Trembling spiders
Trembling spiders | ||||||||||||
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Trembling spider, female |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Pholcidae | ||||||||||||
CL Koch , 1851 |
Tremble spiders (Pholcidae) are a family of real spiders and in 2016 comprised a total of 80 genera with 1506 species .
Trembling spiders are sometimes confused with harvestmen (opiliones) because of some similarities, especially because of their very long legs in relation to the body .
Distribution and genera in Europe
With the exception of Antarctica and some islands, trembling spiders are distributed worldwide, but most species colonize the primary forests of the tropical and subtropical regions. Some representatives can also be found in caves and rocky environments.
In Germany , Austria and Switzerland four genera with five species have so far been recorded; however, their distribution is confusing and neighboring zonobiomes are much more species-rich. The quiver spiders native to the German-speaking region immigrated from the eastern Mediterranean . In coastal areas of Europe they are almost completely absent; in Belgium they are replaced by pantropical species, and in western and southern Europe they are replaced by quiver spiders from the western Mediterranean.
The following genera occur in Europe:
- Artema ( Belgium )
- Holocnemus (Mediterranean area, immigrated to Austria)
- Micropholcus (Belgium)
- Pholcus (two species in Europe, in Central Europe in houses, caves, cellars etc.)
- Psilochorus (Subtropics of America , in Europe in greenhouses and cellars)
- Spermophora (Eastern Mediterranean, immigrated to Austria, Switzerland)
- Spermophorides (three representatives in Spain and France )
description
They are very small to medium-sized spiders (up to approx. 10 mm) with extremely long and delicate legs (up to approx. 50 mm). The coloring usually consists of inconspicuous gray or yellow tones, sometimes with dark drawings and, with a few exceptions, is contourless.
Trembling spiders weave irregular and diffuse spatial webs of three-dimensional dimensions and of considerable size, through which they move skillfully and which enable them to overpower much larger animals.
With a few exceptions, the silk of the ecribellate trembling spiders is dry (glue-free), extremely stretchy and curled up like wool. This usually makes it impossible for prey to break free. Escape reactions only lead to more entanglement. A network is constantly being built and can also overlap with those of conspecifics, e.g. B. in the great trembling spider . In Central Europe it is found almost exclusively in buildings, preferably at low heights, therefore mainly in cellars. The other native representatives of the family prefer more or less protected places, tree hollows and rock hollows in the open air. Tremble spiders are predominantly nocturnal.
The behavior of the genus Pholcus , which gives the genus its name in the German-speaking world , to tremble when there is danger in the net, is not shown by all species, and even with these it can often only be observed in young animals. The tremor is a rapid swaying that blurs the spider's outlines to confuse an attacker.
A good distinguishing feature of the quiver spiders from other families is the structure of their chelicerae , in which a tiny spine is formed ventrally and facilitates the device's tweezer-like function. In addition to the quiver spiders, this form of the jaw claw is only found in real spiders in the Sicariidae and some orb web spiders . The position of the eyes is a characteristic of the genus within the trembling spider.
