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{{Distinguish|text=the [[Jhelum Valley District]] of Azad Kashmir}}
{{Pakistani Cities
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
|official_name= Jhelum <br> جہلم
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2019}}
|flag= Pk-punj.PNG
{{Infobox settlement
|province=[[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
| name = Jhelum
|city_image= Jhelum77.jpg
| native_name = {{lang|ur|{{nq|ضلع جہلم}}}}
|n1=32|n2= |n3=56
| native_name_lang =
|e1= 73
| settlement_type = [[List of districts in Punjab, Pakistan|District]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
|e2=
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|e3= 44
|size = 250
|elevation_m= 120
|photo1a = Rohtas Fort 1.jpg
|area_total_km2=3587
|photo2a = Tilla Jogyan temple complex inside.jpg
|census_year= (1998)
|estimate_year= 2006
|estimate_pop= 107,000
|Litracy Rate= 97%
|Density = 261
|code=0544
|towns= 9
|uc= 53
|nazim= Ch.Farrukh Altaf
|ngo= 8
|footnotes=
}}
}}
| imagesize =
'''Jhelum''' [[Districts of Pakistan|district]] ([[Urdu]]: '''جہلم''') is situated in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] province of [[Pakistan]]. It had a population of 936,957 of which 31.48% were urban in 1998.<ref>[http://www.urckarachi.org/Population%20Table-5.htm Punjab Population (1988 Census) - Urban Resource Centre]</ref> The district of Jhelum stretches from the [[river Jhelum]] almost to the [[Indus]]. Salt is quarried at the Mayo mine in the Salt Range. There are two coal-mines, the only ones worked in the province, from which the North-Western railway obtains part of its supply of coal. The chief centre of the salt trade is Pind Dadan Khan. The district is crossed by the main line of the North-Western railway, and also traversed along the south by a branch line. It is located in the north of the Punjab province, Jhelum district is bordered by [[Sargodha District|Sargodha]] to its south, [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]] and the [[Jhelum River]] to its south and east, [[Chakwal District|Chakwal]] to its west, [[Mirpur District|Mirpur]] to its east, and [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]] to its north.
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Top: [[Rohtas Fort]]<br>Bottom: Ruins at [[Tilla Jogian]]
| image_map = Pakistan - Punjab - Jhelum.svg
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of Punjab with Jhelum District highlighted
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Punjab}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Pakistan|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Jhelum|Jhelum city]]
| parts_type =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[District Administration]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = None (vacant)
| leader_title1 = [[Deputy Commissioner (Pakistan)|Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name1 = Samiullah Farooq ([[Pakistan Administrative Service|BPS-19 PAS]])
| leader_title2 = District Police Officer
| leader_name2 = Nasir Mehmood Bajwa ([[Police Service of Pakistan|BPS-19 PSP]])
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 3587
| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1 = Jhelumi/Jhelumian
| population_total = 1,222,403
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2017census" />
| population_as_of = 2017
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Time in Pakistan|PKT]]
| utc_offset1 = +5
| blank_name_sec1 = No. of [[List of tehsils of Punjab, Pakistan|Tehsils]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 4
| blank1_name_sec1 = Tehsils
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jhelum Tehsil|Jhelum]]<br/>[[Pind Dadan Khan Tehsil|Pind Dadan Khan]]<br/>[[Sohawa Tehsil|Sohawa]]<br/>[[Dina Tehsil|Dina]]
| website = {{URL|https://jhelum.punjab.gov.pk/}}
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
}}

'''Jhelum District''' ([[Urdu]] and {{lang-pnb|{{Nastaliq|ضلع جہلم}}}}), is partially in [[Pothohar Plateau]], and partially in [[Punjab Plain]] of the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province of [[Pakistan]]. Jhelum is one of the oldest districts of Punjab. It was established on 23 March 1849.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crprid.org/Publications/District%20Profiles/Jhelum/Report.htm |title=Jhelum Report |publisher=Crprid.org |access-date=2013-01-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172202/http://www.crprid.org/Publications/District%20Profiles/Jhelum/Report.htm |archive-date=2012-03-14 }}</ref> [[Jhelum]] is known for providing many soldiers to the [[United Kingdom|British]] and later to the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistan armed forces]] due to which it is also known as 'city of soldiers' or 'land of martyrs and warriors'.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7024719.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Rise of Pakistan's 'quiet man'|work=bbc.co.uk|date=17 June 2009 |access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> The district of Jhelum stretches from the [[Jhelum River|river Jhelum]] almost to the [[Indus River|Indus]]. Salt is quarried at the Mayo mine in the [[Salt Range]]. There are two coal mines in the district from which the North-Western railway obtains parts of its supply. These are the only coal mines in Punjab province which are in working condition. The chief center of the salt trade is [[Pind Dadan Khan]]. The district is crossed by the main line of the North-Western railway and also traversed along the south by a branch line.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Jhelum (town)|display=Jhelum|volume=15|page=413}}</ref> It is located in the north of the Punjab province, Jhelum district is bordered by [[Sargodha District|Sargodha]] and [[Mandi Bahauddin District|Mandi Bahauddin]] to its south, [[Khushab District|Khushab]] to its southwest, [[Jhelum River]] to its south and east, [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]] to its east, [[Chakwal District|Chakwal]] to its west, [[Mirpur District|Mirpur]] to its northeast, and [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]] to its north.


