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{{Infobox bilateral relations|Polish–French|Poland|France|map=Poland France Locator 2.png}}
'''Polish-French relations''' date several centuries, although they became really relevant only with times of [[French Revolution]] and reign of [[Napoleon I]]. Poles have been [[Grand Duchy of Warsaw|allies of Napoleon]]; [[Great Emigration|large Polish community]] settled in France in the 19th century, and [[Franco-Polish Military Alliance|Poles and French were also allies]] during the [[interwar period]]. The relations, having cooled down during the [[Cold War]], have improved since the [[fall of communism]]. Currently both countries are part of the [[European Union]].


'''Polish–French relations''' are relations between the nations of [[Poland]] and [[France]], which date back several centuries.
==Before 18th century==
Polish-French relations were limited until the 18th century, due geographical distance and [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] lack of involvement in the wars of Western Europe. A notable exception occured in 1573, when [[Henry III of France]] was [[free election|elected]] as the [[king of Poland]], but he retired from that position next year. In late 17th century, Polish king [[John III Sobieski]] was married to a French princess, [[Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien]].


Despite a number of cultural similarities, such as being prominent old medieval European kingdoms, belonging to [[Western culture|Western civilization]] and sharing a common [[Roman Catholic]] religion, relations between France and Poland have only become relevant since the [[Renaissance era]]. From the 16th century onward, the two countries made more frequent attempts at alliances and political cooperation, and the French and Polish ruling houses intermarried several times. Relations gained greater significance during the reign of [[Napoleon I]], when Poles were [[Duchy of Warsaw|allies of Napoleon]] with the hope of resurrecting their [[Partitions of Poland|recently occupied homeland]], which, however, was not achieved. The French government sympathized with Polish rebels in [[November Uprising|1830]] and [[January Uprising|1863]] but did not intervene. At that time a [[Great Emigration|large Polish community]] settled in France.
==18th century==
:''See also: [[Polish Jacobins]].''
In the early 18th century, [[Stanisław Leszczyński]], king of Poland, after loosing a civil war in Poland (the [[War of the Polish Succession]]), retired to France. In the mid-18th century, his daugher, Polish princess [[Maria Leszczyńska]] was the queen consort of France, and wife of [[Louis XV of France]].


Following the rebirth of independent Poland after [[World War I]], [[Franco-Polish alliance (1921)|Poland and France were allies]] during the [[interwar period]] and [[World War II]]. France declared war on [[Nazi Germany]] when it [[Invasion of Poland|invaded Poland]] in 1939, but for the most part France did not engage in military action, thus it was accused of failing to act accordingly. France eventually also fell to the Germans the next year, and the Poles took part in the [[Operation Overlord|liberation of France]] in 1944. The two countries were on opposite sides during the [[Cold War]]. Although the Polish Army has never fought against France, repeated accusations of French betrayal has influenced the relations between the two nations. It contributed to a cold attitude from Poland to France, despite their alliance since the [[Revolutions of 1989|fall of communism in Poland in 1989]].
In the late 18th century both Poland and France entered a revolutionary period, with [[French Revolution]] being a major influence to the reforms of the [[Great Sejm]] in Poland. There was, however, never any official Polish-French alliance; in fact France was content to deflect some of its troubles by not allying itself with Poland on purpose, as Poland's neighbors ([[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[Austrian Empire]] and [[Russian Empire]]) expecting a formtion of such an alliance, and seeing Polish reforms as a sings of [[Jacobin]]ite influence, carried out the [[partitions of Poland]].


Currently, both countries are part of the [[Council of Europe]], [[European Union]], [[NATO]], [[OECD]] and [[OSCE]]. Poland is also an observer in the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]].
==Napoleonic era==
[[Napoleon]]'s creation of the [[Grand Duchy of Warsaw]] gave every appearance of resurrecting the Polish nation from the political grave to which it had been consigned in the partitions that ended 1795, though in real terms the 'independence' was no more meaningful than that of [[Congress Poland]], which emerged from the Vienna settlement. However, the Duchy represented the hope of true independence, whereas Congress Poland was always in the shadow of Russia.


==History==
The other lasting significance of Napoleon's Grand Duchy is that it 'cast off' the old feudal Poland, which still existed, to some degree, under the rule of the partitioning powers. Serfdom was abolished and a modern legal code, on the French model, introduced. But the truly important thing was the contribution the Napoleonic period made towards the creation of a national legend or myth, which was to sustain and comfort Poles down the decades that followed. Amongst other things, it contributed to a belief that the rest of Europe had an abiding interest in the fate of Poland, arising from Bonaparte's support in 1797 for the formation of [[Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)|Polish Legions]], recruited from amongst émigrés and other exiles living in Italy. The [[Polish national anthem]] is really a celebration of the Legion's commander, [[Jan Henryk Dabrowski]], and Napoleon is only mentioned in passing. Indeed, Napoleon's treatment of these soldiers was cynical in the extreme. After the [[Treaty of Luneville]] in 1801, they were sent to the West Indies to suppress the slave revolt in the French colony of [[Saint-Domingue]], the future Haiti. Most never returned.


===Before the 18th century===
Napoleon continued to use Poles where it suited him best. Of the fresh forces raised after the creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, some 10,000 were actually sent to fight against the Spanish and the British in the [[Peninsular War]]. However, it is reasonably safe to assume that the Poles were most enthusiastic about [[French invasion of Russia (1812)|the 1812 war against Russia]]-which Napoleon called the Second Polish War-as they formed by far the largest foreign contingent of the Grand Army. We have no precise information on what form the peace would have taken if Napoleon had won his war against Alexander, but many Poles held to the belief that it would, at the very least, have led to a fully restored Poland, including Lithuania; a return, in other words, to the situation prior to the first partition in 1772. The whole experience of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw is one of Polish confidence in the ''promise'' of Napoleon, a promise of a better future, though there is really nothing that proves he would have fulfilled these expectations.
{{multiple image |align=right |caption_align=center |perrow=2 |total_width=320
| image1=Anjou 1570louvre.jpg
| image2=COA of Henry III of France from Recueil de tous les chevaliers de l'ordre du Saint Esprit. 1631.png
| caption1=[[Henry III of France|Henry III]], king of Poland and king of France
| caption2=Coat of Arms of Henry III as King of Poland and King of France
}}
Polish–French relations were nascent until the 18th century, due to geographical distance and the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]'s lack of involvement in the wars of [[Western Europe]]. French and Polish troops fought together as part of a larger European coalition against the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] invasion of Europe at the [[Battle of Nicopolis]] in 1396. In 1524, a [[Franco-Polish alliance (1524)|Franco-Polish alliance]] was formed, however it fell through after King [[Francis I of France]] was defeated and captured by troops of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V of Austria and Spain]] in the [[Battle of Pavia]] in 1525.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth M. Setton|year=1984|title=The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571)|volume=III|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgQNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA312|location=[[Philadelphia]]|publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]|page=312|isbn=9780871691613}}</ref> In 1573, [[Henry III of France]] was [[Royal elections in Poland|elected]] [[List of Polish monarchs|king of Poland]], but he abdicated the next year to become [[List of French monarchs|king of France]]. The French [[Order of the Holy Spirit]] was dedicated to the [[Holy Spirit]] for commemorating Henry III's succession as king of Poland (1573) and France (1574) on two [[Pentecost]]s.


