Planet symbols: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Graphical symbols used in astrology and astronomy}} |
{{short description|Graphical symbols used in astrology and astronomy}} |
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A '''planet symbol''' |
A '''planet symbol''' or '''planetary symbol''' is a graphical symbol used in [[astrological symbol|astrology]] and [[astronomical symbol|astronomy]] to represent a [[classical planet]] (including the Sun and the Moon) or one of the modern planets. The symbols were also used in [[alchemy]] to represent the [[Classical planets in Western alchemy|metals associated with the planets]], and in calendars for their associated days. Most of the symbols originated in [[Greco-Roman astronomy]]; their modern forms developed in the 16th century. |
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The classical planets, their symbols, days and most commonly associated [[planetary metal]]s are: |
The classical planets, their symbols, days and most commonly associated [[planetary metal]]s are: |
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{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" |
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|- |
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!planet |
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|planet || Moon || Mercury || Venus || Sun || Mars || Jupiter || Saturn |
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| [[Moon]]|| [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]|| [[Venus]]|| [[Sun]]|| [[Mars]]|| [[Jupiter]]|| [[Saturn]] |
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|- |
|- |
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!symbol |
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|symbol (image) || [[file:Moon decrescent symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|☾]] || [[file:Mercury symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|☿]] || [[file:Venus symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|♀]] || [[file:Sun symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|☉]] || [[file:Mars symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|♂]] || [[file:Jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|♃]] || [[file:Saturn symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|♄]] |
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| [[file:Moon decrescent symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|☾]] || [[file:Mercury symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|☿]] || [[file:Venus symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|♀]] || [[file:Sun symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|☉]] || [[file:Mars symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|♂]] || [[file:Jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|♃]] || [[file:Saturn symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|♄]] |
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|- |
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!unicode |
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|day || Monday || Wednesday || Friday || Sunday || Tuesday || Thursday || Saturday |
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| ☾ || ☿ || ♀︎ || ☉ || ♂︎ || ♃ || ♄ |
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|- |
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!day |
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|metal || silver || mercury || copper || gold || iron || tin || lead |
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| Monday || Wednesday || Friday || Sunday || Tuesday || Thursday || Saturday |
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|- |
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!metal |
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| silver || quicksilver || copper || gold || iron || tin || lead |
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|- |
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|} |
|} |
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{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" |
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|- |
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!planet |
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|planet || Mercury || Venus || Earth || Mars || Jupiter ||Saturn || Uranus || Neptune |
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| Mercury || Venus || [[Earth]]|| Mars || Jupiter ||Saturn || [[Uranus]]|| [[Neptune]] |
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|- |
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!symbol |
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|symbol (image) || [[file:Mercury symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|☿]] || [[file:Venus symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|♀]] || [[file:Earth symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|🜨]] || [[file:Mars symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|♂]] || [[file:Jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|♃]] || [[file:Saturn symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|♄]] || [[file:Uranus platinum symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|⛢]] || [[file:Neptune symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|♆]] |
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| [[file:Mercury symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|☿]] || [[file:Venus symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|♀]] || [[file:Earth symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|🜨]] || [[file:Mars symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|♂]] || [[file:Jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|♃]] || [[file:Saturn symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|♄]] || [[file:Uranus platinum symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|⛢]] || [[file:Neptune symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|♆]] |
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|- |
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!initial (IAU) |
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|initial (IAU) || Me<ref>Or 'H', with 'M' for 'Mars'. In a provision for the unlikely event a satellite were ever discovered around Mercury, it would be abbreviated 'H1'.</ref> || V || E || Ma || J || S || U || N |
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| Me<br>H{{efn|name=H_vs_Me_note|In order to have one-letter abbreviations for every planet, the IAU recommends 'H' (''[[Hermes]]'') for Mercury and 'M' for Mars. In the unlikely event a satellite were ever discovered around Mercury, its official abbreviation would be '''H1'''.}} || V || E || Ma<br>M{{efn|name=H_vs_Me_note}} || J || S || U || N |
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==History== |
==History== |
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===Classical planets=== |
===Classical planets=== |
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{{Main article|Classical planet}} |
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Antecedents of the planetary symbols are attested in the attributes given to classical deities. The Roman [[planisphere]] of Bianchini (2nd century, currently in the [[Louvre]], inv. Ma 540)<ref name=imss>{{cite web |
Antecedents of the planetary symbols are attested in the attributes given to classical deities. The Roman [[planisphere]] of Bianchini (2nd century, currently in the [[Louvre]], inv. Ma 540)<ref name=imss>{{cite web |
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| url = https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010278829 |
| url = https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010278829 |
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| title = plaque |
| title = plaque; planisphère de Bianchini |
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| publisher = Louvre |
| publisher = Louvre |
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| location = Paris |
| location = Paris |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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Bianchini planisphere - Luna.png|Luna with a crescent |
Bianchini planisphere - Luna.png|[[Luna (goddess)|Luna]] with a crescent |
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Bianchini planisphere - Mercury.png|Mercury with a caduceus |
Bianchini planisphere - Mercury.png|[[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]] with a caduceus |
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Bianchini planisphere - Venus.png|Venus with a shining mirror |
Bianchini planisphere - Venus.png|[[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] with a shining mirror |
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Bianchini planisphere - Sol.png|Sol emanating rays |
Bianchini planisphere - Sol.png|[[Sol (Roman mythology)|Sol]] emanating rays |
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Bianchini planisphere - Mars.png|Mars with a spear |
Bianchini planisphere - Mars.png|[[Mars (mythology)|Mars]] with a spear |
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Bianchini planisphere - Jupiter.png|Jupiter with a staff |
Bianchini planisphere - Jupiter.png|[[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] with a staff |
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Bianchini planisphere - Saturn.png|Saturn with a scythe |
Bianchini planisphere - Saturn.png|[[Saturn (mythology)|Saturn]] with a scythe |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late Greek papyri.<ref name=jones-1999> |
The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late Greek papyri.<ref name="jones-1999"> |
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{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MokzymQ43IC |title=Astronomical Papyri from Oxyrhynchus: (P. Oxy. 4133-4300a) |date=1999 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |isbn=978-0-87169-233-7 |language=en}} |
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| title = Astronomical papyri from Oxyrhynchus |
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</ref>{{efn| |
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| last = Jones |
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"It is now possible to trace the medieval symbols for at least four of the five planets to forms that occur in some of the latest papyrus horoscopes ([ [[Oxyrhynchus Papyri|P.Oxy.]] ] 4272, 4274, 4275 [...]). Mercury's is a stylized caduceus. ... The ideal form of Mars' symbol is uncertain, and perhaps not related to the later circle with an arrow {{nobr|through it." — Jones (1999)<ref name=jones-1999/>}} |
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| first = Alexander |
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}} |
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| date = 1999 |
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| pages = 62–63 |
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Early forms are also found in medieval Byzantine codices which preserve horoscopes.<ref name=neugebauer-1975> |
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| isbn = 0-87169-233-3 |
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{{cite book |
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| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8MokzymQ43IC |
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| last = Neugebauer | first = Otto |
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| quote = It is now possible to trace the medieval symbols for at least four of the five planets to forms that occur in some of the latest papyrus horoscopes ([ [[Oxyrhynchus Papyri|P.Oxy.]] ] 4272, 4274, 4275 [...]). Mercury's is a stylized caduceus. … The ideal form of Mars' symbol is uncertain, and perhaps not related to the later circle with an arrow through it.}}</ref> Early forms are also found in medieval Byzantine codices which preserve horoscopes.<ref name=neugebauer-1975>{{cite book |
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| year = 1975 |
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| title = A history of ancient mathematical astronomy |
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| title = A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy |
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| last = Neugebauer |
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| |
| isbn = 0-387-06995-X |
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| |
| pages = 788–789 |
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}} |
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| pages = 788–789 |
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</ref> |
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| isbn = 0-387-06995-X |
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}}</ref> |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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Moon symbol (medieval ms).png |
Moon symbol (medieval ms).png|The symbol for the Moon in a medieval Byzantine (11th c.) ms. The appearance in late Classical times was similar.<ref name=jones-1999/> |
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Mercury symbol (late classical and medieval mss).png|The symbol for Mercury in late Classical (4th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) mss<ref name=jones-1999/> |
Mercury symbol (late classical and medieval mss).png|The symbol for Mercury in late Classical (4th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) mss<ref name=jones-1999/> |
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Venus symbol (late classical and medieval mss).png |
Venus symbol (late classical and medieval mss).png|The symbol for Venus in late Classical (4th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) mss<ref name=jones-1999/> |
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Sun symbol (late classical and medieval mss).png |
Sun symbol (late classical and medieval mss).png|The disk with a ray as a symbol for the Sun in late Classical (4th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) mss<ref name=jones-1999/> |
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Mars symbol (late classical and medieval |
Mars symbol (late classical and medieval mss).png|The symbol for Mars in late Classical (6th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) mss.<ref name=jones-1999/> |
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Jupiter symbol (late classical and medieval mss).png |
Jupiter symbol (late classical and medieval mss).png|The symbol for Jupiter in late Classical (4th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) mss<ref name=jones-1999/> |
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Saturn symbol (late classical and medieval mss).png |
Saturn symbol (late classical and medieval mss).png|The symbol for Saturn in late Classical (4th & 5th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) mss. Cf. kappa-rho, {{angbr|[[κ]][[ρ]]}}.<ref name=jones-1999/> |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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A diagram in the astronomical compendium by Johannes Kamateros (12th century) closely |
A diagram in the astronomical compendium by Johannes Kamateros (12th century) closely resembles the 11th-century forms shown above, with the Sun represented by a circle with a single ray, Jupiter by the letter ''[[zeta]]'' (the initial of [[Zeus]], Jupiter's counterpart in Greek mythology), Mars by a round shield in front of a diagonal spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern ones, though without the crosshatch-marks seen in modern versions of Mercury, Venus, Jupiter and Saturn.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} These cross-marks first appear in the late 15th or early 16th century. According to Maunder, the addition of crosses appears to be "an attempt to give a savour of Christianity to the symbols of the old pagan gods."<ref name=maunder>Maunder (1934)</ref> |
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The modern forms of the classical planetary symbols are found in a woodcut of the seven planets in a Latin translation of [[Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi]]'s ''De Magnis Coniunctionibus'' printed at Venice in 1506, represented as the corresponding gods riding chariots.<ref name=maunder239>Maunder (1934:239)</ref> |