==Administration==
==Administration==
The district of Jhelum, which covers an area of 3,587 km2<ref>[http://www.punjabpolice.gov.pk/statistics/district.asp?id=169&district=Jhelum&did=12 Jhelum District Overview - Punjab Police]</ref>, is administratively divided into four [[tehsil]]s: [[Jhelum Tehsil|Jhelum]], [[Sohawa (tehsil)|Sohawa]], [[Pind Dadan Khan (tehsil)|Pind Dadan Khan]] and [[Dina City|Dina]], <ref>[http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/admin_unit/admin_list_tehsil.html Administrative Units of Pakistan]</ref> - which are divided into 53 Union Councils<ref>[http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=12&dn=Jhelum Tehsils & Unions in the District of Jhelum -Government of Pakistan]</ref>. It also contains the cities of [[Jhelum City|Jhelum]],
The district of Jhelum, which covers an area of {{convert|3,587|km2}},<ref>[https://archive.today/20080104125052/http://www.punjabpolice.gov.pk/statistics/district.asp?id=169&district=Jhelum&did=12 Jhelum District Overview – Punjab Police]</ref> [[Jhelum|Jhelum City]] is the main city of the district.


==Climate==
===Tehsils===
District is administratively divided into four [[tehsil]]s
Jhelum is hot in summer, and dry and mild in winter. Average annual rainfall is about 900 mm (about 35 inches.)
#[[Jhelum Tehsil|Jhelum]]
#[[Sohawa Tehsil|Sohawa]]
#[[Pind Dadan Khan Tehsil|Pind Dadan Khan]]
#[[Dina Tehsil|Dina]],<ref>[http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/admin_unit/admin_list_tehsil.html Administrative Units of Pakistan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230183032/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/admin_unit/admin_list_tehsil.html |date=30 December 2010 }}</ref>


===Union Councils===
==Demographics==
which are divided into 53 Union Councils.<ref>[http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=12&dn=Jhelum Tehsils & Unions in the District of Jhelum -Government of Pakistan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209043508/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=12&dn=Jhelum |date=9 February 2012 }}</ref>
The population of Jhelum District according to the 1998 census of Pakistan was 936,957 with a population density of 261 people per square kilometre.<ref>1998 Census of Pakistan</ref> According the Punjab Education Department’s annual literacy statistics for 2006, Jhelum had a literacy rate of 74% which is the highest in the Punjab.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C12%5C25%5Cstory_25-12-2006_pg13_4 Punjab Education Department’s annual literacy statistics for 2006] [[Daily Times]]</ref> <ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C03%5C01%5Cstory_1-3-2006_pg7_22 Literacy rate figures still not updated - Daily Times]</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Jhelum}}
[[File:Tilla Jogian.jpg|thumb|left|220px|[[Tilla Jogian]], the highest peak in Jhelum District]]


== History ==
===Early history===
===Early history===
The history of the district dates back to the semi-mythical period of the [[Mahabharata]]. [[Hindu]] tradition represents the Salt Range as the refuge of the five [[Pandava]] brethren during the period of their exile, and every salient point in its scenery is connected with some legend of the national heroes. Modern research has fixed the site of the conflict between [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] and [[Porus]] as within Jhelum district, though the exact spot at which the Macedonian king effected the passage of the Jhelum (or Hydespes) has been hotly disputed. After this event, we have little information with regard to the condition of the district until the Muslim conquest brought back literature and history to Upper India. The [[Janjua]]s and [[Jats]], who now hold the Salt Range and its northern plateau respectively, appear to have been the earliest inhabitants<ref name="IGI">[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_158.gif Jhelum District Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 14, p. 152]</ref>
The history of the district dates back to the [[Hindu mythology|Hindu mythological]] period of the [[Mahabharata]]. The epic represents the Salt Range as the refuge of the five [[Pandava]] brethren during the period of their exile, and every salient point in its scenery is connected with some legend of the national heroes. Modern research has fixed the site of the conflict between [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] and [[Porus the Elder|Porus]] as within Jhelum district, though the exact spot at which the Macedonian king affected the passage of the Jhelum (or Hydaspes) has been hotly disputed. The Panhwars, [[Janjua]]s and [[Jat people|Jats]], who now hold the Salt Range and its northern plateau respectively, appear to have been the earliest inhabitants.<ref name="EB1911"/><ref name="IGI">{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_158.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 14, page 152 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library|work=uchicago.edu|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref>


The [[Gakhars]], who appear to represent an early wave of conquest from the west, and who still inhabit a large tract in the east of the District; while the Awans,
The [[Janjua]]s, who appear to represent the oldest breed of Punjab and who still inhabit a large tract in the east of the District; while the Awans and Ghakars who cluster in the western plain, are apparently later invaders, the Janjuas were the dominant race during the before and early Muslim era and they long continued to retain their independence<ref name="EB1911"/> until the time of Sikh invaders, both in Jhelum itself and in the neighboring District of Rawalpindi.<ref name="IGI"/>
who now cluster in the western plain, are apparently later invaders, the [[Gakhars]] were the dominant race during the early Muslim era and they long continued to retain their
independence, both in Jhelum itself and in the neighbouring District of Rawalpindi<ref name="IGI"/>.