Two Polish kings, [[Władysław IV Vasa]] and [[John II Casimir]], were married to French princess [[Marie Louise Gonzaga|Ludwika Maria Gonzaga]]. After his abdication in 1668, John II Casimir left for France, where he joined the [[Jesuits]] and became abbot of [[Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés|Saint-Germain-des-Prés]] in Paris. His heart was buried there.
It really is only fair to say that Polish national determination did make an impact on [[Tsar Alexander I]], because he accepted that there could be no return to the position prevailing in 1795, when Poland truly had been extinguished. On his insistance, lands that had fallen to Prussia on the Third Partition, including the city of Warsaw, became part of his new 'Polish State', a satellite, yes, but one with a high degree of political latitude, and one that preserved the Code Napoleon. Alexander may have hoped to transfer some of the fierce loyalty the Poles had formerly shown towards his great rival towards himself; but he merely perpetuated a myth. The hope of a liberal Poland, of Napoleon's Poland was kept alive, until it was all but destroyed in the uprising of 1830-1. Thereafter, most of those who went into exile sought refuge in France, the home of the Napoleon myth, which gave it fresh life. In 1834, from his Paris exile, [[Adam Mickiewicz]] wrote his epic poem, ''[[Pan Tadeusz]]'', which celebrates Napoleon's entry into Lithuania in 1812 thus; ''All sure of victory, cry with tears in eyes/God is with Napoleon, and Napoleon is with us!''
In the late 17th century, King [[John III Sobieski]] married French princess [[Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien]] and tried to forge a Polish–French alliance. An [[Treaty of Jaworów|alliance treaty]] was signed in 1675, however, due to external factors it was not implemented.
[[File:Tomb effigy of heart of King John II Casimir Vasa at Abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Prés -in Paris.PNG|thumb|right|Tomb effigy of heart of King [[John II Casimir]] at Abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Paris]]


Charles-Paris d'Orléans; François Louis, prince of Conti; Henri Jules, prince of Condé; and [[Louis, Prince of Condé (1621–1686)|Louis, prince of Condé]] were candidates for the Polish throne.
Although the legend declined over the years , especially as [[Napoleon III]] offerd no support to the Polish rising of 1863, it did not altogether die. It received fresh encouragement in 1918, as France was the only western power that offered unqualified support to the newly independent Poland. May 5 1921, the hundredth anniversary of Napoleon's death, was formally marked by commemorations across the new nation. And he lives, and will continue to live, in the national anthem.


==Great Emigration==
===18th century===
{{see also|Polish Jacobins}}
[[Great Emigration]] was an emigration of political elites from Poland from [[1831]]&ndash;[[1870]], particularly after the [[November Uprising]] and [[January Uprising]]. Since the end of the [[18th century]], a major role in Polish political life was played by people who carried out their activities outside the country as [[émigré]]s. Because of this emigration of political elites, much of the political and ideological activity of the Polish intelligentsia during the [[18th century|18th]] and [[19th century|19th]] centuries was done outside of the lands of partitioned Poland. Most of those political émigrés were based in France, seen by the Poles - freshly influenced by Napoleon - as the bastion of liberty in Europe.
{{Unreferencedsect|date=May 2024}}
In the 1730s, [[Stanisław I Leszczyński]], king of Poland, who tried to continue Sobieski's efforts and align Poland and France, after losing the [[War of the Polish Succession]], retired to France, where he became duke of [[Duchy of Lorraine|Lorraine]] in 1737. He was a great patron of arts and science in Lorraine. He established the [[Académie de Stanislas]] in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]], and he commissioned the construction of the [[Place Stanislas]], Nancy's stunning main city square and [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. In the mid-18th century, his daughter, Princess [[Marie Leszczyńska]] was the queen consort of France and wife of [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]].


During the anti-Russian [[Bar Confederation|Confederation of Bar]] the French Court Royal supported the Polish confederates by sending French officers under [[Charles François Dumouriez]].
It was during that era that some of the greatest Polish-French personalities lived, such as the composer [[Frédéric Chopin]] or the scientist [[Maria Skłodowska-Curie]].
In the late 18th century both Poland and France entered a revolutionary period, with the [[French Revolution]] being a major influence on the reforms of the [[Great Sejm]] in Poland. There was, however, never any official Polish–French alliance; in fact France was content to deflect some of its troubles by not allying itself with Poland, as Poland's neighbors, [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]], and [[Russian Empire|Russia]], expecting a formation of such an alliance, and seeing Polish reforms as a sign of [[Jacobin (politics)|Jacobin]]ite influence, were busy carrying out the [[partitions of Poland]] and had less resources to spare to deal with events in France.


==Interwar period==
===Napoleonic era===
[[File:Stanisław Leszczyński.PNG|upright|right|thumb|[[Stanisław I]], King of Poland and Duke of Lorraine]]
During the interwar period, Poland and France were political and military allies. Starting with the the [[Blue Army]] that aided France in WWI and [[French Military Mission to Poland]] during the [[Polish-Soviet War]] (1919-1921), [[Franco-Polish Military Alliance]] was signed in 1921 and continued until [[German invasion of Poland]].
[[File:Nancy, Place Stanislas, E.Héré, 1752-60.jpg|thumb|[[Place Stanislas]], [[Nancy, France|Nancy]], named after King Stanisław I]]
Napoleon's creation of the [[Duchy of Warsaw]] gave every appearance of resurrecting the Polish nation from the political grave to which it had been consigned in the partitions that ended in 1795.<ref>John Stanley, "French Attitudes toward Poland in the Napoleonic Period." ''Canadian Slavonic Papers'' 49.3-4 (2007): 209-227.</ref> Russia defeated Napoleon and made the 'independence' no more meaningful than that of [[Congress Poland]], which emerged from the Vienna settlement. However, the Duchy represented the hope of true independence, whereas Congress Poland was always in Russia's shadow.