The modern forms of the classical planetary symbols are found in a woodcut of the seven planets in a Latin translation of [[Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi]]'s ''De Magnis Coniunctionibus'' printed at Venice in 1506, represented as the corresponding gods riding chariots.<ref name=maunder239>Maunder (1934:239)</ref> |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:Fotothek df tg 0007129 Theosophie ^ Alchemie.jpg|Early modern depiction of the planet symbols in an alchemical context (''[[Musaeum Hermeticum]]'', 1678) |
File:Fotothek df tg 0007129 Theosophie ^ Alchemie.jpg|Early modern depiction of the planet symbols in an alchemical context (''[[Musaeum Hermeticum]]'', 1678) |
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File:Translation of Albumasar Venice 1515 De Magnis Coniunctionibus.jpg|Page spread (with the |
File:Translation of Albumasar Venice 1515 De Magnis Coniunctionibus.jpg|Page spread (with the signs for Mars and Venus) from a 1515 illustrated edition of [[Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi]]'s ''De Magnis Coniunctionibus'' (in the by translation by [[Herman of Carinthia]], {{Circa|1140}}, ''editio princeps'' by Erhard Ratdolt of Augsburg, 1489). |
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Abu Ma'shar(Ibn Balkhi)-850AD.png|Depiction of the planets in a 15th-century Arabic manuscript of Abu Ma'shar's |
Abu Ma'shar(Ibn Balkhi)-850AD.png|Depiction of the planets in a 15th-century Arabic manuscript of Abu Ma'shar's "Book of nativities"{{efn|BNF Arabe 2583 folio 15v: Saturn is shown as a black bearded man, kneeling and holding a scythe or axe; Mercury is shown as a scribe holding an open codex; Jupiter as a man of the law wearing a turban; Venus as a lute-player; Mars as a helmeted warrior holding a sword and the head of an enemy.}} |
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File:F4.v. zodiac circle with planets - NLW MS 735C.png|Medieval |
File:F4.v. zodiac circle with planets - NLW MS 735C.png|Medieval [[planisphere]] showing the [[zodiac]] and the [[classical planets]]. The planets are represented by seven faces. |
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File:Zug - Zytturm 2010-06-18 calendar crop.jpg|16th-century mechanical clock calendar, using the symbols of the eponymous planets for the days of the week. |
File:Zug - Zytturm 2010-06-18 calendar crop.jpg|16th-century mechanical clock + calendar, using the symbols of the eponymous planets for the days of the week. |
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File: |
File:Royal Society of Chemistry - Robert Boyle Prize for Analytical Science - 2014 - Andy Mabbett - 06 (cropped - planetary symbols).jpg|Planetary-metal symbols at the center of the coat of arms of the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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[[File:Globus cruciger (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|''Globus cruciger'' symbol for Earth]] |
[[File:Globus cruciger (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|''Globus cruciger'' symbol for Earth]] |
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{{commons category|Earth symbols}} |
{{commons category|Earth symbols}} |
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[[Earth]] is not one of the |
[[Earth]] is not one of the classical planets, as "planets" by definition were "wandering stars" as seen from Earth's surface. |
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Earth's status as planet is a consequence of [[heliocentrism]] in the 16th century. |
Earth's status as planet is a consequence of [[heliocentrism]] in the 16th century. |
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Nonetheless, there is a pre-heliocentric symbol for the world, now used as a planetary symbol for the Earth. This is a circle crossed by |
Nonetheless, there is a pre-heliocentric symbol for the world, now used as a planetary symbol for the Earth. This is a circle crossed by two lines, horizontal and vertical, representing the world divided by four rivers into the [[four quarters of the world]] (often translated as the four "corners" of the world): [[File:Earth symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|🜨]]. A variant, now obsolete, had only the horizontal line: [[file:Salt symbol (alchemical).svg|16px|🜔]].<ref name=Cyclopaedia>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Solar System |encyclopedia=The English Cyclopaedia of Arts and Sciences |volume=VII–VIII |year=1861}}</ref> |
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A medieval European symbol for the world – the [[globus cruciger]], [[File:Globus cruciger (fixed width).svg|16px|♁]] (the globe surmounted by a [[Christian cross]]) |
A medieval European symbol for the world – the [[globus cruciger]], [[File:Globus cruciger (fixed width).svg|16px|♁]] (the globe surmounted by a [[Christian cross]]) – is also used as a planetary symbol; it resembles an inverted symbol for Venus. |
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The planetary symbols for Earth are encoded in Unicode at {{unichar|1F728|Alchemical symbol for verdigris |
The planetary symbols for Earth are encoded in Unicode at {{unichar|1F728|Alchemical symbol for [[verdigris]]}} and {{unichar|2641|earth}}. |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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DEU Oberwallmenach COA.svg|A simple ''globus cruciger'' |
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File:Maschwanden-blazon.svg|Three ''globi crucigeri'' in the coat of arms of [[Maschwanden]] in Switzerland |
File:Maschwanden-blazon.svg|Three ''globi crucigeri'' in the coat of arms of [[Maschwanden]] in Switzerland |
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Uppsala län vapenflagga.svg|In the flag of [[ |
Uppsala län vapenflagga.svg|In the flag of [[Uppland]], the globe of the ''globus cruciger'' is stylized as a [[T and O map|T-and-O map]], [[file:T-and-O map symbol (inverted).svg|16px]] |
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Mosaic in the Tunis Cathedral.jpg|In this ''globus cruciger'', the cross is surmounted on a [[celestial orb]] with stars |
Mosaic in the Tunis Cathedral.jpg|In this ''globus cruciger'', the cross is surmounted on a [[celestial orb]] with stars |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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==Classical planets== |
==Classical planets== |
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{{ |
{{further|Classical planets|Days of the week}} |
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===Moon=== |
===Moon=== |
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{{ |
{{further|Crescent|Astronomical symbols#Symbols for the Sun and Moon}} |
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[[File:Moon decrescent symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Decrescent symbol for the Moon]] |
[[File:Moon decrescent symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Decrescent symbol for the Moon]] |
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[[File:Moon crescent symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Encrescent symbol for the Moon]] |
[[File:Moon crescent symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Encrescent symbol for the Moon]] |
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The same symbol can be used in a different context not for the Moon itself but for a [[lunar phase]], as part of a sequence of four symbols |
The same symbol can be used in a different context not for the Moon itself but for a [[lunar phase]], as part of a sequence of four symbols |
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for "new moon" (U+1F311 |
for "new moon" (U+1F311 🌑︎), "waxing" (U+263D ☽︎), "full moon" (U+1F315 🌕︎) and "waning" (U+263E ☾︎). |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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Sala_vapen.svg| The Moon symbol, representing [[silver mining]], in the municipal |
Sala_vapen.svg| The Moon symbol, representing [[silver mining]], in the municipal arms of [[Sala Municipality, Sweden|Sala]] in Sweden |
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Silvberg vapen.svg|The Moon symbol in the municipal |
Silvberg vapen.svg|The Moon symbol in the municipal arms of [[Silvberg]] ('Silver Mountain') in Sweden |
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Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van Arubalaan 74-80.jpg|Stylized Moon symbol |
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Silver at Sterling Chemistry Laboratory of Yale.jpg|The Moon for silver |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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{{clear}} |
{{clear}} |
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===Mercury=== |
===Mercury=== |
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[[File:Mercury symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright| |
[[File:Mercury symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Crosshatched caduceus symbol for Mercury]] |
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{{commons category|Mercury symbols}} |
{{commons category|Mercury symbols}} |
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The symbol {{big|{{char|☿}}}} for [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] is a [[caduceus]] (a staff intertwined with two serpents), a symbol associated with [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury/Hermes]] throughout antiquity. Some time after the 11th century, a |
The symbol {{big|{{char|☿}}}} for [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] is a [[caduceus]] (a staff intertwined with two serpents), a symbol associated with [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury / Hermes]] throughout antiquity. Some time after the 11th century, a crosshatch was added to the bottom of the staff to make it seem more Christian.<ref name=jones-1999/> |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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DEU Stahlberg COA.svg|Mercury symbol, representing quicksilver mining, in the municipal coat of arms of [[Stahlberg]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], Germany. |
DEU Stahlberg COA.svg|Mercury symbol, representing quicksilver mining, in the municipal coat of arms of [[Stahlberg]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], Germany. |
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Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van Surinamelaan 52-58.jpg|Stylized Mercury symbol |
Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van Surinamelaan 52-58.jpg|Stylized Mercury symbol |
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Mercury at Sterling Chemistry Laboratory of Yale.jpg|Mercury for quicksilver |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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{{clear}} |
{{clear}} |
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The {{big|{{char|☿}}}} symbol has also been used to indicate [[intersex]], [[transgender]], or [[non-binary gender]].<ref> |
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The {{big|{{char|☿}}}} symbol has also been used to indicate [[intersex]], [[transgender]], or [[non-binary gender]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Van den Akker|first1=Olga B. A.|date=2012|title=Reproductive Health Psychology|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=9781119967477|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjWIp25pOjcC&pg=PA40}}</ref> A related usage is for the 'worker' or 'neuter' sex among [[social insects]] that is neither male nor (due to its lack of reproductive capacity) fully female, such as for example [[worker bee]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bingham|first1=C. T.|date=1903|title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps|location=London|publisher=Taylor and Francis|page=v|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10943626}}</ref> It was also once the designated symbol for hermaphroditic or [[Perfect flower|'perfect' flowers]],<ref name= Stearn/> but botanists now use {{big|{{char|⚥}}}} for these instead.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Simpson|first1=Niki|date=2010|title=Botanical symbols: a new symbol set for new images|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=162|issue=2|pages=117–129|url=https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/162/2/117/2418432|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01021.x}}</ref> |
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{{cite book |
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|last=van den Akker |first=Olga B.A. |
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|year=2012 |
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|title=Reproductive Health Psychology |
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|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |
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|isbn=978-1-119-96747-7 |
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|page=40 |
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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjWIp25pOjcC&pg=PA40 |
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|via=Google Books |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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A related usage is for the 'worker' or 'neuter' sex among [[social insects]] that is neither male nor (due to its lack of reproductive capacity) fully female, such as for example [[worker bee]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bingham|first1=C. T.|date=1903|title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps|location=London|publisher=Taylor and Francis|page=v|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10943626}}</ref> It was also once the designated symbol for hermaphroditic or [[Perfect flower|'perfect' flowers]],<ref name= Stearn/> but botanists now use {{big|{{char|⚥}}}} for these instead.<ref> |
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{{cite journal |
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|last=Simpson |first=Niki |
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|year=2010 |
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|title=Botanical symbols: A new symbol set for new images |
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|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |
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|volume=162 |issue=2 |pages=117–129 |
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|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01021.x |doi-access=free |
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|url=https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/162/2/117/2418432 |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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Its Unicode [[codepoint]] is {{unichar|263F|Mercury|html=}}. |
Its Unicode [[codepoint]] is {{unichar|263F|Mercury|html=}}. |
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===Venus=== |
===Venus=== |
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[[File:Venus symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright| |
[[File:Venus symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Crosshatched copper symbol for Venus]] |
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The '''Venus symbol''', ♀, consists of a circle with a small [[Cross (symbol)|cross]] below it. |
The '''Venus symbol''', ♀, consists of a circle with a small [[Cross (symbol)|cross]] below it. |
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It has been interpreted as a depiction of the hand-mirror of the goddess, which may also explain Venus's association with the [[planetary metal]] copper, as mirrors in antiquity were made of polished copper (alloy),<ref name= |
It has been interpreted as a depiction of the hand-mirror of the goddess, which may also explain Venus's association with the [[planetary metal]] copper, as mirrors in antiquity were made of polished copper (alloy),<ref name=Rehder> |