===Mughal era===
===Sultanate era===
[[File:Mosque in rural Punjab.JPG|thumb|right|250px|A masjid on Jhelum-Pind Dadan Khan Road]]
During the flourishing period of the Mughal dynasty,
In 997 CE, [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi]], took over the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid dynasty]] empire established by his father, [[Sabuktigin|Sultan Sebuktegin]], he conquered the [[Hindu Shahi|Shahi]]s in [[Kabul]] in 1005, and followed it by the conquests of northern [[Punjab|Punjab region]]. The [[Delhi Sultanate]] and later [[Mughal Empire]] ruled the region. The Punjab region became predominantly [[Muslims|Muslim]] due to [[missionary]] [[Sufism|Sufi]] saints whose [[dargah]]s dot the landscape of [[Punjab|Punjab region]], which is also reflected in Jhelum.
the Gakhar chieftains were among the most prosperous and loyal vassals of the house of [[Babar]]. But after the collapse of the Delhi empire, Jhelum fell, like its neighbours, under the sway of the Sikhs.<ref name="IGI"/>

===Sikh era===
In 1765 Gujar Singh defeated the last independent [[Gakhars]] Chief, Muqarrrab Khan, and reduced the wild mountaineers of the Salt Range and the [[Murree Tehsil|Murree Hills]] to subjection. His son succeeded to his dominions until 1810, when it fell to [[Ranjit Singh]]. Under the Lahore government the dominant classes of Jhelum suffered much from fiscal actions; and the Janjua, [[Gakhars]], and Awan families gradually lost their landed estates, which passed into the hands of their Jat dependants.<ref name="IGI"/>


===British era===
===British era===
During British rule, Jhelum was a district of [[Rawalpindi Division]], and was larger than the current district of Jhelum. On 1 April 1904, the tehsil of [[Talagang Tehsil|Talagang]] was detached from the District and incorporated with the new District of Attock. According to the Gazetteer of the Jhelum District of 1904, 88.7% of the population were Muslim.<ref>Gazetteer of the Jhelum District, 1904, Part 1, Page 129, Sang-e-Meel Publications.</ref>
In 1849. Jhelum passed with the rest of the Sikh territories into the power of the British. Ranjit Singh, however, had so thoroughly subjected the wild mountain tribes who inhabited the District that little difficulty was experienced in reducing it to working order. In
1857 the 14th Native Infantry stationed at Jhelum town mutinied, and made a vigorous defence against a force sent from Rawalpindi to disarm them, but decamped on the night following the action, the main body. being subsequently arrested by the Kashmir authorities, into whose territory they had escaped.


The old Jhelum district (minus Talagang) covered an area of 2,813 square miles (7285&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) and included [[Chakwal Tehsil]] – it was bordered by [[Shahpur District|Shahpur]] and [[Attock District|Attock]] to the west, and by [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]] to the north – the [[Jhelum River]] separated it from [[Kashmir]] to the north-east and from [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]] and Shahpur to the south-east and south.<ref name="IGI"/>
During British rule Jhelum was a district of [[Rawalpindi Division]], and was larger than the current district of Jhelum. On April 1, 1914, the tehsil of Talagang was detached from the District and incorporated with the new District of Attock.


==Independence==
The old Jhelum district (minus Talagang) covered an area of 2,813 square miles (7285 km2) and included Chakwal tehsil - it was bounded by [[Shahpur District|Shahpur]] and [[Attock District|Attock]] to the west, and by [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]] to the north - the [[Jhelum River]] separated it from [[Kashmir region|Kashmir]] to the north-east and from [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]] and Shahpur to the south-east and south<ref name="IGI"/>.
The predominantly Muslim population supported under the leadership of Raja Ghazanfar Ali khan of PD Khan [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and [[Partition of India]]. After the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, the minority [[Hindus]] and [[Sikhs]] migrated to [[India]] while the [[Muslims|Muslim]] refugees from [[India]] settled in the Jhelum District.{{Citation needed|date = December 2014}}


Since independence the agriculture and industry of Jhelum developed and forms part of the [[economy of Pakistan]].{{Citation needed|date = December 2014}}
==Topography==
[[Image:Jhelum District.png|thumb|200px|right|Location of Jhelum District within Punjab Province.]]


