, Hamburg 1987, ISBN 3-7672-9968-2

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Hermann Funke: On the history of the Hamburg rental house. Publications of the Association for Hamburg History , Volume XXV, Hamburg 1974, p. 56
  2. Jörg Haspel: Hamburger Hinterhäuser: Terraces - Passages - Courtyards , p. 11
  3. ^ Franklin Kopitzsch , Daniel Tilgner (ed.): Hamburg Lexikon. Ellert & Richter, Hamburg 2010, ISBN 9783831903733 , p. 695 f.
  4. Jörg Haspel: Hamburger Hinterhäuser: Terraces - Passages - Courtyards , p. 8 ff.
  5. hamburg.de: Historic booths on Marktstrasse: Lawaetz Foundation and Monument Protection Office complete renovation , accessed on March 7, 2011
  6. Jörg Haspel: Hamburger Hinterhäuser: Terraces - Passages - Courtyards , p. 44 ff.
  7. Jörg Haspel: Hamburger Hinterhäuser: Terraces - Passages - Courtyards , p. 46 ff.
  8. Jörg Haspel: Hamburger Hinterhäuser: Terraces - Passages - Courtyards , p. 36

Web links

Commons : Residential terraces in Hamburg  - collection of images, videos and audio files