The other lasting significance of Napoleon's Grand Duchy is that it cast off old feudal Poland to some degree under the rule of the partitioning powers. Serfdom was abolished and a modern legal code based on the French model was introduced.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Critical was the contribution the Napoleonic period made towards the creation of a national legend or myth, which was to sustain and comfort Poles down the decades that followed. Amongst other things, it contributed to a belief that the rest of Europe had an abiding interest in the fate of Poland, arising from Bonaparte's support in 1797 for the formation of [[Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)|Polish Legions]], recruited from amongst émigrés and other exiles living in Italy.{{cn|date=May 2024}} The Polish national anthem, "[[Dąbrowski's Mazurka]]", is a celebration of the legion's commander, [[Jan Henryk Dąbrowski]], and Napoleon is only mentioned in passing. Napoleon's treatment of these soldiers was cynical in the extreme.{{According to whom|date=July 2016}} After the [[Treaty of Lunéville]] in 1801, they were sent to the West Indies to suppress the slave revolt in the French colony [[Saint-Domingue]], or modern [[Haiti]].{{cn|date=May 2024}}
==World War II==
:''See also: [[Polish Army in the West]]''
After Poland's defeat in 1939, almost immediately a new [[Sikorski's Army|Polish Army]] formed in France under the command of General [[Władysław Sikorski]] in late [[1939]]. Polish units included the [[1st Grenadiers Division (Poland)|1st Grenadiers Division]] and others. Polish-French relations were however sourved due to French unwillingness to aid Poland ([[Western Betrayal]]). After the [[fall of France]] in 1940 Polish-French relations were mostly ceased.


Napoleon continued to use Poles where it suited him best. Of the fresh forces raised after the creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, some 10,000 were sent to fight against the Spanish and the British in the [[Peninsular War]]. However, the Poles were most enthusiastic about [[French invasion of Russia (1812)|the 1812 war against Russia]]-which Napoleon called the Second Polish War-as they formed by far the largest foreign contingent of the Grand Army.{{cn|date=May 2024}} There is no precise information on what form the peace would have taken if Napoleon had won his war against Alexander, but many Poles held to the belief that it would, at the very least, have led to a fully restored Poland, including Lithuania; a return, in other words, to the situation prior to the first partition in 1772. The whole experience of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw is one of Polish confidence in Napoleon's promise of a better future, though there is really nothing that proves he would have fulfilled these expectations.{{According to whom|date=July 2016}}
==Cold War==
:''See also: [[Robineau case]].''
During the Cold War, Polish-French relations were poor, due to both countries being on the opposite sides of the [[Cold War]]. However France was - again - a site of a thriving Polish emmigree community (see [[Kultura]] and [[Jerzy Giedroyc]]). Other prominent members of the Polish community in France of that period have included [[Rene Goscinny]].


Polish national determination did impact [[Alexander I of Russia|Czar Alexander I]], as he accepted that there could be no return to the position prevailing in 1795, when Poland had been extinguished. On his insistence, lands that had fallen to Prussia on the Third Partition, including the city of Warsaw, became part of his new 'Polish State', a [[satellite state]] that had a high degree of political latitude and one that preserved the [[Napoleonic code]]. Alexander may have hoped to transfer some of the fierce loyalty the Poles had formerly shown towards his great rival towards himself; but he merely perpetuated a myth. The hope of a liberal Poland, of Napoleon's Poland was kept alive, until it was all but destroyed in the uprising of 1830–1831.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Thereafter, most of those who went into exile sought refuge in France, the home of the Napoleon myth, which gave it fresh life. In 1834, from his Paris exile, [[Adam Mickiewicz]] wrote his epic poem, ''[[Pan Tadeusz]]'', which celebrates Napoleon's entry into Lithuania in 1812 thus; ''All sure of victory, cry with tears in eyes/God is with Napoleon, and Napoleon is with us!''
==Post-1991==
Polish-French relations have improved after the [[fall of communism]].


Although the legend declined over the years, especially as [[Napoleon III]] offered no support to the Polish rising of 1863, it did not altogether die.{{cn|date=May 2024}} It received fresh encouragement in 1918, as France was the only western power that offered unqualified support to the newly independent Poland. May 5, 1921, the hundredth anniversary of Napoleon's death, was formally marked by commemorations across the new nation. And he lives, and will continue to live, in the national anthem.{{cn|date=May 2024}}
France, as a founding member of the [[European Community]], [[European Union]] and the [[North Atlantic Alliance]], as well as a permanent member of the [[UN Security Council]] and a nuclear power, is one of Poland’s principal political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological partners.


===Great Emigration===
2004 marked a breakthrough in Polish-French relations. After a period of misunderstandings caused by different approaches to the Iraqi crisis and the Constitutional Treaty negotiations, relations improved. That was significantly enhanced by Poland’s accession to the [[European Union]] on 1 May 2004, following which France began to view Poland as an attractive EU partner. France is the largest foreign investor in Poland.
[[File:PereDuchesneIllustre3 1.png|thumb|right|upright=0.7|Jarosław Dąbrowski [[caricature]]d in ''[[Le Père Duchesne|Le Père Duchesne Illustré]]'': ''"Un bon bougre!... Nom de Dieu!..."'' ("Good chap!... Good God!...")]]
The [[Great Emigration]] was an emigration of political elites from partitioned Poland from 1831 to 1870, particularly after the [[November Uprising|November]] and [[January Uprising|January]] uprisings. Since the end of the 18th century, people who carried out their activities outside the country as [[Émigré|emigres]] played a major role in Polish political life. Because of this emigration of political elites, much of the political and ideological activity of the Polish intelligentsia during the 18th and 19th centuries was done outside of the lands of partitioned Poland. Most of those political émigrés were based in France, seen by the Poles - freshly influenced by Napoleon - as the bastion of liberty in Europe.<ref>Zubrzycki, 1953</ref>


It was during that era that some celebrated Poles came to live in France, such as the composer [[Frédéric Chopin]], writers like [[Adam Mickiewicz]], [[Cyprian Norwid]] or entrepreneurs like [[Louis Wolowski]] and [[Andre-Gustave Citroen|Citroen]] and much later, the scientist [[Marie Curie|Maria Skłodowska-Curie]] (Marie Curie).
Some controversy was caused by the [[anti-Polish]] phrase [[Polish Plumber]] that appeared in France around 2005.