==Topography==
===Jhelum City===
===Jhelum City===
{{main|Jhelum City}}
{{Main|Jhelum}}
The district capital, [[Jhelum|Jhelum City]], is situated on the right and left bank of the [[Jhelum River]], the left side of Jhelum is known as [[Sarai Alamgir]] and it also contains the [[Military College Jhelum]] (MCJ). The 16th-century [[Grand Trunk Road]] passes through the city. [[Jhelum]] city is near the site of the [[Battle of the Hydaspes]] between the armies of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] and [[Porus the Elder|Porus]] This battle took place a few miles downstream from the city center, along the river banks. [[Population]] of the Jhelum city (proper) is about 172,073<ref>[http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-172&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&geo=442609372 Population of Jhelum City] {{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> (2009) and it is the 35th largest city of [[Pakistan]] by [[population]]. A [[cantonment]] was built during the British rule, which has grown up into a strong Garrison, with an Infantry Division commanded by a Major General.
The district capital, Jhelum City, is situated on the right bank of the river Jhelum, crossed by a bridge


===River Jhelum===
===River Jhelum===
{{main|River Jhelum}}
{{Main|Jhelum River}}
{{Update-EB|section=y|date=May 2024}}
The river Jhelum is navigable throughout the district, which forms the south-eastern portion of a rugged Himalayan spur, extending between the Indus and Jhelum to the borders of the Sind Sagar Doab. Its scenery is very picturesque, although not of so wild a character as the mountain region of Rawalpindi to the north, and is lighted up in places by smiling patches of cultivated valley. The backbone of the district is formed by the Salt Range, a treble line of parallel hills running in three long forks from east to west throughout its whole breadth.
[[File:Jhelum River Bridge.JPG|thumb|right|250px|The River Jhelum below the bridge beside Jhelum City]]
The river Jhelum is navigable throughout the district, which forms the south-eastern portion of a rugged Himalayan spur, extending between the Indus and Jhelum to the borders of the Sind Sagar Doab. Its scenery is very picturesque, although not of so wild a character as the mountain region of Rawalpindi to the north, and is lighted up in places by smiling patches of the cultivated valley. The backbone of the district is formed by the Salt Range, a treble line of parallel hills running in three long forks from east to west throughout its whole breadth.<ref name="EB1911"/>


The range rises in bold precipices, broken by gorges, clothed with brushwood and traversed by streams which are at first pure, but soon become impregnated with the saline matter over which they pass. Between the line of hills lies a picturesque table-land, in which the beautiful little lake of Kallar Kahar nestles amongst the minor ridges. North of the Salt Range, the country extends upwards in an elevated plateau, diversified by countless ravines and fissures, until it loses itself in tangled masses of Rawalpindi mountains. In this rugged tract cultivation is rare and difficult, the soil being choked with saline matter. At the foot of the Salt Range, however, a small strip of level soil lies along the banks of the Jhelum, and is thickly dotted with prosperous villages.
The range rises in precipices, broken by gorges, clothed with brushwood, and traversed by streams which are at first clear but become impregnated with the saline matter over which they pass. Between the line of hills lies a table-land, in which the small lake of [[Kallar Kahar]] nestles amongst the minor ridges. North of the Salt Range, the country extends upwards in an elevated plateau, diversified by a number of ravines and fissures, until it loses itself in tangled masses of Rawalpindi mountains. In this rugged tract, cultivation is rare and difficult, the soil being choked with saline matter. At the foot of the Salt Range, however, a small strip of level soil lies along the banks of the Jhelum and is dotted with prosperous villages.<ref name="EB1911"/>


The drainage of the district is determined by a low central watershed running north and south at right angles to the Salt Range. The waters of the western portion find their way into the Sohan, and finally into the Indus; those of the opposite slope collect themselves into small torrents, and empty themselves into the Jhelum.
The drainage of the district is determined by a low central watershed running north and south at right angles to the Salt Range. The waters of the western portion find their way into the [[Soan River|Sohan]], and finally into the Indus; those of the opposite slope collect themselves into small torrents and empty themselves into the Jhelum River.<ref name="EB1911"/>

