Circumcision style

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The circumcision style (also called circumcision style ) is a calendar style , according to which the year begins on January 1st . This counting method is the most common worldwide today. The name is derived from the Christian feast of the circumcision of the Lord (Circumcisio Domini) , which was traditionally celebrated on this day, and is particularly common in the historical auxiliary sciences .

history

Antiquity

Since 153 BC The beginning of the Roman year was celebrated on the calendar of Januarius, i.e. January 1st. In late antiquity, the Roman Church polemicized against January 1st as the beginning of the year. It usually started the year on December 25th ( Christmas , hence nativity style ). The Council of Tours in 567 banned traditional celebrations on January 1st. Nevertheless, the day as the beginning of the year was sometimes used longer in civil life, including as the beginning of the accounting year. Since the 6th century, the feast of the “circumcision of the Lord” (Circumcisio Domini) has been celebrated on this day in the church year .

middle Ages

In England the circumcision style was partly in use between 1066 and 1155, in Naples it was used from around 1266 to 1284. The royal chancellery of Rudolf I used it from 1273 to 1291, as did that of Ludwig the Bavarian between 1314 and 1323, the chancelleries of the other German kings and emperors almost exclusively used the nativity style.

The diocese of Münster introduced January 1st as the beginning of the year in 1313; the office of the city of Frankfurt am Main used it continuously from 1338 to 1484, in the 14th century also Kurmainz , Meißen , Thuringia and from around 1450 the Polish royal chancellery . The widespread beginning of the year, however, remained December 25th, less often March 25th ( preaching of the Lord , therefore annunciating style ) or other regional days.

Modern times

It was only in the course of the 16th century that January 1st became the beginning of the year almost everywhere in Germany, as well as in France , the Netherlands , Denmark , Sweden and large parts of Switzerland , and in the early 17th century in the Archdiocese of Trier . The papal chancellery used it from 1621, Pope Innocent XII. from 1691 for his bulls.

In 1700, Tsar Peter the Great set January 1st as the beginning of the year for Russia , England in 1764, and the Republic of Venice in 1797 . In the following centuries, January 1st became the first day of the year in many countries outside Europe, including Japan since 1873 .

literature

  • Hermann Grotefend : Calendar of the German Middle Ages and the modern age. Volume 1. Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hanover 1891, pp. 22–24 ( manuscripta-mediaevalia.de [extended version]).
  • Friedrich Karl Ginzel : Handbook of mathematical and technical chronology. Timekeeping of the Nations. III. Volume: Calculation of the time of the Macedonians, Asia Minor and Syrians, the Teutons and Celts, the Middle Ages, the Byzantines (and Russians), Armenians, Copts, Abyssinians, the calculation of modern times, as well as supplements to the three volumes. Leipzig 1914, pp. 157–159 .
  • Anna-Dorothee von den Brincken : Anno Domini 1308. Notes on the calculation of time. In: Andreas Speer, David Wirmer (Ed.): 1308. A topography of historical simultaneity (= Miscellanea Mediaevalia. Volume 35). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2010, ISBN 978-3-11-021875-6 , pp. 3–12, here p. 11 , urn : nbn: de: 101: 1-201605272402 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Harry Bresslau : Handbook of document teaching in Germany and Italy. Second volume. 2nd / 3rd Edition. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1958 ( scan in Google book search).