Some of the remnants of the 19th-century Polish community in France, i.e. the [[Polish Library in Paris|Polish Library]], [[Adam Mickiewicz Museum, Paris|Adam Mickiewicz Museum]] and Polish Historical and Literary Society in Paris are listed by UNESCO's [[Memory of the World Programme]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-2/collections-of-the-19th-century-of-the-polish-historical-and-literary-society-polish-library-in-paris-adam-mickiewicz-museum/|title=Collections of the 19th century of the Polish Historical and Literary Society / Polish Library in Paris / Adam Mickiewicz Museum|website=UNESCO.org|accessdate=21 February 2021}}</ref>
About one million people of Polish descent live in [[France]], concentrated in the [[Nord-Pas de Calais]] region, in the metropolitan area of [[Lille]] and the coal-mining basin (''[[bassin minier]]'') around [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]] and [[Valenciennes]].

===Interwar period===
Poland and France were political and military allies during the interwar period. The political agreement signed in Paris on February 19, 1921 established cooperation between them.<ref>Text in ''League of Nations Treaty Series'', vol. 18, pp. 12-13.</ref><ref>[http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/LNTSer/1923/87.html Text of the agreement]</ref> Starting with the [[Blue Army (Poland)|Blue Army]] that aided France in World War I and the [[French Military Mission to Poland]] during the [[Polish–Soviet War]] (1919–1921), the [[Franco-Polish alliance (1921)|Franco-Polish Military Alliance]] was signed in 1921 and continued until the [[Invasion of Poland|German invasion of Poland]].

===World War II===
[[File:Malay-le-Grand-FR-89-mémorial aux résistants polonais-15.jpg|thumb|Memorial plaque to [[Polish resistance in France during World War II|Polish resistance]] members murdered by the Germans in 1944 in [[Malay-le-Grand]], France]]
France declared war on [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] when it [[invasion of Poland|invaded Poland]] in 1939, and then [[Saar Offensive|attacked Germany]], however, the French soon withdrew in what is known as the [[Phoney War]]. During the German invasion, Poland evacuated its [[gold reserve]] to France.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Szustakowski|first=January|year=2019|title=Jak uratowano skarb narodu|magazine=Polska Zbrojna|language=pl|publisher=Wojskowy Instytut Wydawniczy|pages=6–7}}</ref> During the subsequent German [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupation of Poland]], [[Sikorski's Army|a new Polish Army]] formed in France under the command of General [[Władysław Sikorski]] in late 1939. Polish units included the [[1st Grenadiers Division (Poland)|1st Grenadiers Division]], among others. France itself fell to Germany following the [[Battle of France|German invasion of France]] in 1940, and afterwards, 23,000 Poles were deported by the Germans to [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|slave labour]] in [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German-occupied France]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Wituska|first=Krystyna|editor-last=Tomaszewski|editor-first=Irene|year=2006|title=Inside a Gestapo Prison: The Letters of Krystyna Wituska, 1942–1944|location=[[Detroit]]|publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]]|page=xxi}}</ref> and French [[prisoners of war]] were also deported to [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|German prisoner-of-war camps]] and [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] camps in German-occupied Poland. Due to the German occupation of both countries, official Polish–French relations ceased in 1940–44. Some Poles [[Polish resistance in France during World War II|became part]] of the [[French Resistance]].<ref>Jan Karski,''The Great Powers & Poland, 1919-1945: from Versailles to Yalta'' (UP of America, 1985).</ref> Polish troops also took part in the [[Operation Overlord|liberation of France]] in 1944. Despite this, France was blamed for betraying its promise to help in Poland, due to the alliance treaty signed between Poland and France prior to World War II; later it was extended after [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|large territories in the East of Poland]] was annexed by the [[Soviet Union]], which eventually became modern [[Belarus]], [[Ukraine]] and [[Lithuania]] after the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1990–1991.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/History/polandbetrayal.htm|title=French and British Betrayal of Poland in 1939}}</ref>

===Cold War===
{{Unreferencedsect|date=May 2024}}
During the Cold War, Polish–French relations were poor, due to both countries being on the opposite sides of the [[Cold War]]. However France was - again - a site of a thriving Polish emigrant community (see [[Kultura]] and [[Jerzy Giedroyc]]). Other prominent members of the Polish community in France of that period have included [[Rene Goscinny]].

===Post-1991===
[[File:Emmanuel Macron i Mateusz Morawiecki.JPG|thumb|President of France [[Emmanuel Macron]] (left) and Prime Minister of Poland [[Mateusz Morawiecki ]](right) in [[Brussels]]]]
Polish-French relations have improved after the [[Revolutions of 1989|fall of communism]]. Poland, France and [[Germany]] are part of the [[Weimar Triangle]] which was created in 1991 to strengthen cooperation between the three countries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/europe/cooperation-in-europe/-/228752 |title=The Weimar Triangle: Over 30 years of cross-border cooperation between Germany, France and Poland |website=auswaertiges-amt.de |date=4 March 2022 |access-date=14 June 2023}}</ref>

France, as a founding member of the [[European Community]], [[European Union]], and [[NATO]], as well as a permanent member of the [[United Nations Security Council]] and nuclear power, is one of Poland's principal political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological partners.

The year 2004 marked a breakthrough in Polish-French relations. After a period of tension caused by different approaches to the [[Iraq crisis]] and the [[Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe|European Constitution]] negotiations, relations improved. After the [[accession of Poland to the European Union]] on May 1, 2004, meetings of the [[Head of state|heads of state]] from both countries have been organized yearly.

France is the largest contributor of [[foreign direct investment]] in Poland. The French companies with the largest presence in Poland include [[Orange S.A.|Orange]], [[Vivendi]], [[Carrefour]], [[Groupe Casino|Casino]], [[Crédit Agricole]], [[Saint Gobain]] and [[Auchan]].

Controversy was caused by the phrase "[[Polish Plumber]]", which appeared in France around 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/8396626/ns/world_news-europe/t/frances-new-media-star-polish-plumber/#.Xx_TGFpxdPY |title=France's New Media Star? The Polish Plumber |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref>

About one million [[Polish people|ethnic Poles]] live in France, concentrated in the [[Nord-Pas de Calais]] region, in the metropolitan area of [[Lille]] and the [[coal-mining region]] (''bassin minier'') around [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]] and [[Valenciennes]]. Polish mineurs' descendants are also found in [[Auvergne (region)|Auberny]].