===Khewra Salt Mine===
{{Main|Khewra Salt Mine}}
[[File:SaltMosque.JPG|thumb|A small [[masjid]] made of salt bricks inside the Khewra salt mine complex]]
The Khewra Salt Mine (or Mayo Salt Mine) is located in [[Khewra, Jhelum|Khewra]], north of [[Pind Dadan Khan]],<ref>{{cite book |author=O.H.K. Spate |author2=Andrew T.A. Learmonth |author3=B.H. Farmer |title=India, Pakistan and Ceylon: The Regions|publisher=Methuen Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-0-416-75530-5|page=502|date=13 July 1972 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItkOAAAAQAAJ&q=khewra&pg=PA502 |access-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> an administrative subdivision of Jhelum District, which rises from the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Weller|first1=J. Marvyn|title=The Cenozoic History of the Northwest Punjab|journal=The Journal of Geology|volume=36|issue=4|pages=362–375|publisher=Chicago Journals|jstor=30055696|year=1928|doi=10.1086/623522|bibcode=1928JG.....36..362W|s2cid=129105623}}</ref> It is Pakistan's largest and oldest salt mine<ref>{{cite book |author=Stanley J. Lefond |title=Handbook of World Salt Resources |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Db87AAAAMAAJ&q=Khewra+Salt+Mines |access-date=3 April 2012 |edition=1st|date=1 January 1969 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-30315-9 |page=347}}</ref> and the world's second largest.<ref>{{cite book |author=Camerapix |title=Spectrum Guide to Pakistan |publisher=Interlink Books |isbn=978-1-56656-240-9 |page=150 |date=July 1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlwOAQAAMAAJ&q=khewra+largest+salt+producer+in+world |access-date=8 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Masud ul Hasan |title=Short encyclopaedia of Pakistan |publisher=Ferozsons |asin=B007EU8QHS |page=118 |edition=1st |year=1975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAoMAAAAIAAJ&q=khewra |access-date=8 April 2012}}</ref> It is a major tourist attraction, drawing up to 40,000 visitors a year.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sarah Nabruq |title=Masquerade |date=11 August 2014|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781496988218|page=43}}</ref> Its history dates back to its discovery by Alexander's troops in 320 BC, but it started trading in the Mughal era.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sarina Singh |author2=Lindsay Brown |author3=Lindsay Brown |author4=Rodney Cocks |author5=John Mock |title=Lonely Planet Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zn8I4qEew9oC&pg=PA138 |access-date=3 April 2012 |edition=7th|date=1 May 2008 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74104-542-0 |page=138}}</ref> The main tunnel at ground level was developed by Dr. H. Warth, a mining engineer, in 1872 during British rule. After [[Partition of India|independence]], the Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation took over the mine, which still remains the largest source of salt in the country, producing more than 350,000 tons per annum<ref>{{cite news |last=Pennington |first=Matthew |title=Pakistan salt mined old-fashioned way mine |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002159747_saltmine25.html |access-date=8 April 2012 |newspaper=The Seattle Times |date=25 January 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725072022/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002159747_saltmine25.html |archive-date=25 July 2012 }}</ref> of about 99% pure [[halite]].

Estimates of the reserves of salt in the mine vary from 82 million tons to 600 million tons.

===Tilla Jogian===
{{Main|Tilla Jogian}}
[[File:Tilla Jogian.jpg|thumb|right|Tilla Jogian]]
Tilla Jogian is the highest peak in the Eastern Salt Range. At 975 meters (3200&nbsp;ft) above sea level, it is about 25&nbsp;km to the west of Jhelum City and 10&nbsp;km west of the model village of [[Khukha]]. The view from the top of [[Tilla Satellite Launch Centre|Tilla]] is highly rewarding. [[Rohtas Fort]] is located to the east of Tilla Jogian at a distance of about 7&nbsp;km from [[Dina Tehsil|Dina]], a rapidly expanding town on the [[Grand Trunk Road]].

===Rohtas Fort===
{{Main|Rohtas Fort}}
Rohtas Fort (Qila Rohtas) is a historical garrison fort located near the city of Jhelum. It was built by [[Todar Mal|Raja Todar Mal]], under the orders of the [[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghan]] king [[Sher Shah Suri]], to subdue the rebellious tribes of the northern Punjab region, in the 16th century. This fort is about 4&nbsp;km in circumference. The Rohtas fort was built to crush the local Gakhar tribes of Potohar, who rebelled against the [[Sur Empire|Sur dynasty]] after the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal]] emperor [[Humayun]] was ousted by the former.

It took eight years to build the fort, it was captured by [[Mughal emperors|Mughal]] emperor [[Humayun]] in 1555.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofpa0000wynb_t6l9|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofpa0000wynb_t6l9/page/77 77]|title=A Brief History of Pakistan|publisher=Infobase Publishing|access-date=27 November 2015|isbn=9780816061846|last1=Wynbrandt|first1=James|year=2009}}</ref> [[Nader Shah]], the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ruler of [[Iran|Persia]], Afghan ruler [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmed Shah Abdali]] and the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha army]] also camped here during their respective campaigns in the [[Punjab|Punjab region]].{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Rohtas was also occasionally used for administrative purposes by [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] of the [[Sikh Empire]], after he captured it in 1825.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA259|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813|access-date=27 November 2015|isbn=9781932705546|last1=Mehta|first1=Jaswant Lal|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/252369/rohtas-fort--the-treasure-of-potohar/|title=Rohtas fort — the treasure of Potohar|date=18 September 2011|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref>

==Agriculture==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2012}}
Jhelum District has a total area of {{convert|858767|acre|km2}}, out of which {{convert|316815|acre|km2}} are cultivated. The area is located on the eastern part of [[Pothohar Plateau|Potohar]] upland along with River Jhelum.

[[Agriculture]] in the District Jhelum depends mainly on rainfall. The average rainfall of the area varies from 20 to {{convert|40|in|mm}}. About three-fourths of this precipitation is received in [[monsoon]] season and the remaining one-fourth is received during the rest of the year. The irrigated area at present is limited but the emphasis on the construction of small dams is gradually increasing. Wheat remains the main crop.