||
{{cite book |
|||
|first=Dieter |last=Rehder |
|||
|year=2011 |
|||
|title=Chemistry in Space: From interstellar matter to the origin of life |
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|publisher=Wiley-VCH |
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}} |
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</ref>{{efn| |
|||
"The symbol, the stylized hand mirror of the Goddess Venus, also represents femininity. It has also been used for the element copper: Mirrors had been manufactured {{nobr|from [[speculum metal|polished copper]]." — Rehder (2011)<ref name=Rehder/>}} |
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}} |
|||
though this is not certain.<ref name=jones-1999/> In the Greek [[Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 235|Oxyrhynchus Papyri 235]], the symbols for Venus and Mercury did not have the cross on the bottom stem,<ref name=jones-1999/> and Venus still appears without the cross (⚲) in Johannes Kamateros (12th century).{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} |
|||
In [[botany]] and [[biology]], the symbol for Venus is used to [[Gender symbol|represent the female sex]], alongside the symbol for [[Mars]] representing the [[male]] sex,<ref name=Schott2005> |
|||
In [[botany]] and [[biology]], the symbol for Venus is used to [[Gender symbol|represent the female sex]], alongside the symbol for [[Mars]] representing the [[male]] sex,<ref name=Schott2005>{{cite journal|last1=Schott|first1=GD|title=Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree|url= |journal=[[The BMJ]]|date=December 2005|volume=331|issue=7531|pages=1509–10|doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1509|pmid=16373733|pmc=1322246|issn=0959-8138}}</ref> following a convention introduced by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in the 1750s.<ref name="Stearn">{{cite journal |last=Stearn |first=William T. |author-link=William T. Stearn |title=The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |date=May 1962 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=109–113 |url=https://iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1964/male_fem.pdf |jstor=1217734 |doi=10.2307/1217734 |issn=0040-0262 |quote= In his ''Systema Naturae'' (Leyden, 1735) he [Linnaeus] used them with their traditional associations for metals. Their first biological use is in the Linnaean dissertation {{lang|la|Plantae hybridae xxx sistit J. J. Haartman}} (1751) where in discussing hybrid plants Linnaeus denoted the supposed female parent species by the sign ♀, the male parent by the sign ♂, the hybrid by ☿: '{{lang|la|</i>matrem signo ♀, patrem ♂ & plantam hybridam ☿ designavero}}'. In subsequent publications he retained the signs ♀ and ♂ for male and female individuals but discarded ☿ for hybrids; the last are now indicated by the multiplication sign ×. Linnaeus's first general use of the signs of ♀ and ♂ was in his ''Species Plantarum'' (1753) written between 1746 and 1752 and surveying concisely the whole plant kingdom as then known. ... In order to save space Linnaeus employed the astronomical symbols of Saturn, Jupiter, Mars and the Sun to denote woody, herbaceous perennial, biennial and annual plants respectively [ed.: the orbital periods of Saturn, Jupiter, Mars and Earth about the Sun are 29, 12, 2 and 1 year] ... and Mercury, Mars and Venus for the hermaphrodite, male and female conditions ... Later, in his ''Mantissa Plantarum'' (1767) and ''Mantissa Plantarum altera'' (1771), Linnaeus regularly used ♂, ♀ and ☿ for male, female and hermaphrodite flowers respectively. Their aptness made them easy to remember and their convenience led to their general acceptance in zoology as well as botany. Koelreuter found them especially convenient when recording his experiments in hybridization; as late as 1778 he used the sign ☿ to denote a hybrid plant.}}</ref> Arising from the biological convention, the symbol also came to be used in sociological contexts to represent [[women]] or [[femininity]]. |
|||
{{cite journal |
|||
|last=Schott |first=G.D. |
|||
|date=December 2005 |
|||
|title=Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree |
|||
|journal=[[The British Medical Journal]] |
|||
|volume=331 |issue=7531 |pages=1509–1510 |
|||
|doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1509 |
|||
|pmid=16373733 |issn=0959-8138 |
|||
|pmc=1322246 |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
following a convention introduced by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in the 1750s.<ref name=Stearn>{{cite journal |
|||
|last=Stearn |first=William T. |author-link=William T. Stearn |
|||
|date=May 1962 |
|||
|title=The origin of the male and female symbols of biology |
|||
|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |
|||
|volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=109–113 |
|||
|jstor=1217734 |issn=0040-0262 |
|||
|doi=10.2307/1217734 |
|||
|url=https://iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1964/male_fem.pdf |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref>{{efn| |
|||
"In his ''Systema Naturae'' (Leyden, 1735) he [<nowiki/>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]<nowiki/>] used them with their traditional associations for metals. Their first biological use is in the Linnaean dissertation {{lang|la|Plantae hybridae xxx sistit J.J. Haartman}} (1751) where in discussing hybrid plants Linnaeus denoted the supposed female parent species by the sign ♀, the male parent by the sign ♂, the hybrid by ☿: '{{lang|la|matrem signo ♀, patrem ♂ & plantam hybridam ☿ designavero}}'. In subsequent publications he retained the signs ♀ and ♂ for male and female individuals but discarded ☿ for hybrids; the last are now indicated by the multiplication sign ×." |
|||
: |
|||
"Linnaeus's first general use of the signs of ♀ and ♂ was in his ''Species Plantarum'' (1753) written between 1746 and 1752 and surveying concisely the whole plant kingdom as then known. ... In order to save space Linnaeus employed the astronomical symbols of Saturn, Jupiter, Mars and the Sun to denote woody, herbaceous perennial, biennial and annual plants respectively {{small|[ed.: the orbital periods of Saturn, Jupiter, Mars and Earth about the Sun are 29, 12, 2, and 1 year]}} ... and Mercury, Mars and Venus for the hermaphrodite, male and female conditions" ... |
|||
: |
|||
"Later, in his ''Mantissa Plantarum'' (1767) and ''Mantissa Plantarum altera'' (1771), Linnaeus regularly used ♂, ♀ and ☿ for male, female and hermaphrodite flowers respectively. Their aptness made them easy to remember and their convenience led to their general acceptance in zoology as well as botany. Koelreuter found them especially convenient when recording his experiments in hybridization; as late as 1778 he used the sign ☿ to denote a {{nobr|hybrid plant." — [[William T. Stearn|Stearn]] (1962)<ref name=Stearn/>}} |
|||
}} |
|||
Arising from the biological convention, the symbol also came to be used in sociological contexts to represent [[women]] or [[femininity]]. This gendered association of Venus and Mars has been used to pair them [[heteronormative]]ly, describing women and men stereotypically as being so different that they can be understood as coming from different planets, an understanding popularized in 1992 by the book titled ''[[Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus]]''.<ref name="Brammer 2020"> |
|||
{{cite web |
|||
| last=Brammer | first=John Paul |
|||
| date=2020-02-10 |
|||
| title=Love / hate reads: ''Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus'', revisited |
|||
| website=VICE |
|||
| url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/n7j3nm/lovehate-reads-men-are-from-mars-women-are-from-venus-revisited |
|||
| access-date=2023-04-17 |
|||
}} |
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</ref><ref name="Morin 2016"> |
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{{cite magazine |
|||
| last=Morin | first=Amy |
|||
| date=2016-08-19 |
|||
| title=Why the Mars and Venus conversations must end: The truth about gender differences in the workplace |
|||
| magazine=[[Forbes]] |
|||
| url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/amymorin/2016/08/19/why-the-mars-and-venus-conversations-must-end-the-truth-about-gender-differences-in-the-workplace/ |
|||
| access-date=2023-04-17 |
|||
}} |
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</ref> |
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[[Unicode]] encodes the symbol as {{unichar|2640|Female sign}}, in the [[Miscellaneous Symbols]] block.{{efn| |
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Glossed in the official Unicode code chart as " {{=}} Venus {{=}} alchemical symbol for copper → 1F469 [[👩]] woman → 1F6BA [[🚺]] women's symbol". |
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<ref name=U-2640> |
|||
{{cite report |
|||
|title=U+2640 |
|||
|series=Unicode code chart |
|||
|volume=U+26×× |
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|website=unicode.org |
|||
|publisher=[[The Unicode Consortium]] |
|||
|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2600.pdf |
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}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
}} |
|||
[[Unicode]] encodes the symbol as {{unichar|2640|Female sign|html=}}, in the [[Miscellaneous Symbols]] block.<ref>In the official [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2600.pdf code chart] glossed " = Venus = alchemical symbol for copper → 1F469 [[👩]] woman → 1F6BA [[🚺]] womens symbol".</ref> |
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{{commons category|Venus symbols}} |
{{commons category|Venus symbols}} |
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Line 171: | Line 275: | ||
Bronze mirror MET DP254654.jpg|A bronze mirror, of the type associated with Venus |
Bronze mirror MET DP254654.jpg|A bronze mirror, of the type associated with Venus |
||
File:Ostia antica-19.jpg|Cupid holding up a similar mirror to Venus |
File:Ostia antica-19.jpg|Cupid holding up a similar mirror to Venus |
||
Falun vapen.svg| |
Falun vapen.svg|The Venus symbol, representing copper mining, in the municipal coat of arms of [[Falun Municipality]] in Sweden (1932) |
||
Feminism symbol.svg |
Feminism symbol.svg|[[Raised fist]] within Venus symbol, used as a symbol of [[second-wave feminism]] (1960s){{efn|The raised fist symbol is attributed to [[Robin Morgan]], in the 1960s: "Morgan designed the universal logo of the women's movement, the woman's symbol centered with a raised fist."<ref>[http://www.robinmorgan.net/activism/ "Activism"], ''robinmorgan.net'', September 8, 2023<!-- date from page source -->. Retrieved 2024-01-02.</ref>}} |
||
Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van Arubalaan 58-64.jpg|Stylized Venus symbol |
Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van Arubalaan 58-64.jpg|Stylized Venus symbol |
||
Copper at Sterling Chemistry Laboratory of Yale.jpg|Venus for copper |
|||
</gallery> |
</gallery> |
||
===Sun=== |
===Sun=== |
||
{{ |
{{further|Solar symbol|Astronomical_symbols#Symbols_for_the_Sun_and_Moon|label2=Symbols for the Sun and Moon}} |
||
[[File:Sun symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Modern astronomical symbol for the Sun]] |
[[File:Sun symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Modern astronomical symbol for the Sun]] |
||
[[File:Old symbol for sun.svg|thumb|upright|Medieval astronomical symbol for the Sun<ref name=maunder245>{{cite magazine |
|||
| last = Maunder | first = A.S.D. |
|||
| date = 1934 |
|||
| title = The origin of the symbols of the planets |
|||
| magazine = The Observatory |
|||
| volume = 57 | pages = 238–247 |
|||
| bibcode = 1934Obs....57..238M |
|||
}}</ref>]] |
|||
{{commons category|Sun symbols}} |
{{commons category|Sun symbols}} |
||
The modern astronomical symbol for the Sun, the [[Solar symbol|circumpunct]] ({{unichar|2609|Sun|html=}}), was first used in the [[Renaissance]]. It possibly represents Apollo's golden shield with a [[Boss (engineering)|boss]]; it is unknown if it traces descent from the nearly identical [[Egyptian hieroglyph]] for the Sun. |
The modern astronomical symbol for the Sun, the [[Solar symbol|circumpunct]] ({{unichar|2609|Sun|html=}}), was first used in the [[Renaissance]]. It possibly represents Apollo's golden shield with a [[Boss (engineering)|boss]]; it is unknown if it traces descent from the nearly identical [[Egyptian hieroglyph]] for the Sun. |
||
''Bianchini's [[planisphere]]'', produced in the 2nd century, shows |
''Bianchini's [[planisphere]]'', produced in the 2nd century, shows a [[circlet]] with rays radiating from it.<ref name=maunder/><ref name=imss/> |
||
In late Classical times, the Sun is attested as a circle with a single ray. A diagram in Johannes Kamateros' 12th century ''Compendium of Astrology'' shows the same symbol.<ref name=neugebauer-1987>{{cite book |
In late Classical times, the Sun is attested as a circle with a single ray. A diagram in Johannes Kamateros' 12th century ''Compendium of Astrology'' shows the same symbol.<ref name=neugebauer-1987> |
||
{{cite book |
|||
| last1 = Neugebauer | first1 = Otto |
|||
| title = Greek Horoscopes |
|||
| last2 = Van Hoesen | first2 = H.B. |
|||
| last1 = Neugebauer |
|||
| |
| year = 1987 |
||
| |
| title = Greek Horoscopes |
||
| |
| pages = 1, 159, 163 |
||
}} |
|||
| date = 1987 |
|||
</ref> |
|||
| pages = 1, 159, 163 |
|||
This older symbol is encoded by [[Unicode]] as {{unichar|1F71A|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR GOLD|html=}} in the [[Alchemical Symbols (Unicode)|Alchemical Symbols]] block. Both symbols have been used alchemically for gold, as have more elaborate symbols showing a disk with multiple rays or even a face. |
|||
<gallery> |
<gallery> |
||
Outlines from the figures and compositions upon the Greek, Roman, and Etruscan vases of the late Sir William Hamilton; with engraved borders (1804) (14779549222).jpg|A buckler with a sun symbol and dot at center |
Outlines from the figures and compositions upon the Greek, Roman, and Etruscan vases of the late Sir William Hamilton; with engraved borders (1804) (14779549222).jpg|A buckler with a sun symbol and dot at center |
||
Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van Arubalaan 10-16.jpg|Stylized circumpunct symbol for the Sun |
Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van Arubalaan 10-16.jpg|Stylized circumpunct symbol for the Sun |
||
Gold at Sterling Chemistry Laboratory of Yale.jpg|The Sun for gold |
|||
Sun symbol (medieval).svg|🜚, the medieval astronomical symbol for the Sun |
|||
</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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{{commons category|Mars symbols}} |
{{commons category|Mars symbols}} |
||
The '''Mars symbol''', ♂, is a depiction of a circle with an arrow emerging from it, pointing at an angle to the upper right in Europe and to the upper left in India.<ref> |
|||
The '''Mars symbol''', ♂, is a depiction of a circle with an arrow emerging from it, pointing at an angle to the upper right in Europe and to the upper left in India. As astrological symbol it represents the planet [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Maunder|first=A. S. D.|date=August 1934|title=The origin of the symbols of the planets|journal=The Observatory|volume=57|pages=238–247|bibcode=1934Obs....57..238M}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=James|last=Evans|date=1998|title=The History & Practice of Ancient Astronomy|page=350|publisher=Oxford University Press US|isbn=0-19-509539-1}}</ref> It is also the old and [[obsolete]] symbol for [[iron]] in alchemy. In zoology and botany, it is used to [[Gender symbol|represent the male sex]] (alongside the astrological symbol for Venus representing the female sex),<ref name=Schott2005 /> following a convention introduced by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in the 1750s.<ref name="Stearn"/> |
|||
{{cite magazine |
|||
|last=Maunder |first=A.S.D. |
|||
|date=August 1934 |
|||
|title=The origin of the symbols of the planets |
|||
|magazine=[[The Observatory (journal)|The Observatory]] |
|||
|volume=57 |pages=238–247 |
|||
|bibcode=1934Obs....57..238M |
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}} |
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</ref><ref> |
|||