Poland and France have held intergovernmental consultations on several occasions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://deon.pl/swiat/wiadomosci-ze-swiata/polsko-francuskie-konsultacje-miedzyrzadowe,207771 |title=Polsko-francuskie konsultacje międzyrządowe |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.premier.gov.pl/en/news/news/polish-french-intergovernmental-consultations.html |title=Polish-French intergovernmental consultations |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref> The last such summit took place on 2015 in Paris with President [[François Hollande]] and Prime Minister [[Ewa Kopacz]].

In August 2022, Poland sent 146 firefighters and 49 vehicles to France, the largest such group from a foreign country to help extinguish the [[2022 European and Mediterranean wildfires|2022 wildfires]] in France.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sudouest.fr/faits-divers/incendies/incendies-en-gironde/incendie-en-gironde-l-impressionnant-detachement-de-pompiers-polonais-au-sud-de-belin-beliet-11955537.php|title=Incendie en Gironde : l’impressionnant détachement de pompiers polonais au sud de Belin-Béliet|website=Sud Ouest|date=15 August 2022|access-date=3 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref>

==Resident diplomatic missions==
* France has an embassy in [[Warsaw]] and a consulate-general in [[Kraków]].<ref>[https://pl.ambafrance.org/ Embassy of France in Poland]</ref>
* Poland has an embassy in [[Paris]] and a consulate-general in [[Lyon]].<ref>[http://www.paryz.msz.gov.pl/fr/ Embassy of Poland in France]</ref>

<gallery class="center">
File:Ambasada Francji (12010291186).jpg|Embassy of France in Warsaw
File:A-282 kamienica Kraków ul. Stolarska 15 MM.JPG|Consulate-General of France in Kraków
File:1-3 rue de Talleyrand Paris.jpg|Embassy of Poland in Paris
File:Polish consulat, Lyon, 2015.jpg|Consulate-General of Poland in Lyon
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Polish minority in France]]
*[[Poles in France]]
*[[French diaspora|French people in Poland]]
*[[List of Ambassadors of France to Poland]]
*[[Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)|Polish Legions]]
*[[Franco-Polish alliance (1921)|Franco-Polish alliance]]
*[[Hôtel Lambert]]
*[[List of twin towns and sister cities in France]]
*[[List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland]]
*[[France–Ukraine relations]]
*[[Germany–Poland relations]]
*[[Poland in the European Union]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
*Andrzej Nieuwazny, ''Napoleon and Polish identity''; History Today, Vol. 48, May 1998 [http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=Gp6CQ3Km4pwwcD1QhWvXTqnGjSltvW3gwSp8pQsyrGCXxhpk46jv!-632844901?docId=5001340286], [http://www.historytoday.com/MainArticle.aspx?m=10520] and [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4706/is_199805/ai_n17276224]
*{{fr icon}} [http://www.ambassade.pologne.net/?pl=1&ln=2&doc=10000272 Echanges franco-polonais] - Polish-French relations described on the pages of the Polish Embassy in France
*Tomasz Majchrowski; Adam Halamski; ''Polish-French Relations'', Yearbook of Polish Foreign Policy (01/2005), [http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=af9f4c37-4c6b-4ec5-b5ab-8b429c035c08&articleId=ddc9a2a9-7db8-461b-94fc-dfbc0b1f5db5]
*{{pl icon}} [http://www.ambafrance-pl.org/article.php3?id_article=784 Stosunki francusko-polskie] - post-1991 relations described on the pages of the French Embassy in Poland


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* Cienciala, Anna, and Titus Komarnicki. ''From Versailles to Locarno: Keys to Polish Foreign Policy, 1919-1925'' (1984)
*Maciej Serwanski, ''Henryk III Walezy w Polsce: Stosunki polsko-francuskie w latach 1566-1576'', [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762(197802)83%3A1%3C221%3AHIWWPS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6 JSTOR review]
* Cienciala, Anna. ''Poland and the Western Powers, 1938-1939: A Study in the Interdependence of Eastern and Western Europe, '' (1968)
* Davies, Norman. ''God's Playground: A History of Poland, Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795'' (2005)
* Davies, Norman. ''God's Playground: A History of Poland, Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present'' (2005)
* Karski, Jan. ''The Great Powers & Poland, 1919-1945: from Versailles to Yalta'' (UP of America, 1985).
* Lobanov-Rostovsky, Andrei. ''Russia and Europe, 1825-1878'' (1954)
* Lobanov-Rostovsky, Andrei. ''Russia and Europe 1789-1825'' (1968)
* MacDonald, Callum A. "Britain, France and the April crisis of 1939." ''European Studies Review'' 2.2 (1972): 151–169.
* Majchrowski, Tomasz and Adam Halamski. "Polish–French Relations", ''Yearbook of Polish Foreign Policy'' (01/2005), [http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=af9f4c37-4c6b-4ec5-b5ab-8b429c035c08&articleId=ddc9a2a9-7db8-461b-94fc-dfbc0b1f5db5]
* Nieuwazny, Andrzej. "Napoleon and Polish identity" ''History Today'', Vol. 48, May 1998 [https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=Gp6CQ3Km4pwwcD1QhWvXTqnGjSltvW3gwSp8pQsyrGCXxhpk46jv!-632844901?docId=5001340286], [http://www.historytoday.com/MainArticle.aspx?m=10520] and [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4706/is_199805/ai_n17276224]
* Pasztor, Maria. "France, Great Britain, and Polish conceptions of disarmament, 1957-1964." ''Acta Poloniae Historica'' 90 (2004): 113–155. [https://rcin.org.pl/Content/14672 online]
* Roberts, Geoffrey. "The Alliance that Failed: Moscow and the Triple Alliance Negotiations, 1939." ''European History Quarterly'' 26.3 (1996): 383–414.
* Stanley, John. "French Attitudes toward Poland in the Napoleonic Period." ''Canadian Slavonic Papers'' 49.3-4 (2007): 209–227.
* Urbaniak, George. "French involvement in the Polish-Lithuanian dispute, 1918–1920." ''Journal of Baltic Studies'' 16.1 (1985): 52–63.
* Wandycz, Piotr S. ''France and Her Eastern Allies, 1919-1925: French-Czechoslovak-Polish Relations from the Paris Peace Conference to Locarno'' (1962).
* Wandycz, Piotr S. "French Diplomats in Poland 1919-1926." ''Journal of Central European Affairs'' 23#$ (1964): 440–50.
* Wandycz, Piotr S. "General Weygand and the Battle of Warsaw of 1920." ''Journal of Central European Affairs'' 19#4 4 (1960): 357–65.
* Weber, Pierre-Frédéric. "France, Poland, and Germany’s Eastern Border, 1945–1990." in ''France and the German Question, 1945–1990'' (2019).
* Zawadzki, Hubert. "Between Napoleon and Tsar Alexander: The Polish Question at Tilsit, 1807." ''Central Europe'' 7.2 (2009): 110–124.
{{cite journal
|first= J. |last= Zubrzycki |year= 1953
|title= Emigration from Poland in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
|journal= Population Studies: A Journal of Demography
|volume= 6 |issue= 3 |pages= 248–272
|doi= 10.1080/00324728.1953.10414889
}}