In Tehsil P.D. Khan, salt is the predominant feature that is spoiling the rich agricultural land day by day. There is a long strip of very rich and virgin soil along the river which could be made a paradise of citrus plantation by drip irrigation if the local people are motivated and the [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Government of Punjab]] expressed some interest in it.{{Citation needed|date=November 2015}}

==Sports==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2012}}
[[File:Tent pegging champion in Jhelum.jpg|thumb|The fine horse and riders of the Jhelum tract]]
[[File:Neza Bazi.jpg|thumb|[[Tent pegging]]]]
The main sports of the area are centred on agricultural pursuits and excellence and include ''bugdar'' (stone) lifting by young men. A localised version of [[kabaddi]], bull races centered on a Persian water wheel at the villages of [[Kantrili]], Nathwala, and Jada near the suburban town of [[Kala Gujran]]. ''Tent pegging'' also known as ''neza bazi'' which indicates the region's prowess during war and battle and hence the city has attributed the name of the land of martyrs and warriors. [[Zamir Jaffri Cricket Stadium]] near Suleiman Park is named after [[Zamir Jafri]], a poet from Jhelum. [[Field hockey|Hockey]] is another sport that is common in Jhelum.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==Flora and fauna==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2012}}
Vegetation of the forests of Jhelum Forest Division is dry, deciduous shrub type, phulai, Kahu (wild olive), and sanatha are the main species. The stocking, on the whole, is poor and the forests are open. Vegetation is poor on sandstone and red marl. The southern slopes are often devoid of vegetation while northwestern slopes carry good forests. The forests of Jhelum Forests Division are burdened with the right of grazing, browsing, and firewood. Under settlement out of total area {{convert|93566|acre|km2}} only {{convert|5468|acre|km2}} about (45%) are right free. The remaining 55% are open to grazing.

The fauna of the district is mostly indigenous restricted, like the vegetation, but similarly varied and interesting. The rugged and rough terrain, low rainfall, the scantly cover of vegetation, and the burning passions of the increasing number of hunters, all have their share in limiting the animal kingdom in the district. The river offers a better environment than elsewhere though the hills support more interesting wildlife. Urial (an animal from a deer family) and chinckara are spot aids while wild boar are found in the Salt Range. Wolves, foxes, and wild cats are also found. Hare is fairly common. Chikor grey and black partridge are also found in the parts of the district. Migratory ducks like teal pintail and mallard and some geese visit during winter.

==Climate==
The climate of the tract is extreme. In winter it is very cold and summer is very hot. The average rainfall varies from 48 to 69 m.m per annum which is much below the required quantity but in the rainy season, the water torrents flow from north to the river Jhelum at a very fast speed and cause damages to the crops, bridges, roads, and are responsible for the soil erosion in the District.

Over the years, global climate change has affected Jhelum as well as any other place on Earth and below comparison charts from Weatherbase show the difference in climate between 2008 and 2015:

{{Weather box
|location = Jhelum, Pakistan
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 20
|Feb high C = 22
|Mar high C = 27
|Apr high C = 33
|Jul high C = 36
|Aug high C = 34
|Sep high C = 35
|Oct high C = 33
|Nov high C = 28
|Dec high C = 21
|Jan high F = 68
|Feb high F = 72
|Mar high F = 81
|Apr high F = 91
|May high F = 100
|Jun high F = 104
|Jul high F = 97
|Aug high F = 93
|Sep high F = 95
|Oct high F = 91
|Nov high F = 82
|Dec high F = 70
|year high C = 31
|year high F = 87
|Jan low C = 5
|Feb low C = 8
|Mar low C = 12
|Apr low C = 18
|May low C = 22
|Jun low C = 26
|Aug low C = 25
|Sep low C = 23
|Oct low C = 17
|Nov low C = 10
|Dec low C = 6
|Jan low F = 41
|Feb low F = 46
|Mar low F = 54
|Apr low F = 64
|May low F = 72
|Jun low F = 79
|Jul low F = 79
|Aug low F = 77
|Sep low F = 73
|Oct low F = 63
|Nov low F = 50
|Dec low F = 43
|year low C = 16
|year low F = 62
|Jan precipitation mm = 34
|Feb precipitation mm = 50
|Mar precipitation mm = 60
|Apr precipitation mm = 36
|May precipitation mm = 32
|Jun precipitation mm = 52
|Jul precipitation mm = 237
|Aug precipitation mm = 221
|Sep precipitation mm = 78
|Oct precipitation mm = 12
|Nov precipitation mm = 10
|Dec precipitation mm = 30
|Jan precipitation inch = 1.3
|Feb precipitation inch = 2
|Mar precipitation inch = 2.4
|Apr precipitation inch = 1.4
|May precipitation inch = 1
|Jun precipitation inch = 2
|Jul precipitation inch = 9.3
|Aug precipitation inch = 8.7
|Sep precipitation inch = 3.1
|Oct precipitation inch = 0.5
|Nov precipitation inch = 0.4
|Dec precipitation inch = 1.2
|year precipitation cm = 85.2
|year precipitation mm =
|year precipitation inch = 32.2
|source 1 = Weatherbase 2008<ref name="Weatherbase">{{cite web
|url =http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=415980&refer=&units=metric |title =Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Jhelum, Pakistan | publisher=Weatherbase | year=2008}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