{{cite book |
|||
|first=James |last=Evans |
|||
|year=1998 |
|||
|title=The History & Practice of Ancient Astronomy |
|||
|publisher=Oxford University Press/U.S. |
|||
|isbn=0-19-509539-1 |
|||
|page=350 |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
It is also the old and [[obsolete]] symbol for [[iron]] in alchemy. In zoology and botany, it is used to [[Gender symbol|represent the male sex]] (alongside the astrological symbol for Venus representing the female sex),<ref name=Schott2005/> following a convention introduced by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in the 1750s.<ref name=Stearn/> |
|||
The symbol dates from at latest the 11th century, at which time it was an arrow across or through a circle, thought to represent the shield and spear of the god Mars; in the medieval form, for example in the 12th-century ''Compendium of Astrology'' by Johannes Kamateros, the spear is drawn across the shield.<ref name=neugebauer-1987/> The Greek [[Oxyrhynchus Papyri]] show a different symbol,<ref name=jones-1999 /> perhaps simply a spear.<ref name=imss/> |
The symbol dates from at latest the 11th century, at which time it was an arrow across or through a circle, thought to represent the shield and spear of the god Mars; in the medieval form, for example in the 12th-century ''Compendium of Astrology'' by Johannes Kamateros, the spear is drawn across the shield.<ref name=neugebauer-1987/> The Greek [[Oxyrhynchus Papyri]] show a different symbol,<ref name=jones-1999 /> perhaps simply a spear.<ref name=imss/> |
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Line 218: | Line 339: | ||
<gallery> |
<gallery> |
||
ALEXANDER SEVERUS-RIC IV 246-737118 MARS.jpg|3rd-century coin with Mars on the reverse, with lance and shield. The same symbols were used for Athena (Pallas). |
ALEXANDER SEVERUS-RIC IV 246-737118 MARS.jpg|3rd-century coin with Mars on the reverse, with lance and shield. The same symbols were used for Athena (Pallas). |
||
File:Fresco of a statue of Mars in the House of Venus, Pompeii (3824215212).jpg|Mars with spear and shield, |
File:Fresco of a statue of Mars in the House of Venus, Pompeii (3824215212).jpg|Mars with spear and shield, Pompeii. |
||
Karlskoga vapen.svg| The Mars symbol, representing [[Ironworks|iron mining]], in the municipal coat of arms |
Karlskoga vapen.svg| The Mars symbol, representing [[Ironworks|iron mining]], in the municipal coat of arms of [[Karlskoga Municipality|Karlskoga]] in Sweden |
||
Loppi vaakuna.svg|The Mars symbol in the municipal coat of arms of [[Loppi]] in Finland |
Loppi vaakuna.svg|The Mars symbol in the municipal coat of arms of [[Loppi]] in Finland |
||
Project Viking Logo - Patch Style 1974-L-01916.jpg|Mars symbol in the patch for NASA's ''[[Viking program|Viking]]'' mission |
Project Viking Logo - Patch Style 1974-L-01916.jpg|Mars symbol in the patch for NASA's ''[[Viking program|Viking]]'' mission |
||
Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van De Genestetlaan 20-28.jpg|Stylized Mars symbol. The spear partly crosses the shield. |
Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van De Genestetlaan 20-28.jpg|Stylized Mars symbol. The spear partly crosses the shield. |
||
Iron at Sterling Chemistry Laboratory of Yale.jpg|Mars for iron |
|||
</gallery> |
</gallery> |
||
Line 230: | Line 352: | ||
[[File:Jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Zeus initial for Jupiter]] |
[[File:Jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Zeus initial for Jupiter]] |
||
{{commons category|Jupiter symbols}} |
{{commons category|Jupiter symbols}} |
||
The symbol for [[Jupiter]], ♃, |
The symbol for [[Jupiter]], ♃, was originally a Greek zeta, [[Ζ]], with a stroke indicating that it is an abbreviation (for [[Zeus]], the Greek equivalent of Roman Jupiter). |
||
Its Unicode [[codepoint]] is {{unichar|2643|Jupiter|html=}}. |
Its Unicode [[codepoint]] is {{unichar|2643|Jupiter|html=}}. |
||
<gallery> |
<gallery> |
||
Mariner Jupiter-Saturn logo.jpg|Jupiter and Saturn symbols in patch for NASA's [[ |
Mariner Jupiter-Saturn logo.jpg|Jupiter and Saturn symbols in patch for NASA's [[Mariner program#Mariner Jupiter-Saturn|Mariner Jupiter-Saturn]] mission |
||
Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van Surinamelaan 76-82.jpg|Stylized Jupiter symbol |
Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van Surinamelaan 76-82.jpg|Stylized Jupiter symbol |
||
Tin at Sterling Chemistry Laboratory of Yale.jpg|Jupiter for tin |
|||
Jupiter Z symbol (modern).svg|A modern form of the symbol that reflects its origin in the letter 'Z' |
|||
</gallery> |
</gallery> |
||
{{clear}} |
{{clear}} |
||
===Saturn=== |
===Saturn=== |
||
[[File:Saturn symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright| |
[[File:Saturn symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Crosshatched kappa-rho ligature for Saturn]] |
||
{{commons category|Saturn symbols}} |
{{commons category|Saturn symbols}} |
||
[[Claudius Salmasius|Salmasius]] and earlier attestations show that the symbol for Saturn, ♄, derives from the initial letters ([[Kappa]], [[rho]]) of its ancient Greek name {{lang|grc|Κρόνος}} ({{ |
[[Claudius Salmasius|Salmasius]] and earlier attestations show that the symbol for Saturn, ♄, derives from the initial letters ([[Kappa]], [[rho]]) of its ancient Greek name {{lang|grc|Κρόνος}} ({{transliteration|grc|Kronos}}), with a stroke to indicate an abbreviation.<ref name=Stearn/> By the time of Kamateros (12th century), the symbol had been reduced to a shape similar to a lower-case letter ''[[eta]]'' η, with the abbreviation stroke surviving (if at all) in the curl on the bottom-right end. The horizontal stroke was added along with the "Christianization" of other symbols in the early 16th century. |
||
Its Unicode [[codepoint]] is {{unichar|2644|Saturn|html=}}. |
Its Unicode [[codepoint]] is {{unichar|2644|Saturn|html=}}. |
||
Line 251: | Line 375: | ||
Wappen der Ortschaft Bleiwäsche.png|The Saturn symbol representing [[lead]] in the municipal coat of arms of ''Bleiwäsche'', since 1975 part of [[Bad Wünnenberg]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], Germany |
Wappen der Ortschaft Bleiwäsche.png|The Saturn symbol representing [[lead]] in the municipal coat of arms of ''Bleiwäsche'', since 1975 part of [[Bad Wünnenberg]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], Germany |
||
Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van Surinamelaan 60-66.jpg|Stylized Saturn symbol |
Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van Surinamelaan 60-66.jpg|Stylized Saturn symbol |
||
Lead at Sterling Chemistry Laboratory of Yale.jpg|Saturn for lead ([[Lead|Pb]]) |
|||
</gallery> |
</gallery> |
||
Line 260: | Line 385: | ||
[[File:Uranus symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Platinum symbol for Uranus]] |
[[File:Uranus symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Platinum symbol for Uranus]] |
||
[[File:Uranus monogram (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Herschel monogram for Uranus]] |
[[File:Uranus monogram (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Herschel monogram for Uranus]] |
||
The symbols for [[Uranus]] were created shortly after its discovery in 1781. One symbol, ⛢, invented by [[Johann Gottfried Koehler|J. G. Köhler]] and refined by [[Johann Elert Bode|Bode]], was intended to represent the newly discovered metal [[platinum]]; since platinum, commonly called white gold, was found by chemists mixed with iron, the symbol for platinum combines the alchemical symbols for [[iron]], ♂, and [[gold]], ☉.<ref name=bode-uranus>{{cite book |
The symbols for [[Uranus]] were created shortly after its discovery in 1781. One symbol, ⛢, invented by [[Johann Gottfried Koehler|J. G. Köhler]] and refined by [[Johann Elert Bode|Bode]], was intended to represent the newly discovered metal [[platinum]]; since platinum, commonly called white gold, was found by chemists mixed with iron, the symbol for platinum combines the alchemical symbols for [[iron]], ♂, and [[gold]], ☉.<ref name=bode-uranus> |
||
{{cite book |
|||
| last = Bode | first = J.E. |author-link=Johann Elert Bode |
|||
| title = Von dem neu entdeckten Planeten |
|||
| year = 1784 |
|||
| publisher = Beim Verfaszer |
|||
| title = Von dem neu entdeckten Planeten |language=de |
|||
| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ZqA5AAAAcAAJ |
|||
| trans-title = On the newly discovered planets |
|||
| last = Bode | first = J.E. |
|||
| bibcode = 1784vdne.book.....B |
|||
| date = 1784 |
|||
| publisher = Beim Verfaszer |
|||
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ZqA5AAAAcAAJ/page/n98 95]–96 |
|||
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ZqA5AAAAcAAJ/page/n98 95]–96 |
|||
| bibcode = 1784vdne.book.....B |
|||
| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ZqA5AAAAcAAJ |via=Internet Archive |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
</ref><ref name=gould-uranus> |
</ref><ref name=gould-uranus> |
||
{{cite book |
{{cite book |
||
| last = Gould | first = B.A. |
|||
| title = Report on the history of the discovery of Neptune |
|||
| year = 1850 |
|||
| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_uyANAQAAIAAJ |
|||
| title = Report on the history of the discovery of Neptune |
|||
| last = Gould | first = B.A. |
|||
| publisher = Smithsonian Institution |
| publisher = [[Smithsonian Institution]] |
||
| page = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_uyANAQAAIAAJ/page/n8 5] |
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| date = 1850 |
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| |
| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_uyANAQAAIAAJ |via=Archive.org |
||
}} |
}} |
||
</ref> |
|||
</ref> Gold and iron are the planetary metals for the Sun and Mars, and so share their symbols. Several orientations were suggested, but an upright arrow is now universal. |
|||
Gold and iron are the planetary metals for the Sun and Mars, and so share their symbols. Several orientations were suggested, but an upright arrow is now universal. |
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Another symbol, ♅, was suggested by Lalande in 1784. In a letter to [[William Herschel|Herschel]], Lalande described it as "{{Lang|fr|un globe surmonté par la première lettre de votre nom}}" ("a globe surmounted by the first letter of your name").<ref name=Francisca |
Another symbol, [[File:Uranus monogram (serif).svg|16px|♅]], was suggested by Lalande in 1784. In a letter to [[William Herschel|Herschel]], Lalande described it as "{{Lang|fr|un globe surmonté par la première lettre de votre nom}}" ("a globe surmounted by the first letter of your name").<ref name=Francisca> |
||
{{cite magazine |
|||
|first=Francisca |last=Herschel |
|||
|date=August 1917 |
|||
|title=The meaning of the symbol H+o for the planet Uranus |
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|magazine=[[The Observatory (journal)|The Observatory]] |
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|volume=40 |page=306 |
|||
|bibcode=1917Obs....40..306H |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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The platinum symbol tends to be used by astronomers and the monogram by astrologers.<ref> |
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{{cite report |
|||
|last=Iancu |first=Laurentiu |
|||
|date=14 August 2009 |
|||
|title=Proposal to encode the astronomical symbol for Uranus |
|||
|id=L2009/09300 |
|||
|website=unicode.org |
|||
|publisher=[[The Unicode Consortium]] |
|||
|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09300-uranus.pdf |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
For use in computer systems, the symbols are encoded {{unichar|26E2|Astronomical symbol for Uranus}} and {{unichar|2645|Uranus}}. |
For use in computer systems, the symbols are encoded {{unichar|26E2|Astronomical symbol for Uranus}} and {{unichar|2645|Uranus}}. |
||
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
||
Planetary symbols (1784).png|The planetary symbols as rendered in 1784, including the newly discovered Uranus (left)<ref name=bode-uranus/> |
Planetary symbols (1784).png|The planetary symbols as rendered in 1784, including the newly discovered Uranus (left)<ref name=bode-uranus/> |
||
William Herschel heraldry cropped.jpg|The Uranus platinum symbol on [[William Herschel]]'s |
William Herschel heraldry cropped.jpg|The Uranus platinum symbol on [[William Herschel]]'s coat of arms (center, blue background) |
||
Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van Arubalaan 26-32.jpg|Stylized Uranus monogram |
Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van Arubalaan 26-32.jpg|Stylized Uranus monogram |
||
</gallery> |
</gallery> |
||
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===Neptune=== |
===Neptune=== |
||
[[File:Neptune symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Trident symbol for Neptune]] |
[[File:Neptune symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Trident symbol for Neptune]] |
||
Several symbols were proposed for [[Neptune]] to accompany the suggested names for the planet. Claiming the right to name his discovery, [[Urbain Le Verrier]] originally proposed to name the planet for the [[Roman God]] ''[[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]]''<ref name=littmann-standish> |
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[[File:Neptune monogram (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Le Verrier monogram for Neptune]] |
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Several symbols were proposed for [[Neptune]] to accompany the suggested names for the planet. Claiming the right to name his discovery, [[Urbain Le Verrier]] originally proposed to name the planet for the [[Roman God]] ''[[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]]''<ref name="littmann-standish"> |
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{{cite book |
{{cite book |
||
| |
| first1=Mark |last1=Littmann |
||
| first2=E.M. |last2=Standish |
|||
|author2=Standish, E. M. |
|||
| year=2004 |
|||
| title=Planets Beyond: Discovering the Outer Solar System |
|||
| title=Planets Beyond: Discovering the outer Solar System |
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| date=2004 |page=50 |
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| page=50 |
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| publisher=Courier Dover Publications |isbn=0-486-43602-0 |
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| publisher=Courier Dover Publications |
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}}</ref> and the symbol of a [[trident]],<ref name="pillans">{{cite journal |
|||
|isbn=0-486-43602-0 |
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| last = Pillans |
|||
}} |
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| first = James |
|||
</ref> |
|||
| title = Ueber den Namen des neuen Planeten |
|||
and the symbol of a [[trident]],<ref name="pillans"> |
|||
| journal = Astronomische Nachrichten |
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{{cite journal |
|||
| volume = 25 |
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| last = Pillans | first = James |
|||
| issue = 26 |
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| |
| year = 1847 |
||
| title = Ueber den Namen des neuen Planeten |language=de |
|||
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yOAzAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA39-IA11 |
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| trans-title = Regarding the names of the new planets |
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| date= 1847 |
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| journal = [[Astronomische Nachrichten]] |
|||
| doi = 10.1002/asna.18470252602 |
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| volume = 25 | issue = 26 | pages = 389–392 |
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| bibcode=1847AN.....25..389. |
|||
| doi = 10.1002/asna.18470252602 | bibcode=1847AN.....25..389. |
|||
}}</ref> while falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French [[Bureau des Longitudes]].<ref name="littmann-standish" /> In October, he sought to name the planet ''Leverrier'', after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director, [[François Arago]],<ref name="baum-sheehan"> |