==External links==
==External links==
*{{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184357/http://www.ambassade.pologne.net/?pl=1&ln=2&doc=10000272 Echanges franco-polonais] - Polish–French relations described on the pages of the Polish Embassy in France
*{{pl icon}} Marcin Kula, [http://www.rzeczpospolita.pl/tematy/pl-fr-2004/historia/index.html Paryż polskich historyków]
*{{in lang|pl}} [http://www.ambafrance-pl.org/article.php3?id_article=784 Stosunki francusko-polskie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927012352/http://www.ambafrance-pl.org/article.php3?id_article=784 |date=2007-09-27 }} - post-1991 relations described on the pages of the French Embassy in Poland
*{{pl icon}} [http://www.cracovie.org.pl/index.php?id=79 Konsulat Francuski w Krakowie]
*{{in lang|pl}} [http://www.wspolnota-polska.org.pl/index.php?id=pb05 Wojsko Polskie we Francji]. Świat Polonii. - on 1940 Polish Army in France
*Maciej Serwanski, ''Henryk III Walezy w Polsce: Stosunki polsko-francuskie w latach 1566-1576'', [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1866030 JSTOR review]

{{Foreign relations of France}}
{{Polish foreign relations}}
{{Portal bar|Politics|France|Poland}}


[[Category:Polish-French relations| ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:France-Poland relations}}
[[Category:France–Poland relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Poland]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of France|Poland]]

Latest revision as of 09:31, 31 May 2024

Polish–French relations
Map indicating locations of Poland and France

Poland
France

Polish–French relations are relations between the nations of Poland and France, which date back several centuries.

Despite a number of cultural similarities, such as being prominent old medieval European kingdoms, belonging to Western civilization and sharing a common Roman Catholic religion, relations between France and Poland have only become relevant since the Renaissance era. From the 16th century onward, the two countries made more frequent attempts at alliances and political cooperation, and the French and Polish ruling houses intermarried several times. Relations gained greater significance during the reign of Napoleon I, when Poles were allies of Napoleon with the hope of resurrecting their recently occupied homeland, which, however, was not achieved. The French government sympathized with Polish rebels in 1830 and 1863 but did not intervene. At that time a large Polish community settled in France.

Following the rebirth of independent Poland after World War I, Poland and France were allies during the interwar period and World War II. France declared war on Nazi Germany when it invaded Poland in 1939, but for the most part France did not engage in military action, thus it was accused of failing to act accordingly. France eventually also fell to the Germans the next year, and the Poles took part in the liberation of France in 1944. The two countries were on opposite sides during the Cold War. Although the Polish Army has never fought against France, repeated accusations of French betrayal has influenced the relations between the two nations. It contributed to a cold attitude from Poland to France, despite their alliance since the fall of communism in Poland in 1989.

Currently, both countries are part of the Council of Europe, European Union, NATO, OECD and OSCE. Poland is also an observer in the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.

History[edit]

Before the 18th century[edit]

Henry III, king of Poland and king of France
Coat of Arms of Henry III as King of Poland and King of France

Polish–French relations were nascent until the 18th century, due to geographical distance and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's lack of involvement in the wars of Western Europe. French and Polish troops fought together as part of a larger European coalition against the Ottoman invasion of Europe at the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. In 1524, a Franco-Polish alliance was formed, however it fell through after King Francis I of France was defeated and captured by troops of Charles V of Austria and Spain in the Battle of Pavia in 1525.[1] In 1573, Henry III of France was elected king of Poland, but he abdicated the next year to become king of France. The French Order of the Holy Spirit was dedicated to the Holy Spirit for commemorating Henry III's succession as king of Poland (1573) and France (1574) on two Pentecosts.

Two Polish kings, Władysław IV Vasa and John II Casimir, were married to French princess Ludwika Maria Gonzaga. After his abdication in 1668, John II Casimir left for France, where he joined the Jesuits and became abbot of Saint-Germain-des-Prés in Paris. His heart was buried there. In the late 17th century, King John III Sobieski married French princess Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien and tried to forge a Polish–French alliance. An alliance treaty was signed in 1675, however, due to external factors it was not implemented.

Tomb effigy of heart of King John II Casimir at Abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Paris

Charles-Paris d'Orléans; François Louis, prince of Conti; Henri Jules, prince of Condé; and Louis, prince of Condé were candidates for the Polish throne.

18th century[edit]

See also: Polish Jacobins

In the 1730s, Stanisław I Leszczyński, king of Poland, who tried to continue Sobieski's efforts and align Poland and France, after losing the War of the Polish Succession, retired to France, where he became duke of Lorraine in 1737. He was a great patron of arts and science in Lorraine. He established the Académie de Stanislas in Nancy, and he commissioned the construction of the Place Stanislas, Nancy's stunning main city square and UNESCO World Heritage Site. In the mid-18th century, his daughter, Princess Marie Leszczyńska was the queen consort of France and wife of Louis XV.

During the anti-Russian Confederation of Bar the French Court Royal supported the Polish confederates by sending French officers under Charles François Dumouriez. In the late 18th century both Poland and France entered a revolutionary period, with the French Revolution being a major influence on the reforms of the Great Sejm in Poland. There was, however, never any official Polish–French alliance; in fact France was content to deflect some of its troubles by not allying itself with Poland, as Poland's neighbors, Prussia, Austria, and Russia, expecting a formation of such an alliance, and seeing Polish reforms as a sign of Jacobinite influence, were busy carrying out the partitions of Poland and had less resources to spare to deal with events in France.