Systematics
The World Spider Catalog currently lists 80 genera and 1506 species for the quiver spiders. (As of June 2016)
- Aetana Huber , 2005
- Anansus Huber , 2007
- Anopsicus Chamberlin & Ivie , 1938
- Artema Walckenaer , 1837
- Aucana Huber , 2000
- Aymaria Huber , 2000
- Belisana Thorell , 1898
- Blancoa Huber , 2000
- Buitinga Huber , 2003
- Calapnita Simon , 1892
- Canaima Huber , 2000
- Carapoia González-Sponga , 1998
- Cenemus Saaristo , 2001
- Chibchea Huber , 2000
-
Chichiriviche González-Sponga , 2011
- Chichiriviche costanero González-Sponga , 2011
- Chisosa Huber , 2000
- Ciboneya Pérez , 2001
-
Codazziella González-Sponga , 2005
- Codazziella pilosa González-Sponga , 2005
- Coryssocnemis Simon , 1893
- Crossopriza Simon , 1893
-
Enetea Huber , 2000
- Enetea apatellata Huber , 2000
- Galapa Huber , 2000
- Gertschiola Brignoli , 1981
- Guaranita Huber , 2000
- Hantu Huber , 2016
- Holocneminus Berland , 1942
- Holocnemus Simon , 1873
- Hoplopholcus Kulczyński , 1908
- Ibotyporanga Mello-Leitão , 1944
- Ixchela Huber , 2000
- Kambiwa Huber , 2000
- Khorata Huber , 2005
- Leptopholcus Simon , 1893
- Litoporus Simon , 1893
- Mecolaesthus Simon , 1893
- Mesabolivar González-Sponga , 1998
- Metagonia Simon , 1893
- Micromerys Bradley , 1877
- Micropholcus Deeleman-Reinhold & Prinsen , 1987
- Modisimus Simon , 1893
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Nerudia Huber , 2000
- Nerudia atacama Huber , 2000
- Ninetis Simon , 1890
-
Nita Huber & El-Hennawy , 2007
- Nita elsaff Huber & El-Hennawy , 2007
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Nyikoa Huber , 2007
- Nyikoa limbe Huber , 2007
-
Ossinissa Dimitrov & Ribera , 2005
- Ossinissa justoi (Wunderlich , 1992)
- Otavaloa Huber , 2000
- Panjange Deeleman-Reinhold & Deeleman , 1983
- Papiamenta Huber , 2000
- Paramicromerys Millot , 1946
- Pehrforsskalia Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten , 2001
- Pholcophora Banks , 1896
- Pholcus Walckenaer , 1805
- Physocycle Simon , 1893
- Pisaboa Huber , 2000
- Platnicknia Özdikmen & Demir , 2009
- Pomboa Huber , 2000
- Priscula Simon , 1893
- Psilochorus Simon , 1893
- Quamtana Huber , 2003
-
Queliceria González-Sponga , 2003
- Queliceria discrepantis González-Sponga , 2003
- Savarna Huber , 2005
- Sihala Huber , 2011
- Smeringopina Kraus , 1957
- Smeringopus Simon , 1890
- Spermophora Hentz , 1841
- Spermophorides Wunderlich , 1992
- Stenosfemuraia González-Sponga , 1998
- Stygopholcus Absolon & Kratochvíl , 1932
-
Systenita Simon , 1893
- Systenita prasina Simon , 1893
- Tainonia Huber , 2000
-
Teuia Huber , 2000
- Teuia beckeri Huber , 2000
-
Tibetia Zhang, Zhu & Song , 2006
- Tibetia everesti (Hu & Li , 1987)
- Tolteca Huber , 2000
- Trichocycle Simon , 1908
- Tupigea Huber , 2000
- Uthina Simon , 1893
- Wanniyala Huber & Benjamin , 2005
- Waunana Huber , 2000
- Wugigarra Huber , 2001
- Zatavua Huber , 2003
gallery
This video shows a trembling spider that uses its "tremors" to become invisible.
The video shows a trembling spider spinning a housefly .
Web links
- Pholcidae in the World Spider Catalog
- Pholcidae in the Wiki of the Arachnological Society
literature
- Stefan Heimer, Wolfgang Nentwig: Spinning Central Europe. Paul Parey, Berlin 1991, ISBN 3-489-53534-0 .
- Rainer F. Foelix: Biology of the spiders. Thieme, Stuttgart 1979, ISBN 3-13-575801-X .
- Dick Jones: The Cosmos Spider Guide. Franckh'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 1980, ISBN 3-440-06141-8 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Natural History Museum of the Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 17.0 - Pholcidae . Retrieved June 6, 2016.
- ↑ Pamela A. Zobel-Thropp, Jennifer Mullins, Charles Kristensen, Brent A. Kronmiller, Cynthia L. David, Linda A. Breci, Greta J. Binford: Not so Dangerous After All? Venom Composition and Potency of the Pholcid (Daddy Long-Leg) Spider Physocyclus mexicanus Front. Ecol. Evol., July 2019 doi: 10.3389 / fevo.2019.00256
- ↑ Tropical-African quiver spiders , project description by the Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK); accessed on June 6, 2016
- ^ Gertsch, Willis J. 1979: American Spiders, 2nd edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. ISBN 0-442-22649-7 .
- ^ Kurt Stüber: The long-legged cellar spider. ( Memento from April 11, 2001 in the Internet Archive ) On: mpiz-koeln.mpg.de from July 21, 1999.
- ^ Recluse Identification The Recluse Room