|||
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yOAzAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA39-IA11 |
|||
| via = Google Books |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
while falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French [[Bureau des Longitudes]].<ref name=littmann-standish/> In October, he sought to name the planet ''Leverrier'', after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director, [[François Arago]],<ref name=baum-sheehan> |
|||
{{cite book |
{{cite book |
||
| last1=Baum|first1=Richard|last2=Sheehan|first2=William |
| last1=Baum |first1=Richard |
||
| last2=Sheehan |first2=William |
|||
| date=2003|pages=109–110 |
| date=2003|pages=109–110 |
||
| title=In Search of Planet Vulcan: The |
| title=In Search of Planet Vulcan: The ghost in Newton's clockwork universe |
||
| publisher=Basic Books |
| publisher=Basic Books |
||
|isbn=0-7382-0889-2 |
|||
}} |
|||
}}</ref> who in turn proposed a new symbol for the planet, ⯉ ([[File:Neptune monogram (fixed width).svg|16px|proposed symbol for planet Leverrier]]).<ref name=an-25>{{cite journal |
|||
</ref> |
|||
| last = Schumacher |
|||
who in turn proposed a new symbol for the planet, [[File:Neptune monogram (serif).svg|16px|⯉]].<ref name=an-25> |
|||
| first = H. C. |
|||
{{cite journal |
|||
| date = 1846 |
|||
| last = Schumacher | first = H.C. |
|||
| title = Name des Neuen Planeten |
|||
| date = 1846 |
|||
| journal = Astronomische Nachrichten |
|||
| title = Name des Neuen Planeten |language=de |
|||
| volume = 25 |
|||
| trans-title = Names of the new planets |
|||
| pages = 81–82 |
|||
| journal = [[Astronomische Nachrichten]] |
|||
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wlc_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA89 |
|||
| volume = 25 | pages = 81–82 |
|||
| bibcode = 1846AN.....25...81L |doi = 10.1002/asna.18470250603 }}</ref> However, this suggestion met with resistance outside France,<ref name="baum-sheehan" /> and French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name ''Herschel'' for ''Uranus'', after that planet's discoverer Sir [[William Herschel]], and ''Leverrier'' for the new planet,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gingerich|first=Owen|date=October 1958|title=The Naming of Uranus and Neptune|journal=Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets|volume=8|issue=352|pages=9–15|bibcode=1958ASPL....8....9G}}</ref> though it was used by anglophone institutions.<ref>E.g. ''Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences'', vol. 1, p. 287 ff, 334 ff, 1848</ref> |
|||
| bibcode = 1846AN.....25...81L |doi = 10.1002/asna.18470250603 |
|||
Professor [[James Pillans]] of the [[University of Edinburgh]] defended the name ''[[Janus]]'' for the new planet, and proposed a key for its symbol.<ref name="pillans" /> Meanwhile, [[Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve|Struve]]<!--- (1793–1864), or maybe his son Otto Wilhelm von Struve (1819–1905) ---> presented the name ''Neptune'' on December 29, 1846, to the [[Russian Academy of Sciences|Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{cite journal |
|||
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wlc_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA89 |
|||
|title=Second report of proceedings in the Cambridge Observatory relating to the new Planet (Neptune) |
|||
}} |
|||
|date=1847 |
|||
</ref> |
|||
|journal=Astronomische Nachrichten |
|||
However, this suggestion met with resistance outside France,<ref name="baum-sheehan" /> and French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name ''Herschel'' for ''Uranus'', after that planet's discoverer Sir [[William Herschel]], and ''Leverrier'' for the new planet,<ref> |
|||
|volume=25 |issue=21 |pages=309–314 |
|||
{{cite report |
|||
|last=Hind|first=J. R. |
|||
|last=Gingerich |first=Owen |
|||
|date=October 1958 |
|||
|title=The naming of Uranus and Neptune |
|||
|series=ASP Leaflets |
|||
|volume=8 |issue=352 |pages=9–15 |
|||
|publisher=[[Astronomical Society of the Pacific]] |
|||
|bibcode=1958ASPL....8....9G |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
though it was used by anglophone institutions.<ref> |
|||
{{cite journal |
|||
|title={{grey|[title not cited]}} |
|||
|year=1848 |
|||
|journal=[[Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] |
|||
|volume=1 |pages=287 ff, 334 ff |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
Professor [[James Pillans]] of the [[University of Edinburgh]] defended the name ''[[Janus]]'' for the new planet, and proposed a key for its symbol.<ref name=pillans/> Meanwhile, [[Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve|Struve]]<!--- (1793–1864), or maybe his son Otto Wilhelm von Struve (1819–1905) ---> presented the name ''Neptune'' on December 29, 1846, to the [[Russian Academy of Sciences|Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]].<ref> |
|||
{{cite journal |
|||
|last=Hind |first=J.R. |
|||
|year=1847 |
|||
|title=Second report of proceedings in the Cambridge Observatory relating to the new planet (Neptune) |
|||
|journal=[[Astronomische Nachrichten]] |
|||
|volume=25 |issue=21 |pages=309–314 |
|||
|doi=10.1002/asna.18470252102 |
|doi=10.1002/asna.18470252102 |
||
|bibcode = 1847AN.....25..309. |
|bibcode = 1847AN.....25..309. |
||
|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1424623 |via=zenodo.org |
|||
}} |
|||
}}</ref> In August 1847, the Bureau des Longitudes announced its decision to follow prevailing astronomical practice and adopt the choice of ''Neptune'', with Arago refraining from participating in this decision.<ref name="connaissance-des-temps">{{cite book |
|||
</ref> |
|||
| title = Connaissance des temps: ou des mouvementes célestes, à l'usage des astronomes |
|||
In August 1847, the Bureau des Longitudes announced its decision to follow prevailing astronomical practice and adopt the choice of ''Neptune'', with Arago refraining from participating in this decision.<ref name=connaissance-des-temps> |
|||
| date = 1847 |
|||
{{cite book |
|||
| page = unnumbered front matter |
|||
| title = Connaissance des Temps: ou des mouvementes célestes, à l'usage des astronomes |
|||
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5q03AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9 |
|||
| language = fr |
|||
| author1 = Bureau Des Longitudes, France |
|||
| trans-title = Information on timing: or celestial movements, for the use of astronomers |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
| year = 1847 |
|||
The planetary symbol was [[Neptune's trident]], with the handle stylized either as a cross [[File:Neptune symbol (fixed width).svg|16px]], following Mercury, Venus and the asteroids, or as an orb [[File:Neptune orb symbol (fixed width).svg|16px]], following the symbols for Uranus and Earth.<ref name=Cyclopaedia/> The cross variant is the more common today. |
|||
| series = [[Connaissance des Temps]] |volume=1847 |
|||
| page = [unnumbered front matter] |
|||
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5q03AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9 |
|||
| publisher = [[Bureau des Longitudes]] |
|||
| place = Paris, France |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
The planetary symbol was [[Neptune's trident]], with the handle stylized either as a crosshatch [[File:Neptune symbol (fixed width).svg|16px]], following Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, and the asteroids, or as an orb [[File:Neptune orb symbol (fixed width).svg|16px]], following the symbols for Uranus, Earth, and Mars.<ref name=Cyclopaedia/> The crosshatch variant is the more common today. |
|||
For use in computer systems, the symbols are encoded as {{unichar|2646|Neptune}} and {{unichar|2bc9|Neptune form two}}. |
For use in computer systems, the symbols are encoded as {{unichar|2646|Neptune}} and {{unichar|2bc9|Neptune form two}}. |
||
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Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van Surinamelaan 68-74.jpg|Stylized Neptune symbol (orb base) |
Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van Surinamelaan 68-74.jpg|Stylized Neptune symbol (orb base) |
||
Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van Surinamelaan 84-90.jpg|Stylized Neptune symbol (cross base) |
Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van Surinamelaan 84-90.jpg|Stylized Neptune symbol (cross base) |
||
Neptune monogram (fixed width).svg|⯉, the obsolete Le Verrier monogram for Neptune |
|||
</gallery> |
</gallery> |
||
===Pluto=== |
===Pluto=== |
||
[[File:Pluto symbol (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Bident symbol for Pluto]] |
[[File:Pluto symbol (large orb, fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Bident symbol for Pluto]] |
||
[[File:Pluto monogram |
[[File:Pluto monogram (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|Percival Lowell monogram for Pluto]] |
||
[[Pluto]] was almost universally considered a planet from its discovery in 1930 until its re-classification as a [[dwarf planet]] (planetoid) by the IAU in 2006. Planetary geologists<ref> |
[[Pluto]] was almost universally considered a planet from its discovery in 1930 until its re-classification as a [[dwarf planet]] (planetoid) by the IAU in 2006. Planetary geologists<ref> |
||
{{cite journal |
|||
|first1=Philip T. |last1=Metzger |first2=W.M. |last2=Grundy |
|||
|first3=Mark V. |last3=Sykes |first4=Alan |last4=Stern |
|||
|first5=James F. III |last5=Bell |first6=Charlene E. |last6=Detelich |
|||
|first7=Kirby |last7=Runyon |first8=Michael |last8=Summers |
|||
|author-link1=Philip T. Metzger |
|||
|display-authors=6 |
|||
|date=March 2022 |
|||
|title= Moons are planets: Scientific usefulness versus cultural teleology in the taxonomy of planetary science |
|||
|journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] |
|||
|volume=374 |page=114768 |
|||
|doi= 10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114768 |doi-access= free |
|||
|s2cid= 240071005 |issn=0019-1035 |
|||
|arxiv=2110.15285}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
and astrologers continue to treat it as a planet. The original planetary symbol for Pluto was [[File:Pluto monogram (serif).svg|16px|♇]], a [[monogram]] of the letters P and L. Astrologers generally use a [[bident]] with an orb. NASA has used the bident symbol since Pluto's reclassification. These symbols are encoded as {{unichar|2647|Pluto}} and {{unichar|2BD3|Pluto form two}}. |
|||
{{commons category|Pluto symbols}} |
{{commons category|Pluto symbols}} |
||
Line 364: | Line 568: | ||
Plate 7- Pluto in a niche, holding a bident, with Cerberus next to him, from a series of mythological gods and goddesses MET DP830883.jpg|Pluto holding a bident |
Plate 7- Pluto in a niche, holding a bident, with Cerberus next to him, from a series of mythological gods and goddesses MET DP830883.jpg|Pluto holding a bident |
||
File:SerapisHellenistic.jpg|Pluto with a bident |
File:SerapisHellenistic.jpg|Pluto with a bident |
||
Amersfoort - Reliëf op de wand van Arubalaan 90-96.jpg|Pluto symbol stylized as an inverted Mercury |
|||
File:Pluto - NASA 2015 What is a dwarf planet?.jpg|Pluto compared in size to Earth's moon in a NASA publication |
File:Pluto - NASA 2015 What is a dwarf planet?.jpg|Pluto compared in size to Earth's moon in a NASA publication |
||
</gallery> |
</gallery> |
||
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==Minor planets== |
==Minor planets== |
||
[[File:Bezeichnung der Himmelskörper Encke 1850.png|thumb|upright=0.75|"Designation of celestial bodies" in a German almanac printed 1850<ref name=Encke |
[[File:Bezeichnung der Himmelskörper Encke 1850.png|thumb|upright=0.75|"Designation of celestial bodies" in a German almanac printed 1850<ref name=Encke-BAJ-1853> |
||
{{cite book |
|||
|editor-first=J.F. |editor-last=Encke |editor-link=Johann Franz Encke |
|||
|publication-date=1850 |
|||
|title=Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch für 1853 |
|||
|place=Berlin, DE |
|||
|page={{mvar|viii}} |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref>]] |
|||
In the 19th century, planetary symbols for the major [[asteroid]]s were also in use, including [[1 Ceres]] (a reaper's [[sickle]], encoded {{unichar|26B3|Ceres|nlink=Ceres (mythology)}}), [[2 Pallas]] (a lance, {{unichar|26B4|Pallas|nlink=Pallas (mythology)}}) and [[3 Juno]] (a sceptre, encoded {{unichar|26B5|Juno|nlink=Juno (mythology)}}). |
In the 19th century, planetary symbols for the major [[asteroid]]s were also in use, including [[1 Ceres]] (a reaper's [[sickle]], encoded {{unichar|26B3|Ceres|nlink=Ceres (mythology)}}), [[2 Pallas]] (a lance, {{unichar|26B4|Pallas|nlink=Pallas (mythology)}}) and [[3 Juno]] (a sceptre, encoded {{unichar|26B5|Juno|nlink=Juno (mythology)}}). |
||
Encke (1850) used symbols for [[5 Astraea]], [[6 Hebe]], [[7 Iris]], [[8 Flora]] and [[9 Metis]] in the ''Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch''.<ref name=Encke/> |
Encke (1850) used symbols for [[5 Astraea]], [[6 Hebe]], [[7 Iris]], [[8 Flora]] and [[9 Metis]] in the ''Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch''.<ref name=Encke-BAJ-1853/> |
||
In the late 20th century, astrologers abbreviated the symbol for [[4 Vesta]] (the [[sacred fire of Vesta]], encoded {{unichar|26B6|Vesta|nlink=Vesta (mythology)}}),<ref name= |
In the late 20th century, astrologers abbreviated the symbol for [[4 Vesta]] (the [[sacred fire of Vesta]], encoded {{unichar|26B6|Vesta|nlink=Vesta (mythology)}}),<ref name=faulks> |
||
{{cite report |
|||
| last = Faulks | first = David |
| last = Faulks | first = David |
||
| date = |
| date = 9 May 2006 |
||
| title = Proposal to add some |
| title = Proposal to add some western astrology symbols to the UCS |
||
| page = 4 |
| page = 4 |
||
| website = unicode.org |
|||
|id=L2006/06171 |
|||
| publisher = [[The Unicode Consortium]] |
|||
| url = https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06171-astroprop.pdf |
| url = https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06171-astroprop.pdf |
||
| access-date = |
| access-date = 20 November 2017 | url-status=live |
||
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214658/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06171-astroprop.pdf |
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214658/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06171-astroprop.pdf |
||
| archive-date=June 15, 2018 |
| archive-date=June 15, 2018 |
||
}} |
|||
}}</ref> and introduced new symbols for [[5 Astraea]] ([[File:Astraea symbol (astrology, fixed width).svg|16px]], a stylised % sign, shift-5 on the keyboard for asteroid 5), [[10 Hygiea]] (a [[caduceus]] – a common error in the USA for a [[staff of Asclepius]], itself an error for the snake symbol of Hygiea – encoded {{unichar|2BDA|Hygiea}})<ref name=addastro/> and for [[2060 Chiron]], discovered in 1977 (a key, {{unichar|26B7|Chiron|nlink=Chiron (mythology)}}).<ref name=faulks/> Chiron's symbol was adapted as additional centaurs were discovered; symbols for [[5145 Pholus]] and [[7066 Nessus]] have been encoded in Unicode.<ref name=addastro>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16080-add-astrology.pdf|title=Additional Symbols for Astrology|last=Faulks|first=David|date=15 April 2016|website=unicode.org}}</ref> The abbreviation of the Vesta symbol is now universal, and the astrological symbol for Pluto has been used astronomically for Pluto as a dwarf planet.<ref name=DPU/> |
|||
</ref> |
|||
and introduced new symbols for [[5 Astraea]] ([[File:Astraea symbol (astrology, fixed width).svg|16px]], a stylised % sign, shift-5 on the keyboard for asteroid 5), [[10 Hygiea]] encoded {{unichar|2BDA|Hygiea}})<ref name=addastro/> and for [[2060 Chiron]], discovered in 1977 (a key, {{unichar|26B7|Chiron|nlink=Chiron (mythology)}}).<ref name=faulks/> Chiron's symbol was adapted as additional centaurs were discovered; symbols for [[5145 Pholus]] and [[7066 Nessus]] have been encoded in Unicode.<ref name=addastro> |
|||
{{cite report |
|||
|last=Faulks |first=David |
|||
|date=15 April 2016 |
|||
|title=Additional symbols for astrology |
|||
|website=unicode.org |
|||
|id=L2016/16080 |
|||
|publisher=[[The Unicode Consortium]] |
|||
|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16080-add-astrology.pdf |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