Napoleonic era[edit]

Stanisław I, King of Poland and Duke of Lorraine
Place Stanislas, Nancy, named after King Stanisław I

Napoleon's creation of the Duchy of Warsaw gave every appearance of resurrecting the Polish nation from the political grave to which it had been consigned in the partitions that ended in 1795.[2] Russia defeated Napoleon and made the 'independence' no more meaningful than that of Congress Poland, which emerged from the Vienna settlement. However, the Duchy represented the hope of true independence, whereas Congress Poland was always in Russia's shadow.

The other lasting significance of Napoleon's Grand Duchy is that it cast off old feudal Poland to some degree under the rule of the partitioning powers. Serfdom was abolished and a modern legal code based on the French model was introduced.[citation needed] Critical was the contribution the Napoleonic period made towards the creation of a national legend or myth, which was to sustain and comfort Poles down the decades that followed. Amongst other things, it contributed to a belief that the rest of Europe had an abiding interest in the fate of Poland, arising from Bonaparte's support in 1797 for the formation of Polish Legions, recruited from amongst émigrés and other exiles living in Italy.[citation needed] The Polish national anthem, "Dąbrowski's Mazurka", is a celebration of the legion's commander, Jan Henryk Dąbrowski, and Napoleon is only mentioned in passing. Napoleon's treatment of these soldiers was cynical in the extreme.[according to whom?] After the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801, they were sent to the West Indies to suppress the slave revolt in the French colony Saint-Domingue, or modern Haiti.[citation needed]

Napoleon continued to use Poles where it suited him best. Of the fresh forces raised after the creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, some 10,000 were sent to fight against the Spanish and the British in the Peninsular War. However, the Poles were most enthusiastic about the 1812 war against Russia-which Napoleon called the Second Polish War-as they formed by far the largest foreign contingent of the Grand Army.[citation needed] There is no precise information on what form the peace would have taken if Napoleon had won his war against Alexander, but many Poles held to the belief that it would, at the very least, have led to a fully restored Poland, including Lithuania; a return, in other words, to the situation prior to the first partition in 1772. The whole experience of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw is one of Polish confidence in Napoleon's promise of a better future, though there is really nothing that proves he would have fulfilled these expectations.[according to whom?]

Polish national determination did impact Czar Alexander I, as he accepted that there could be no return to the position prevailing in 1795, when Poland had been extinguished. On his insistence, lands that had fallen to Prussia on the Third Partition, including the city of Warsaw, became part of his new 'Polish State', a satellite state that had a high degree of political latitude and one that preserved the Napoleonic code. Alexander may have hoped to transfer some of the fierce loyalty the Poles had formerly shown towards his great rival towards himself; but he merely perpetuated a myth. The hope of a liberal Poland, of Napoleon's Poland was kept alive, until it was all but destroyed in the uprising of 1830–1831.[citation needed] Thereafter, most of those who went into exile sought refuge in France, the home of the Napoleon myth, which gave it fresh life. In 1834, from his Paris exile, Adam Mickiewicz wrote his epic poem, Pan Tadeusz, which celebrates Napoleon's entry into Lithuania in 1812 thus; All sure of victory, cry with tears in eyes/God is with Napoleon, and Napoleon is with us!

Although the legend declined over the years, especially as Napoleon III offered no support to the Polish rising of 1863, it did not altogether die.[citation needed] It received fresh encouragement in 1918, as France was the only western power that offered unqualified support to the newly independent Poland. May 5, 1921, the hundredth anniversary of Napoleon's death, was formally marked by commemorations across the new nation. And he lives, and will continue to live, in the national anthem.[citation needed]

Great Emigration[edit]

Jarosław Dąbrowski caricatured in Le Père Duchesne Illustré: "Un bon bougre!... Nom de Dieu!..." ("Good chap!... Good God!...")

The Great Emigration was an emigration of political elites from partitioned Poland from 1831 to 1870, particularly after the November and January uprisings. Since the end of the 18th century, people who carried out their activities outside the country as emigres played a major role in Polish political life. Because of this emigration of political elites, much of the political and ideological activity of the Polish intelligentsia during the 18th and 19th centuries was done outside of the lands of partitioned Poland. Most of those political émigrés were based in France, seen by the Poles - freshly influenced by Napoleon - as the bastion of liberty in Europe.[3]

It was during that era that some celebrated Poles came to live in France, such as the composer Frédéric Chopin, writers like Adam Mickiewicz, Cyprian Norwid or entrepreneurs like Louis Wolowski and Citroen and much later, the scientist Maria Skłodowska-Curie (Marie Curie).

Some of the remnants of the 19th-century Polish community in France, i.e. the Polish Library, Adam Mickiewicz Museum and Polish Historical and Literary Society in Paris are listed by UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme.[4]

Interwar period[edit]

Poland and France were political and military allies during the interwar period. The political agreement signed in Paris on February 19, 1921 established cooperation between them.[5][6] Starting with the Blue Army that aided France in World War I and the French Military Mission to Poland during the Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921), the Franco-Polish Military Alliance was signed in 1921 and continued until the German invasion of Poland.

World War II[edit]

Memorial plaque to Polish resistance members murdered by the Germans in 1944 in Malay-le-Grand, France

France declared war on Germany when it invaded Poland in 1939, and then attacked Germany, however, the French soon withdrew in what is known as the Phoney War. During the German invasion, Poland evacuated its gold reserve to France.[7] During the subsequent German occupation of Poland, a new Polish Army formed in France under the command of General Władysław Sikorski in late 1939. Polish units included the 1st Grenadiers Division, among others. France itself fell to Germany following the German invasion of France in 1940, and afterwards, 23,000 Poles were deported by the Germans to slave labour in German-occupied France,[8] and French prisoners of war were also deported to German prisoner-of-war camps and forced labour camps in German-occupied Poland. Due to the German occupation of both countries, official Polish–French relations ceased in 1940–44. Some Poles became part of the French Resistance.[9] Polish troops also took part in the liberation of France in 1944. Despite this, France was blamed for betraying its promise to help in Poland, due to the alliance treaty signed between Poland and France prior to World War II; later it was extended after large territories in the East of Poland was annexed by the Soviet Union, which eventually became modern Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1990–1991.[10]

Cold War[edit]

During the Cold War, Polish–French relations were poor, due to both countries being on the opposite sides of the Cold War. However France was - again - a site of a thriving Polish emigrant community (see Kultura and Jerzy Giedroyc). Other prominent members of the Polish community in France of that period have included Rene Goscinny.