{{Weather box
|location = Jhelum, Pakistan
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 19
|Feb high C = 21
|Mar high C = 27
|Apr high C = 33
|May high C = 38
|Jun high C = 40
|Jul high C = 36
|Aug high C = 34
|Sep high C = 34
|Oct high C = 33
|Nov high C = 27
|Dec high C = 21
|Jan high F = 66
|Feb high F = 69
|Mar high F = 80
|Apr high F = 91
|May high F = 100
|Jun high F = 104
|Jul high F = 96
|Aug high F = 93
|Sep high F = 93
|Oct high F = 91
|Nov high F = 80
|Dec high F = 69
|year high C = 30
|year high F = 86
|Jan low C = 4
|Feb low C = 7
|Mar low C = 12
|Apr low C = 17
|May low C = 22
|Jun low C = 26
|Jul low C = 26
|Aug low C = 25
|Sep low C = 23
|Oct low C = 16
|Nov low C = 9
|Dec low C = 5
|Jan low F = 39
|Feb low F = 44
|Mar low F = 53
|Apr low F = 62
|May low F = 71
|Jun low F = 78
|Jul low F = 78
|Aug low F = 77
|Sep low F = 73
|Oct low F = 60
|Nov low F = 48
|Dec low F = 41
|year low C = 16
|year low F = 60
|Jan precipitation mm = 35
|Feb precipitation mm = 46
|Mar precipitation mm = 45
|Apr precipitation mm = 32
|May precipitation mm = 27
|Jun precipitation mm = 51
|Jul precipitation mm = 223
|Aug precipitation mm = 225
|Sep precipitation mm = 79
|Oct precipitation mm = 18
|Nov precipitation mm = 12
|Dec precipitation mm = 25
|Jan precipitation inch = 1.4
|Feb precipitation inch = 1.8
|Mar precipitation inch = 1.8
|Apr precipitation inch = 1.2
|May precipitation inch = 1
|Jun precipitation inch = 2
|Jul precipitation inch = 8.8
|Aug precipitation inch = 8.9
|Sep precipitation inch = 3.1
|Oct precipitation inch = 0.7
|Nov precipitation inch = 0.5
|Dec precipitation inch = 1
|year precipitation cm = 81.8
|year precipitation mm =
|year precipitation inch = 32.2
|source 1 = Weatherbase 2015<ref name="Weatherbase"/>
|date=September 2015
}}

==Demographics==
At the time of the 2017 census, Jhelum district had 64,319 households and a population of 1,222,403. Jhelum had a sex ratio of 1032 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 78.94% - 86.05% for males and 72.21% for females. 354,297 (28.98%) lived in urban areas. 270,652 (22.14%) were under 10 years of age.<ref name="2017census">{{cite web |title=District Wise Results / Tables (Census - 2017) |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/census-2017-district-wise |website=www.pbscensus.gov.pk |publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>

=== Religion ===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Jhelum district (2017)<ref name="2017census"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float = right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Punjabi Muslims|Islam]]|green|98.92}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Punjab, Pakistan|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.00}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.08}}
}}