The abbreviated Vesta symbol is now universal, and the astrological symbol for Pluto has been used astronomically for Pluto as a dwarf planet.<ref name=DPU/> |
|||
In the early 21st century, symbols for the [[trans-Neptunian objects|trans-Neptunian]] dwarf planets have come into use, particularly [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]] (the [[hand of Eris]], ⯰, but also ⯱), [[90377 Sedna|Sedna]], [[Haumea]], [[Makemake]], {{dp|Gonggong}}, {{dp|Quaoar}} and {{dp|Orcus}} which are in Unicode. All (except Eris, for which the hand of Eris is a traditional [[Discordian]] symbol) were devised by Denis Moskowitz, a software engineer in Massachusetts.<ref name=DPU |
In the early 21st century, symbols for the [[trans-Neptunian objects|trans-Neptunian]] dwarf planets have come into use, particularly [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]] (the [[hand of Eris]], ⯰, but also ⯱), [[90377 Sedna|Sedna]], [[Haumea]], [[Makemake]], {{dp|Gonggong}}, {{dp|Quaoar}} and {{dp|Orcus}} which are in Unicode. All (except Eris, for which the hand of Eris is a traditional [[Discordian]] symbol) were devised by Denis Moskowitz, a software engineer in Massachusetts.<ref name=DPU> |
||
{{cite report |
|||
|last=Miller |first=Kirk |
|||
|date=26 October 2021 |
|||
|title=Unicode request for dwarf-planet symbols |
|||
|website=unicode.org |
|||
|id=L2021/21224 |
|||
|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21224-dwarf-planet-syms.pdf |
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}} |
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</ref><ref name=anderson> |
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{{cite press release |last=Anderson |first=Deborah |date=4 May 2022 |title=Out of this world: New astronomy symbols approved for the Unicode standard |website=unicode.org |publisher=[[The Unicode Consortium]] |url=http://blog.unicode.org/2022/05/out-of-this-world-new-astronomy-symbols.html |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref> |
|||
{|class="wikitable" |
{|class="wikitable" |
||
|+ Unicode characters for minor planets |
|||
! !! !! !!Unicode symbol |
|||
! !! !! !!Code point |
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|- id="Ceres" |
|- id="Ceres" |
||
![[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]] |
![[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]] |
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Line 402: | Line 642: | ||
|[[File:Pallas symbol (fixed width).svg|frameless|upright=0.3]] |
|[[File:Pallas symbol (fixed width).svg|frameless|upright=0.3]] |
||
|{{commons category|(2) Pallas symbols}} |
|{{commons category|(2) Pallas symbols}} |
||
|(⚴) PALLAS at U+26B4.<ref name = officialchart |
|(⚴) PALLAS at U+26B4.<ref name = officialchart/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
![[3 Juno|Juno]] |
![[3 Juno|Juno]] |
||
|[[File:Juno symbol (fixed width).svg|frameless|upright=0.3]] |
|[[File:Juno symbol (fixed width).svg|frameless|upright=0.3]] |
||
|{{commons category|(3) Juno symbols}} |
|{{commons category|(3) Juno symbols}} |
||
|(⚵) JUNO at U+26B5.<ref name = officialchart |
|(⚵) JUNO at U+26B5.<ref name = officialchart/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
![[4 Vesta|Vesta]] |
![[4 Vesta|Vesta]] |
||
|[[File:Vesta symbol (fixed width).svg|frameless|upright=0.3]] |
|[[File:Vesta symbol (fixed width).svg|frameless|upright=0.3]] |
||
|{{commons category|(4) Vesta symbols}} |
|{{commons category|(4) Vesta symbols}} |
||
|(⚶) VESTA at U+26B6.<ref name = officialchart |
|(⚶) VESTA at U+26B6.<ref name = officialchart/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
![[10 Hygiea|Hygiea]] |
![[10 Hygiea|Hygiea]] |
||
|[[File:Hygiea symbol ( |
|[[File:Hygiea symbol (fixed width).svg|frameless|upright=0.3]] |
||
|{{commons category|(10) Hygiea symbols}} |
|{{commons category|(10) Hygiea symbols}} |
||
|(⯚) HYGIEA at U+2BDA.<ref name = officialchart |
|(⯚) HYGIEA at U+2BDA.<ref name = officialchart/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
![[2060 Chiron|Chiron]] |
![[2060 Chiron|Chiron]] |
||
|[[File:Chiron symbol (fixed width).svg|frameless|upright=0.3]] |
|[[File:Chiron symbol (fixed width).svg|frameless|upright=0.3]] |
||
|{{commons category|Chiron symbols}} |
|{{commons category|Chiron symbols}} |
||
|(⚷) CHIRON at U+26B7.<ref name = officialchart |
|(⚷) CHIRON at U+26B7.<ref name = officialchart/> |
||
|- |
|- |
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![[5145 Pholus|Pholus]] |
![[5145 Pholus|Pholus]] |
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Line 466: | Line 706: | ||
|[[File:Eris arrow symbol (fixed width).svg|frameless|upright=0.3]] |
|[[File:Eris arrow symbol (fixed width).svg|frameless|upright=0.3]] |
||
|{{commons category|Eris astrological symbol}} |
|{{commons category|Eris astrological symbol}} |
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|(⯱) ERIS FORM TWO at U+2BF1 |
|(⯱) ERIS FORM TWO at U+2BF1, used by astrologer Henry Seltzer |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{dp|Sedna}} |
!{{dp|Sedna}} |
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Line 479: | Line 719: | ||
Abraham Bloemaert, Juno, c.1610, NGA 152769.jpg|Juno with her scepter |
Abraham Bloemaert, Juno, c.1610, NGA 152769.jpg|Juno with her scepter |
||
D'Antoine - Consécration d'une jeune vestale en présence des déesses Minerve et Vesta.jpg|Vesta's sacred fire |
D'Antoine - Consécration d'une jeune vestale en présence des déesses Minerve et Vesta.jpg|Vesta's sacred fire |
||
Hygeia-Hermitage.jpg|Hygiea with her snake (old astr. symbol [[File:Hygiea symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
Hygeia-Hermitage.jpg|Hygiea with her snake (old astr. symbol [[File:Hygiea symbol (original, fixed width).svg]]) |
||
Makemake.jpg|Petroglyph of Makemake |
Makemake.jpg|Petroglyph of Makemake |
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Bomarzo parco mostri orco.jpg|Orcus's gape |
Bomarzo parco mostri orco.jpg|Orcus's gape |
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Line 485: | Line 725: | ||
Hand of Eris.svg|The Hand of Eris from the ''[[Principia Discordia]]'' |
Hand of Eris.svg|The Hand of Eris from the ''[[Principia Discordia]]'' |
||
</gallery> |
</gallery> |
||
=== Additional symbols === |
=== Additional symbols === |
||
From 1845 to 1855, many symbols were created for newly discovered asteroids. But by 1851, the spate of discoveries had led to a general abandonment of these symbols in favour of numbering all asteroids instead.<ref name=hilton>{{cite |
From 1845 to 1855, many symbols were created for newly discovered asteroids. But by 1851, the spate of discoveries had led to a general abandonment of these symbols in favour of numbering all asteroids instead.<ref name=hilton> |
||
{{cite report |
|||
| last = Hilton |first=James L. | author-link = James L. Hilton |
| last = Hilton | first=James L. | author-link = James L. Hilton |
||
| date = |
| date = 14 June 2011 |
||
| title = When did the |
| title = When did the asteroids become minor planets? |
||
| place = Washington, DC |
|||
| url = http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |
|||
| publisher = [[United States Naval Observatory]] |
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| access-date = April 24, 2013 | url-status=live |
|||
| series = Astronomical Almanac Division |
|||
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810175312/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |
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| url = http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |
|||
| archive-date=August 10, 2018 |
|||
| access-date = April 24, 2013 | url-status=live |
|||
}}</ref> |
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| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810175312/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php |
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| archive-date=August 10, 2018 |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
<gallery> |
<gallery> |
||
AstraeaVSH.JPG|Astraea with her scales (astronomical symbol {{ |
AstraeaVSH.JPG|Astraea with her scales (astronomical symbol {{nowrap|[[File:Astraea symbol (fixed width).svg]] or [[File:Astraea symbol (scales, fixed width).svg]])}} |
||
Canova-Hebe 30 degree view.jpg|Hebe bearing a cup (astr. symbol [[File:Hebe symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
Canova-Hebe 30 degree view.jpg|Hebe bearing a cup (astr. symbol [[File:Hebe symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
||
Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien 2016 Kunstkammer Gaetano Matteo Monti Iris als Regenbogengöttin KK 5503 b.jpg|Iris as the rainbow (astr. symbol [[File:Iris symbol (simple, fixed width).svg]]) |
Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien 2016 Kunstkammer Gaetano Matteo Monti Iris als Regenbogengöttin KK 5503 b.jpg|Iris as the rainbow (astr. symbol [[File:Iris symbol (simple, fixed width).svg]]) |
||
Flora |
File:Wall painting - Flora - Stabiae (villa di Arianna) - Napoli MAN 8834.jpg|Flora dispensing flowers (astr. symbol [[File:Flora symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
||
File:Winged goddess Louvre F32.jpg|Metis (astr. symbol [[File:Metis symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
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File:Hygea, copia romana da originale greco del III sec. ac.JPG|Hygiea with her snake (astr. symbol [[File:Hygiea symbol (original, fixed width).svg]]) |
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File:Sirena Napoli2.JPG|Parthenope (astr. symbol [[File:Parthenope symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
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NAMA Sirène.jpg|Parthenope with her lyre (astr. symbol [[File:Lyra symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
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Victory Column or Siegessäule in Berlin Tiergarten 0962.jpg|Victory (Victoria) with a laurel wreath (astr. symbol [[File:Victoria symbol (fixed width).svg]] or [[File:Victoria symbol (simple, fixed width).svg]]) |
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File:La ninfa Egeria dictando a Numa.jpg|Egeria (astr. symbol [[File:Egeria symbol (fixed width).svg]]) dictating the laws of Rome to [[Numa Pompilius]] |
|||
Alegorie míru, náměstí Míru, Vinohrady, Praha.jpg|Peace (Irene) as a freed dove (astr. symbol [[File:Irene symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
Alegorie míru, náměstí Míru, Vinohrady, Praha.jpg|Peace (Irene) as a freed dove (astr. symbol [[File:Irene symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
||
Germania frieden.jpg|Peace with wings and an olive branch |
Germania frieden.jpg|Peace with wings and an olive branch |
||
File:Jacob Jordaens- Al·legoria de la Pau.jpg|Eunomia (astr. symbol [[File:Eunomia symbol (fixed width).svg]]) at left, as allegory of law and good order; Irene in centre |
|||
Psyche on a camel.jpg|Psyche with butterfly wings (astr. symbol [[File:Psyche symbol (elaborate, fixed width).svg]]) |
Psyche on a camel.jpg|Psyche with butterfly wings (astr. symbol [[File:Psyche symbol (elaborate, fixed width).svg]]) |
||
Hermes-Psyche-Palais-Garnier (cropped).jpg|Psyche accompanied by a butterfly, and Hermes with a multiply twisted caduceus |
Hermes-Psyche-Palais-Garnier (cropped).jpg|Psyche accompanied by a butterfly, and Hermes with a multiply twisted caduceus |
||
Library of the world's best literature, ancient and modern (1902) (14759296956).jpg|Psyche with butterfly wings, and Charon standing in his lunate boat |
Library of the world's best literature, ancient and modern (1902) (14759296956).jpg|Psyche with butterfly wings, and Charon standing in his lunate boat |
||
File:Psyche insignia.svg|Insignia of the NASA ''[[Psyche (spacecraft)|Psyche]]'' mission, possibly influenced by the Psyche symbol<ref name=astunicode>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23207-historical-asteroids.pdf |title=Unicode request for historical asteroid symbols |last1=Bala |first1=Gavin Jared |last2=Miller |first2=Kirk |date=18 September 2023 |website=unicode.org |publisher=Unicode |access-date=26 September 2023 |quote=}}</ref> |
|||
Museo Arqueológico Nacional - 2001-89-2 - Dinos de Tetis y Peleo 03.jpg|Thetis with a dolphin (astro. symbol [[file:Thetis symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
Museo Arqueológico Nacional - 2001-89-2 - Dinos de Tetis y Peleo 03.jpg|Thetis with a dolphin (astro. symbol [[file:Thetis symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
||
Melpomene Pio-Clementino Inv299.jpg|Melpomene with a dagger (astr. symbol [[file:Melpomene symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
Melpomene Pio-Clementino Inv299.jpg|Melpomene with a dagger (astr. symbol [[file:Melpomene symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
||
Line 514: | Line 766: | ||
Jan Muller after Bartholomaeus Spranger, Bellona Leading the Imperial Armies Against the Turks, 1600, NGA 153994.jpg|Bellona with a lance and flail (astro. symbol [[file:Bellona symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
Jan Muller after Bartholomaeus Spranger, Bellona Leading the Imperial Armies Against the Turks, 1600, NGA 153994.jpg|Bellona with a lance and flail (astro. symbol [[file:Bellona symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
||
Amphitrite LACMA M.88.91.381b.jpg|Amphitrite on a shell (astr. symbol [[file:Amphitrite symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
Amphitrite LACMA M.88.91.381b.jpg|Amphitrite on a shell (astr. symbol [[file:Amphitrite symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
||
File:Leukothea, Goddess of Sailors, from the Goddesses of the Greeks and Romans series (N188) issued by Wm. S. Kimball & Co. MET DPB871036.jpg|Leukothea (astr. symbol [[File:Leukothea symbol (fixed width).svg]]) as goddess of sailors |
|||
File:Triumph of Faith over Idolatry Theodon.jpg|Faith (Fides, astr. symbol [[File:Fides symbol (fixed width).svg]]) triumphs over idolatry |
|||
</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
||
File:Amphitrite Terme di Nettuno Ostia Antica 2006-09-08.jpg|Salacia riding her [[hippocamp]] (symbol [[File:Salacia symbol ( |
File:Amphitrite Terme di Nettuno Ostia Antica 2006-09-08.jpg|Salacia riding her [[hippocamp]] (symbol [[File:Salacia symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
||
File:Ixion in sky campanian amphora.jpg|Ixion bound to his wheel (symbol [[File:Ixion symbol (Latin, fixed width).svg]] or [[File:Ixion symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg]]) |
File:Ixion in sky campanian amphora.jpg|Ixion bound to his wheel (symbol [[File:Ixion symbol (Latin, fixed width).svg]] or [[File:Ixion symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg]]) |
||
File:Varuna makara.jpg|Varuna with his snake-lasso (symbol [[File:Varuna symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
File:Varuna makara.jpg|Varuna with his snake-lasso (symbol [[File:Varuna symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
||
File:Varda Elentári.jpg|Varda kindling the stars (symbol [[File:Varda symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
File:Varda Elentári.jpg|Varda kindling the stars (symbol [[File:Varda symbol (fixed width).svg]]) |
||
File:Star of Chaos Warhammer.svg|The [[Symbol of Chaos]] ([[File:Chaos symbol (fixed width).svg]]) in ''[[Warhammer 40,000]]'' |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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*[[Gender symbol]] |
*[[Gender symbol]] |
||
*[[Classical planets in Western alchemy]] |
*[[Classical planets in Western alchemy]] |
||
==Footnotes== |
|||
{{notelist}} |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{reflist}} |
{{reflist|25em}} |
||
{{commons category|Planet symbols}} |
{{commons category|Planet symbols}} |
Latest revision as of 05:45, 21 May 2024
A planet symbol or planetary symbol is a graphical symbol used in astrology and astronomy to represent a classical planet (including the Sun and the Moon) or one of the modern planets. The symbols were also used in alchemy to represent the metals associated with the planets, and in calendars for their associated days. Most of the symbols originated in Greco-Roman astronomy; their modern forms developed in the 16th century.