Post-1991[edit]

President of France Emmanuel Macron (left) and Prime Minister of Poland Mateusz Morawiecki (right) in Brussels

Polish-French relations have improved after the fall of communism. Poland, France and Germany are part of the Weimar Triangle which was created in 1991 to strengthen cooperation between the three countries.[11]

France, as a founding member of the European Community, European Union, and NATO, as well as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and nuclear power, is one of Poland's principal political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological partners.

The year 2004 marked a breakthrough in Polish-French relations. After a period of tension caused by different approaches to the Iraq crisis and the European Constitution negotiations, relations improved. After the accession of Poland to the European Union on May 1, 2004, meetings of the heads of state from both countries have been organized yearly.

France is the largest contributor of foreign direct investment in Poland. The French companies with the largest presence in Poland include Orange, Vivendi, Carrefour, Casino, Crédit Agricole, Saint Gobain and Auchan.

Controversy was caused by the phrase "Polish Plumber", which appeared in France around 2005.[12]

About one million ethnic Poles live in France, concentrated in the Nord-Pas de Calais region, in the metropolitan area of Lille and the coal-mining region (bassin minier) around Lens and Valenciennes. Polish mineurs' descendants are also found in Auberny.

Poland and France have held intergovernmental consultations on several occasions.[13][14] The last such summit took place on 2015 in Paris with President François Hollande and Prime Minister Ewa Kopacz.

In August 2022, Poland sent 146 firefighters and 49 vehicles to France, the largest such group from a foreign country to help extinguish the 2022 wildfires in France.[15]

Resident diplomatic missions[edit]

  • Embassy of France in Warsaw
    Embassy of France in Warsaw
  • Consulate-General of France in Kraków
    Consulate-General of France in Kraków
  • Embassy of Poland in Paris
    Embassy of Poland in Paris
  • Consulate-General of Poland in Lyon
    Consulate-General of Poland in Lyon

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Kenneth M. Setton (1984). The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571). Vol. III. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. p. 312. ISBN 9780871691613.
  2. ^ John Stanley, "French Attitudes toward Poland in the Napoleonic Period." Canadian Slavonic Papers 49.3-4 (2007): 209-227.
  3. ^ Zubrzycki, 1953
  4. ^ "Collections of the 19th century of the Polish Historical and Literary Society / Polish Library in Paris / Adam Mickiewicz Museum". UNESCO.org. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  5. ^ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 18, pp. 12-13.
  6. ^ Text of the agreement
  7. ^ Szustakowski, January (2019). "Jak uratowano skarb narodu". Polska Zbrojna (in Polish). Wojskowy Instytut Wydawniczy. pp. 6–7.
  8. ^ Wituska, Krystyna (2006). Tomaszewski, Irene (ed.). Inside a Gestapo Prison: The Letters of Krystyna Wituska, 1942–1944. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. xxi.
  9. ^ Jan Karski,The Great Powers & Poland, 1919-1945: from Versailles to Yalta (UP of America, 1985).
  10. ^ "French and British Betrayal of Poland in 1939".
  11. ^ "The Weimar Triangle: Over 30 years of cross-border cooperation between Germany, France and Poland". auswaertiges-amt.de. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  12. ^ "France's New Media Star? The Polish Plumber". Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  13. ^ "Polsko-francuskie konsultacje międzyrządowe". Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  14. ^ "Polish-French intergovernmental consultations". Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  15. ^ "Incendie en Gironde : l'impressionnant détachement de pompiers polonais au sud de Belin-Béliet". Sud Ouest (in French). 15 August 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  16. ^ Embassy of France in Poland
  17. ^ Embassy of Poland in France

Further reading[edit]

  • Cienciala, Anna, and Titus Komarnicki. From Versailles to Locarno: Keys to Polish Foreign Policy, 1919-1925 (1984)
  • Cienciala, Anna. Poland and the Western Powers, 1938-1939: A Study in the Interdependence of Eastern and Western Europe, (1968)
  • Davies, Norman. God's Playground: A History of Poland, Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795 (2005)
  • Davies, Norman. God's Playground: A History of Poland, Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present (2005)
  • Karski, Jan. The Great Powers & Poland, 1919-1945: from Versailles to Yalta (UP of America, 1985).
  • Lobanov-Rostovsky, Andrei. Russia and Europe, 1825-1878 (1954)
  • Lobanov-Rostovsky, Andrei. Russia and Europe 1789-1825 (1968)
  • MacDonald, Callum A. "Britain, France and the April crisis of 1939." European Studies Review 2.2 (1972): 151–169.
  • Majchrowski, Tomasz and Adam Halamski. "Polish–French Relations", Yearbook of Polish Foreign Policy (01/2005), [1]
  • Nieuwazny, Andrzej. "Napoleon and Polish identity" History Today, Vol. 48, May 1998 [2], [3] and [4]
  • Pasztor, Maria. "France, Great Britain, and Polish conceptions of disarmament, 1957-1964." Acta Poloniae Historica 90 (2004): 113–155. online
  • Roberts, Geoffrey. "The Alliance that Failed: Moscow and the Triple Alliance Negotiations, 1939." European History Quarterly 26.3 (1996): 383–414.
  • Stanley, John. "French Attitudes toward Poland in the Napoleonic Period." Canadian Slavonic Papers 49.3-4 (2007): 209–227.
  • Urbaniak, George. "French involvement in the Polish-Lithuanian dispute, 1918–1920." Journal of Baltic Studies 16.1 (1985): 52–63.
  • Wandycz, Piotr S. France and Her Eastern Allies, 1919-1925: French-Czechoslovak-Polish Relations from the Paris Peace Conference to Locarno (1962).
  • Wandycz, Piotr S. "French Diplomats in Poland 1919-1926." Journal of Central European Affairs 23#$ (1964): 440–50.
  • Wandycz, Piotr S. "General Weygand and the Battle of Warsaw of 1920." Journal of Central European Affairs 19#4 4 (1960): 357–65.
  • Weber, Pierre-Frédéric. "France, Poland, and Germany’s Eastern Border, 1945–1990." in France and the German Question, 1945–1990 (2019).
  • Zawadzki, Hubert. "Between Napoleon and Tsar Alexander: The Polish Question at Tilsit, 1807." Central Europe 7.2 (2009): 110–124.

Zubrzycki, J. (1953). "Emigration from Poland in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries". Population Studies: A Journal of Demography. 6 (3): 248–272. doi:10.1080/00324728.1953.10414889.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France–Poland_relations&oldid=1226543894"