The classical planets, their symbols, days and most commonly associated planetary metals are:
planet | Moon | Mercury | Venus | Sun | Mars | Jupiter | Saturn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
symbol | |||||||
unicode | ☾ | ☿ | ♀︎ | ☉ | ♂︎ | ♃ | ♄ |
day | Monday | Wednesday | Friday | Sunday | Tuesday | Thursday | Saturday |
metal | silver | quicksilver | copper | gold | iron | tin | lead |
The International Astronomical Union (IAU) discourages the use of these symbols in modern journal articles, and their style manual proposes one- and two-letter abbreviations for the names of the planets for cases where planetary symbols might be used, such as in the headings of tables.[1] The modern planets with their traditional symbols and IAU abbreviations are:
planet | Mercury | Venus | Earth | Mars | Jupiter | Saturn | Uranus | Neptune |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
symbol | ||||||||
initial (IAU) | Me H[a] |
V | E | Ma M[a] |
J | S | U | N |
The symbols of Venus and Mars are also used to represent female and male in biology following a convention introduced by Carl Linnaeus in the 1750s.
History[edit]
Classical planets[edit]
Antecedents of the planetary symbols are attested in the attributes given to classical deities. The Roman planisphere of Bianchini (2nd century, currently in the Louvre, inv. Ma 540)[2] shows the seven planets represented by portraits of the seven corresponding gods, each a bust with a halo and an iconic object or dress, as follows: Mercury has a caduceus and a winged cap; Venus has a necklace and a shining mirror; Mars has a war-helmet and a spear; Jupiter has a laurel crown and a staff; Saturn has a conical headdress and a scythe; the Sun has rays emanating from his head; and the Moon has a crescent atop her head.
-
Luna with a crescent
-
Mercury with a caduceus
-
Venus with a shining mirror
-
Sol emanating rays
-
Mars with a spear
-
Jupiter with a staff
-
Saturn with a scythe
The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late Greek papyri.[3][b]
Early forms are also found in medieval Byzantine codices which preserve horoscopes.[4]
-
The symbol for the Moon in a medieval Byzantine (11th c.) ms. The appearance in late Classical times was similar.[3]
-
The symbol for Mercury in late Classical (4th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) mss[3]
-
The symbol for Venus in late Classical (4th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) mss[3]
-
The disk with a ray as a symbol for the Sun in late Classical (4th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) mss[3]
-
The symbol for Mars in late Classical (6th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) mss.[3]
-
The symbol for Jupiter in late Classical (4th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) mss[3]
A diagram in the astronomical compendium by Johannes Kamateros (12th century) closely resembles the 11th-century forms shown above, with the Sun represented by a circle with a single ray, Jupiter by the letter zeta (the initial of Zeus, Jupiter's counterpart in Greek mythology), Mars by a round shield in front of a diagonal spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern ones, though without the crosshatch-marks seen in modern versions of Mercury, Venus, Jupiter and Saturn.[citation needed] These cross-marks first appear in the late 15th or early 16th century. According to Maunder, the addition of crosses appears to be "an attempt to give a savour of Christianity to the symbols of the old pagan gods."[5] The modern forms of the classical planetary symbols are found in a woodcut of the seven planets in a Latin translation of Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi's De Magnis Coniunctionibus printed at Venice in 1506, represented as the corresponding gods riding chariots.[6]
-
Early modern depiction of the planet symbols in an alchemical context (Musaeum Hermeticum, 1678)
-
Page spread (with the signs for Mars and Venus) from a 1515 illustrated edition of Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi's De Magnis Coniunctionibus (in the by translation by Herman of Carinthia, c. 1140, editio princeps by Erhard Ratdolt of Augsburg, 1489).
-
Depiction of the planets in a 15th-century Arabic manuscript of Abu Ma'shar's "Book of nativities"[c]
-
Medieval planisphere showing the zodiac and the classical planets. The planets are represented by seven faces.
-
16th-century mechanical clock + calendar, using the symbols of the eponymous planets for the days of the week.
-
Planetary-metal symbols at the center of the coat of arms of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Earth symbol[edit]
Earth is not one of the classical planets, as "planets" by definition were "wandering stars" as seen from Earth's surface. Earth's status as planet is a consequence of heliocentrism in the 16th century. Nonetheless, there is a pre-heliocentric symbol for the world, now used as a planetary symbol for the Earth. This is a circle crossed by two lines, horizontal and vertical, representing the world divided by four rivers into the four quarters of the world (often translated as the four "corners" of the world): . A variant, now obsolete, had only the horizontal line: .[7]
A medieval European symbol for the world – the globus cruciger, (the globe surmounted by a Christian cross) – is also used as a planetary symbol; it resembles an inverted symbol for Venus.
The planetary symbols for Earth are encoded in Unicode at U+1F728 🜨 ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VERDIGRIS and U+2641 ♁ EARTH.
-
Stylized Earth symbol
-
A simple globus cruciger
-
Three globi crucigeri in the coat of arms of Maschwanden in Switzerland
-
In this globus cruciger, the cross is surmounted on a celestial orb with stars
Classical planets[edit]
Moon[edit]
The crescent shape has been used to represent the Moon since earliest times. In classical antiquity, it is worn by lunar deities (Selene/Luna, Artemis/Diana, Men, etc.) either on the head or behind the shoulders, with its horns pointing upward. The representation of the moon as a simple crescent with the horns pointing to the side (as a heraldic crescent increscent or crescent decrescent) is attested from late Classical times.
The same symbol can be used in a different context not for the Moon itself but for a lunar phase, as part of a sequence of four symbols for "new moon" (U+1F311 🌑︎), "waxing" (U+263D ☽︎), "full moon" (U+1F315 🌕︎) and "waning" (U+263E ☾︎).
-
The Moon symbol, representing silver mining, in the municipal arms of Sala in Sweden
-
The Moon symbol in the municipal arms of Silvberg ('Silver Mountain') in Sweden
-
Stylized Moon symbol
-
The Moon for silver
Mercury[edit]
The symbol ☿ for Mercury is a caduceus (a staff intertwined with two serpents), a symbol associated with Mercury / Hermes throughout antiquity. Some time after the 11th century, a crosshatch was added to the bottom of the staff to make it seem more Christian.[3]
-
The god Hermes (Mercury) with his caduceus
-
The caduceus, copied from pottery
-
The caduceus in a tapestry, 3rd century
-
Mercury symbol, representing quicksilver mining, in the municipal coat of arms of Stahlberg, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
-
Stylized Mercury symbol
-
Mercury for quicksilver
The ☿ symbol has also been used to indicate intersex, transgender, or non-binary gender.[8] A related usage is for the 'worker' or 'neuter' sex among social insects that is neither male nor (due to its lack of reproductive capacity) fully female, such as for example worker bees.[9] It was also once the designated symbol for hermaphroditic or 'perfect' flowers,[10] but botanists now use ⚥ for these instead.[11]
Its Unicode codepoint is U+263F ☿ MERCURY.
Venus[edit]
The Venus symbol, ♀, consists of a circle with a small cross below it. It has been interpreted as a depiction of the hand-mirror of the goddess, which may also explain Venus's association with the planetary metal copper, as mirrors in antiquity were made of polished copper (alloy),[12][d] though this is not certain.[3] In the Greek Oxyrhynchus Papyri 235, the symbols for Venus and Mercury did not have the cross on the bottom stem,[3] and Venus still appears without the cross (⚲) in Johannes Kamateros (12th century).[citation needed]
In botany and biology, the symbol for Venus is used to represent the female sex, alongside the symbol for Mars representing the male sex,[13] following a convention introduced by Linnaeus in the 1750s.[10][e] Arising from the biological convention, the symbol also came to be used in sociological contexts to represent women or femininity. This gendered association of Venus and Mars has been used to pair them heteronormatively, describing women and men stereotypically as being so different that they can be understood as coming from different planets, an understanding popularized in 1992 by the book titled Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus.[14][15]
Unicode encodes the symbol as U+2640 ♀ FEMALE SIGN, in the Miscellaneous Symbols block.[f]
-
A bronze mirror, of the type associated with Venus
-
Cupid holding up a similar mirror to Venus
-
The Venus symbol, representing copper mining, in the municipal coat of arms of Falun Municipality in Sweden (1932)
-
Stylized Venus symbol
-
Venus for copper
Sun[edit]
The modern astronomical symbol for the Sun, the circumpunct (U+2609 ☉ SUN), was first used in the Renaissance. It possibly represents Apollo's golden shield with a boss; it is unknown if it traces descent from the nearly identical Egyptian hieroglyph for the Sun.
Bianchini's planisphere, produced in the 2nd century, shows a circlet with rays radiating from it.[5][2] In late Classical times, the Sun is attested as a circle with a single ray. A diagram in Johannes Kamateros' 12th century Compendium of Astrology shows the same symbol.[18] This older symbol is encoded by Unicode as U+1F71A 🜚 ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR GOLD in the Alchemical Symbols block. Both symbols have been used alchemically for gold, as have more elaborate symbols showing a disk with multiple rays or even a face.
-
A buckler with a sun symbol and dot at center
-
Stylized circumpunct symbol for the Sun
-
The Sun for gold
-
🜚, the medieval astronomical symbol for the Sun
Mars[edit]
The Mars symbol, ♂, is a depiction of a circle with an arrow emerging from it, pointing at an angle to the upper right in Europe and to the upper left in India.[19][20] It is also the old and obsolete symbol for iron in alchemy. In zoology and botany, it is used to represent the male sex (alongside the astrological symbol for Venus representing the female sex),[13] following a convention introduced by Linnaeus in the 1750s.[10]
The symbol dates from at latest the 11th century, at which time it was an arrow across or through a circle, thought to represent the shield and spear of the god Mars; in the medieval form, for example in the 12th-century Compendium of Astrology by Johannes Kamateros, the spear is drawn across the shield.[18] The Greek Oxyrhynchus Papyri show a different symbol,[3] perhaps simply a spear.[2]
-
3rd-century coin with Mars on the reverse, with lance and shield. The same symbols were used for Athena (Pallas).
-
Mars with spear and shield, Pompeii.
-
The Mars symbol, representing iron mining, in the municipal coat of arms of Karlskoga in Sweden
-
The Mars symbol in the municipal coat of arms of Loppi in Finland
-
Mars symbol in the patch for NASA's Viking mission
-
Stylized Mars symbol. The spear partly crosses the shield.
-
Mars for iron
Its Unicode codepoint is U+2642 ♂ MALE SIGN (♂).
Jupiter[edit]
The symbol for Jupiter, ♃, was originally a Greek zeta, Ζ, with a stroke indicating that it is an abbreviation (for Zeus, the Greek equivalent of Roman Jupiter).
Its Unicode codepoint is U+2643 ♃ JUPITER.
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Jupiter and Saturn symbols in patch for NASA's Mariner Jupiter-Saturn mission
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Stylized Jupiter symbol
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Jupiter for tin
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A modern form of the symbol that reflects its origin in the letter 'Z'
Saturn[edit]
Salmasius and earlier attestations show that the symbol for Saturn, ♄, derives from the initial letters (Kappa, rho) of its ancient Greek name Κρόνος (Kronos), with a stroke to indicate an abbreviation.[10] By the time of Kamateros (12th century), the symbol had been reduced to a shape similar to a lower-case letter eta η, with the abbreviation stroke surviving (if at all) in the curl on the bottom-right end. The horizontal stroke was added along with the "Christianization" of other symbols in the early 16th century.
Its Unicode codepoint is U+2644 ♄ SATURN.
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Emblem of the Fraternitas Saturni, a German magical order founded in 1926
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The Saturn symbol representing lead in the municipal coat of arms of Bleiwäsche, since 1975 part of Bad Wünnenberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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Stylized Saturn symbol
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Saturn for lead (Pb)
Modern discoveries[edit]
Uranus[edit]
The symbols for Uranus were created shortly after its discovery in 1781. One symbol, ⛢, invented by J. G. Köhler and refined by Bode, was intended to represent the newly discovered metal platinum; since platinum, commonly called white gold, was found by chemists mixed with iron, the symbol for platinum combines the alchemical symbols for iron, ♂, and gold, ☉.[21][22] Gold and iron are the planetary metals for the Sun and Mars, and so share their symbols. Several orientations were suggested, but an upright arrow is now universal.
Another symbol, , was suggested by Lalande in 1784. In a letter to Herschel, Lalande described it as "un globe surmonté par la première lettre de votre nom" ("a globe surmounted by the first letter of your name").[23] The platinum symbol tends to be used by astronomers and the monogram by astrologers.[24]
For use in computer systems, the symbols are encoded U+26E2 ⛢ ASTRONOMICAL SYMBOL FOR URANUS and U+2645 ♅ URANUS.
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The planetary symbols as rendered in 1784, including the newly discovered Uranus (left)[21]
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The Uranus platinum symbol on William Herschel's coat of arms (center, blue background)
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Stylized Uranus monogram
Neptune[edit]
Several symbols were proposed for Neptune to accompany the suggested names for the planet. Claiming the right to name his discovery, Urbain Le Verrier originally proposed to name the planet for the Roman God Neptune[25] and the symbol of a trident,[26] while falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes.[25] In October, he sought to name the planet Leverrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director, François Arago,[27] who in turn proposed a new symbol for the planet, .[28] However, this suggestion met with resistance outside France,[27] and French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus, after that planet's discoverer Sir William Herschel, and Leverrier for the new planet,[29] though it was used by anglophone institutions.[30] Professor James Pillans of the University of Edinburgh defended the name Janus for the new planet, and proposed a key for its symbol.[26] Meanwhile, Struve presented the name Neptune on December 29, 1846, to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences.[31] In August 1847, the Bureau des Longitudes announced its decision to follow prevailing astronomical practice and adopt the choice of Neptune, with Arago refraining from participating in this decision.[32] The planetary symbol was Neptune's trident, with the handle stylized either as a crosshatch , following Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, and the asteroids, or as an orb , following the symbols for Uranus, Earth, and Mars.[7] The crosshatch variant is the more common today.
For use in computer systems, the symbols are encoded as U+2646 ♆ NEPTUNE and U+2BC9 ⯉ NEPTUNE FORM TWO.
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Athena (Pallas) with her lance and Poseidon (Neptune) with his trident. These weapons became the symbols of the planets Pallas and Neptune, respectively.
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Poseidon with a trident, 6th century BCE
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Poseidon with a trident, 6th century CE
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Stylized Neptune symbol (orb base)
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Stylized Neptune symbol (cross base)
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⯉, the obsolete Le Verrier monogram for Neptune
Pluto[edit]
Pluto was almost universally considered a planet from its discovery in 1930 until its re-classification as a dwarf planet (planetoid) by the IAU in 2006. Planetary geologists[33] and astrologers continue to treat it as a planet. The original planetary symbol for Pluto was , a monogram of the letters P and L. Astrologers generally use a bident with an orb. NASA has used the bident symbol since Pluto's reclassification. These symbols are encoded as U+2647 ♇ PLUTO and U+2BD3 ⯓ PLUTO FORM TWO.
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Pluto holding a bident
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Pluto with a bident
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Pluto symbol stylized as an inverted Mercury
-
Pluto compared in size to Earth's moon in a NASA publication
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⯖, an astrological symbol used for Pluto in Germany and Denmark, representing Pluto's orbit crossing Neptune's
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⯔, an astrological symbol used in the Mediterranean and Germany. The globe at bottom may be larger or omitted altogether.
Minor planets[edit]
In the 19th century, planetary symbols for the major asteroids were also in use, including 1 Ceres (a reaper's sickle, encoded U+26B3 ⚳ CERES), 2 Pallas (a lance, U+26B4 ⚴ PALLAS) and 3 Juno (a sceptre, encoded U+26B5 ⚵ JUNO). Encke (1850) used symbols for 5 Astraea, 6 Hebe, 7 Iris, 8 Flora and 9 Metis in the Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch.[34]
In the late 20th century, astrologers abbreviated the symbol for 4 Vesta (the sacred fire of Vesta, encoded U+26B6 ⚶ VESTA),[35] and introduced new symbols for 5 Astraea (, a stylised % sign, shift-5 on the keyboard for asteroid 5), 10 Hygiea encoded U+2BDA ⯚ HYGIEA)[36] and for 2060 Chiron, discovered in 1977 (a key, U+26B7 ⚷ CHIRON).[35] Chiron's symbol was adapted as additional centaurs were discovered; symbols for 5145 Pholus and 7066 Nessus have been encoded in Unicode.[36] The abbreviated Vesta symbol is now universal, and the astrological symbol for Pluto has been used astronomically for Pluto as a dwarf planet.[37]
In the early 21st century, symbols for the trans-Neptunian dwarf planets have come into use, particularly Eris (the hand of Eris, ⯰, but also ⯱), Sedna, Haumea, Makemake, Gonggong, Quaoar and Orcus which are in Unicode. All (except Eris, for which the hand of Eris is a traditional Discordian symbol) were devised by Denis Moskowitz, a software engineer in Massachusetts.[37][38]
Code point | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ceres | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ceres symbols. |
(⚳) CERES at U+26B3.[39] | |
Pallas | Wikimedia Commons has media related to (2) Pallas symbols. |
(⚴) PALLAS at U+26B4.[39] | |
Juno | Wikimedia Commons has media related to (3) Juno symbols. |
(⚵) JUNO at U+26B5.[39] | |
Vesta | Wikimedia Commons has media related to (4) Vesta symbols. |
(⚶) VESTA at U+26B6.[39] | |
Hygiea | Wikimedia Commons has media related to (10) Hygiea symbols. |
(⯚) HYGIEA at U+2BDA.[39] | |
Chiron | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chiron symbols. |
(⚷) CHIRON at U+26B7.[39] | |
Pholus | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pholus symbols. |
(⯛) PHOLUS at U+2BDB | |
Nessus | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nessus symbols. |
(⯜) NESSUS at U+2BDC | |
Orcus | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orcus symbols. |
(🝿) ORCUS at U+1F77F | |
Haumea | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haumea symbols. |
(🝻) HAUMEA at U+1F77B | |
Quaoar | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quaoar symbols. |
(🝾) QUAOAR at U+1F77E | |
Makemake | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Makemake symbols. |
(🝼) MAKEMAKE at U+1F77C | |
Gonggong | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gonggong symbols. |
(🝽) GONGGONG at U+1F77D | |
Eris | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Five-fingered hand of Eris. |
(⯰) ERIS FORM ONE at U+2BF0 | |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eris astrological symbol. |
(⯱) ERIS FORM TWO at U+2BF1, used by astrologer Henry Seltzer | ||
Sedna | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sedna symbols. |
(⯲) SEDNA at U+2BF2 |
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Ceres with her sickle
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Athena (Pallas) with her lance (left)
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Juno with her scepter
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Vesta's sacred fire
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Petroglyph of Makemake
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Orcus's gape
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A human-headed serpent similar to depictions of Gonggong
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The Hand of Eris from the Principia Discordia
Additional symbols[edit]
From 1845 to 1855, many symbols were created for newly discovered asteroids. But by 1851, the spate of discoveries had led to a general abandonment of these symbols in favour of numbering all asteroids instead.[40]
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Egeria (astr. symbol ) dictating the laws of Rome to Numa Pompilius
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Peace with wings and an olive branch
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Psyche accompanied by a butterfly, and Hermes with a multiply twisted caduceus
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Psyche with butterfly wings, and Charon standing in his lunate boat
-
blindfolded Fortuna balanced on a wheel
Moskowitz, who designed symbols for the trans-Neptunian dwarf planets, also designed symbols for the smaller trans-Neptunian objects Varuna, Ixion, and Salacia. Others have proposed symbols for even more trans-Neptunian objects, e.g. Zane Stein for Varda. Although mentioned in the Unicode proposal for the other dwarf planets, they lack broader adoption.[37]
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Salacia riding her hippocamp (symbol )
See also[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
- ^ a b In order to have one-letter abbreviations for every planet, the IAU recommends 'H' (Hermes) for Mercury and 'M' for Mars. In the unlikely event a satellite were ever discovered around Mercury, its official abbreviation would be H1.
- ^ "It is now possible to trace the medieval symbols for at least four of the five planets to forms that occur in some of the latest papyrus horoscopes ([ P.Oxy. ] 4272, 4274, 4275 [...]). Mercury's is a stylized caduceus. ... The ideal form of Mars' symbol is uncertain, and perhaps not related to the later circle with an arrow through it." — Jones (1999)[3]
- ^ BNF Arabe 2583 folio 15v: Saturn is shown as a black bearded man, kneeling and holding a scythe or axe; Mercury is shown as a scribe holding an open codex; Jupiter as a man of the law wearing a turban; Venus as a lute-player; Mars as a helmeted warrior holding a sword and the head of an enemy.
- ^ "The symbol, the stylized hand mirror of the Goddess Venus, also represents femininity. It has also been used for the element copper: Mirrors had been manufactured from polished copper." — Rehder (2011)[12]
- ^
"In his Systema Naturae (Leyden, 1735) he [Linnaeus] used them with their traditional associations for metals. Their first biological use is in the Linnaean dissertation Plantae hybridae xxx sistit J.J. Haartman (1751) where in discussing hybrid plants Linnaeus denoted the supposed female parent species by the sign ♀, the male parent by the sign ♂, the hybrid by ☿: 'matrem signo ♀, patrem ♂ & plantam hybridam ☿ designavero'. In subsequent publications he retained the signs ♀ and ♂ for male and female individuals but discarded ☿ for hybrids; the last are now indicated by the multiplication sign ×."
- ^ Glossed in the official Unicode code chart as " = Venus = alchemical symbol for copper → 1F469 👩 woman → 1F6BA 🚺 women's symbol". [16]
- ^ The raised fist symbol is attributed to Robin Morgan, in the 1960s: "Morgan designed the universal logo of the women's movement, the woman's symbol centered with a raised fist."[17]
References[edit]
- ^ The IAU Style Manual (PDF). 1989. p. 27.
- ^ a b c "plaque; planisphère de Bianchini". Paris: Louvre. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Jones, Alexander (1999). Astronomical Papyri from Oxyrhynchus: (P. Oxy. 4133-4300a). American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-233-7.
- ^ Neugebauer, Otto (1975). A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. pp. 788–789. ISBN 0-387-06995-X.
- ^ a b Maunder (1934)
- ^ Maunder (1934:239)
- ^ a b "Solar System". The English Cyclopaedia of Arts and Sciences. Vol. VII–VIII. 1861.
- ^ van den Akker, Olga B.A. (2012). Reproductive Health Psychology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-119-96747-7 – via Google Books.
- ^ Bingham, C. T. (1903). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. London: Taylor and Francis. p. v.
- ^ a b c d e Stearn, William T. (May 1962). "The origin of the male and female symbols of biology" (PDF). Taxon. 11 (4): 109–113. doi:10.2307/1217734. ISSN 0040-0262. JSTOR 1217734.
- ^ Simpson, Niki (2010). "Botanical symbols: A new symbol set for new images". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 162 (2): 117–129. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01021.x.
- ^ a b Rehder, Dieter (2011). Chemistry in Space: From interstellar matter to the origin of life. Wiley-VCH.
- ^ a b Schott, G.D. (December 2005). "Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree". The British Medical Journal. 331 (7531): 1509–1510. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1509. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1322246. PMID 16373733.
- ^ Brammer, John Paul (2020-02-10). "Love / hate reads: Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus, revisited". VICE. Retrieved 2023-04-17.
- ^ Morin, Amy (2016-08-19). "Why the Mars and Venus conversations must end: The truth about gender differences in the workplace". Forbes. Retrieved 2023-04-17.
- ^ U+2640 (PDF). unicode.org (Report). Unicode code chart. Vol. U+26××. The Unicode Consortium.
- ^ "Activism", robinmorgan.net, September 8, 2023. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
- ^ a b Neugebauer, Otto; Van Hoesen, H.B. (1987). Greek Horoscopes. pp. 1, 159, 163.
- ^ Maunder, A.S.D. (August 1934). "The origin of the symbols of the planets". The Observatory. Vol. 57. pp. 238–247. Bibcode:1934Obs....57..238M.
- ^ Evans, James (1998). The History & Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford University Press/U.S. p. 350. ISBN 0-19-509539-1.
- ^ a b Bode, J.E. (1784). Von dem neu entdeckten Planeten [On the newly discovered planets] (in German). Beim Verfaszer. pp. 95–96. Bibcode:1784vdne.book.....B – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Gould, B.A. (1850). Report on the history of the discovery of Neptune. Smithsonian Institution. p. 5 – via Archive.org.
- ^ Herschel, Francisca (August 1917). "The meaning of the symbol H+o for the planet Uranus". The Observatory. Vol. 40. p. 306. Bibcode:1917Obs....40..306H.
- ^ Iancu, Laurentiu (14 August 2009). Proposal to encode the astronomical symbol for Uranus (PDF). unicode.org (Report). The Unicode Consortium. L2009/09300.
- ^ a b Littmann, Mark; Standish, E.M. (2004). Planets Beyond: Discovering the outer Solar System. Courier Dover Publications. p. 50. ISBN 0-486-43602-0.
- ^ a b Pillans, James (1847). "Ueber den Namen des neuen Planeten" [Regarding the names of the new planets]. Astronomische Nachrichten (in German). 25 (26): 389–392. Bibcode:1847AN.....25..389.. doi:10.1002/asna.18470252602 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Baum, Richard; Sheehan, William (2003). In Search of Planet Vulcan: The ghost in Newton's clockwork universe. Basic Books. pp. 109–110. ISBN 0-7382-0889-2.
- ^ Schumacher, H.C. (1846). "Name des Neuen Planeten" [Names of the new planets]. Astronomische Nachrichten (in German). 25: 81–82. Bibcode:1846AN.....25...81L. doi:10.1002/asna.18470250603.
- ^ Gingerich, Owen (October 1958). The naming of Uranus and Neptune (Report). ASP Leaflets. Vol. 8. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. pp. 9–15. Bibcode:1958ASPL....8....9G.
- ^ "[title not cited]". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 1: 287 ff, 334 ff. 1848.
- ^ Hind, J.R. (1847). "Second report of proceedings in the Cambridge Observatory relating to the new planet (Neptune)". Astronomische Nachrichten. 25 (21): 309–314. Bibcode:1847AN.....25..309.. doi:10.1002/asna.18470252102 – via zenodo.org.
- ^ Connaissance des Temps: ou des mouvementes célestes, à l'usage des astronomes [Information on timing: or celestial movements, for the use of astronomers]. Connaissance des Temps (in French). Vol. 1847. Paris, France: Bureau des Longitudes. 1847. p. [unnumbered front matter].
- ^ Metzger, Philip T.; Grundy, W.M.; Sykes, Mark V.; Stern, Alan; Bell, James F. III; Detelich, Charlene E.; et al. (March 2022). "Moons are planets: Scientific usefulness versus cultural teleology in the taxonomy of planetary science". Icarus. 374: 114768. arXiv:2110.15285. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114768. ISSN 0019-1035. S2CID 240071005.
- ^ a b
Encke, J.F., ed. (1850). Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch für 1853. Berlin, DE. p. viii.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Faulks, David (9 May 2006). Proposal to add some western astrology symbols to the UCS (PDF). unicode.org (Report). The Unicode Consortium. p. 4. L2006/06171. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
- ^ a b Faulks, David (15 April 2016). Additional symbols for astrology (PDF). unicode.org (Report). The Unicode Consortium. L2016/16080.
- ^ a b c Miller, Kirk (26 October 2021). Unicode request for dwarf-planet symbols (PDF). unicode.org (Report). L2021/21224.
- ^ Anderson, Deborah (4 May 2022). "Out of this world: New astronomy symbols approved for the Unicode standard". unicode.org (Press release). The Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f In the official code chart.
- ^ Hilton, James L. (14 June 2011). When did the asteroids become minor planets? (Report). Astronomical Almanac Division. Washington, DC: United States Naval Observatory. Archived from the original on August 10, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
- ^ Bala, Gavin Jared; Miller, Kirk (18 September 2023). "Unicode request for historical asteroid symbols" (PDF). unicode.org. Unicode. Retrieved 26 September 2023.