As per the 2017 census [[Punjabi Muslims|Muslims]] were the predominant religious group with 98.92% while Christians were 1.00% of the population.<ref name="2017census"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in Jhelum District ([[British Punjab province]] era)
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in India|Religious]]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739 |jstor=saoa.crl.25363739 |access-date=23 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province. |year=1901 |pages=34}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393788 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393788 |access-date=23 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |pages=27}}</ref><ref name="Census1911B">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62718 |access-date=23 March 2024 |title=Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II |year=1911 |pages=27 |author=Kaul, Harikishan}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165 |jstor=saoa.crl.25430165 |access-date=23 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=29}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793242 |access-date=23 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1931 |pages=277}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215541 |access-date=23 March 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab |year=1941 |pages=42 |author1=India Census Commissioner |volume=6 }}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 526,725
| {{Percentage | 526725 | 594018 | 2 }}
| 452,260
| {{Percentage | 452260 | 511575 | 2 }}
| 422,979
| {{Percentage | 422979 | 477068 | 2 }}
| 482,097
| {{Percentage | 482097 | 541076 | 2 }}
| 563,033
| {{Percentage | 563033 | 629658 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1931-1941: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
| 51,801
| {{Percentage | 51801 | 594018 | 2 }}
| 34,261
| {{Percentage | 34261 | 511575 | 2 }}
| 34,837
| {{Percentage | 34837 | 477068 | 2 }}
| 36,068
| {{Percentage | 36068 | 541076 | 2 }}
| 40,888
| {{Percentage | 40888 | 629658 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 15,070
| {{Percentage | 15070 | 594018 | 2 }}
| 24,436
| {{Percentage | 24436 | 511575 | 2 }}
| 18,626
| {{Percentage | 18626 | 477068 | 2 }}
| 22,030
| {{Percentage | 22030 | 541076 | 2 }}
| 24,680
| {{Percentage | 24680 | 629658 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 271
| {{Percentage | 271 | 594018 | 2 }}
| 450
| {{Percentage | 450 | 511575 | 2 }}
| 430
| {{Percentage | 430 | 477068 | 2 }}
| 672
| {{Percentage | 672 | 541076 | 2 }}
| 893
| {{Percentage | 893 | 629658 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| 151
| {{Percentage | 151 | 594018 | 2 }}
| 163
| {{Percentage | 163 | 511575 | 2 }}
| 195
| {{Percentage | 195 | 477068 | 2 }}
| 209
| {{Percentage | 209 | 541076 | 2 }}
| 159
| {{Percentage | 159 | 629658 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 594018 | 2 }}
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4 | 511575 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 477068 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 541076 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 629658 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 594018 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 511575 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 477068 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 541076 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 629658 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 594018 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 511575 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 477068 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 541076 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 629658 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 594018 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 511575 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 477068 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 541076 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 629658 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 594,018
! {{Percentage | 594018 | 594018 | 2 }}
! 511,575
! {{Percentage | 511575 | 511575 | 2 }}
! 477,068
! {{Percentage | 477068 | 477068 | 2 }}
! 541,076
! {{Percentage | 541076 | 541076 | 2 }}
! 629,658
! {{Percentage | 629658 | 629658 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="11" | {{small|Note: [[British Punjab province]] era district borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the historic [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province region]] during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.}}
|}

=== Language ===

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Jhelum district (2017)<ref name="2017census" />
|label1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value1 = 86.54 |color1 = red
|label2 = 'Others' |value2 = 7.80 |color2 = plum
|label3 = [[Pashto]] |value3 = 2.48 |color3 = lightgreen
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 2.28 |color4 = green
|label5 = Others |value5 = 0.90 |color5 = grey
}}


At the time of the [[2017 Census of Pakistan]], 86.54% of the population spoke [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], 2.48% [[Pashto]] and 2.28% [[Urdu]] as their first language. 7.80% of the population spoke languages classified as 'Others'.<ref name="2017census" /> The dialects of Punjabi spoken here are [[Pahari-Pothwari|Potohari]] and [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]].
==Development Organizations==
[[Civil Society Human and Institutional Development Program]]<ref>[http://www.chip-pk.org Civil Society Human and Institutional Development Program]</ref>(CHIP)is working in [[Sohawa Tehsil]] since 2004, with its field office in the area CHIP has successfully mobilized community people to get organize into Community Based Organizations, Community Citizen Boards and Women Organizations. Further, CHIP has duly built the capacity of these local entities to take new initiatives. These community level organizations, in collaborative partnerships with CHIP, are working on several development projects. The main focus of these projects is to eliminate illiteracy from villages of Sohawa especially those where government education structure does not exist, make clean drinking water available, provide technical support to the local farmers, raise skill development opportunities for women and sensitize communities to include women in decision making. The local community level organizations developed by CHIP are making successful efforts in implementing development projects by deriving funds from local government bodies.


==Development organizations==
CHIP has announced Sohawa as its main development area and the organization is assessing further development interventions in villages of Sohawa, presently the main focus of organization is to introduce an 'Inclusive Development Model' which suggest active involvement of people with disabilities in the development process.
Rehmat Welfare Foundation Jhelum is a charity project working for poor and needy people of fifty-mile area including Jhelum which cannot afford the expenses of their daily life and very expensive general medical and kidney dialysis treatment.<ref>[http://www.rehmatfoundation.com/about About Rehmat Foundation]. RehmatFoundation. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref>


Civil Society Human and Institutional Development Program<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chip-pk.org|title=Civil Society Human and Institutional Development Programme|work=chip-pk.org|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> (CHIP) is working in [[Sohawa Tehsil]] since 2004, with its field office in the area CHIP has successfully mobilized community people to get organize into Community Based Organizations, Community Citizen Boards and Women Organizations. Further, CHIP has duly built the capacity of these local entities to take new initiatives. These community-level organizations, in collaborative partnerships with CHIP, are working on several development projects. The main focus of these projects is to eliminate illiteracy from villages of Sohawa especially those where government education structure does not exist, make clean drinking water available, provide technical support to the local farmers, raise skill development opportunities for women, and include them in the decision-making process, aiding social inclusion, so as to better represent the communities they live in. The local community-level organizations developed by CHIP are making successful efforts in implementing development projects by deriving funds from local government bodies.
==Notable people==
===Military===
*Col Haq Nawaz kayani Saheed (Sitara-e-Jurat)
* [[Asif Nawaz|General Asif Nawaz Janjua]] (Former Commander-in-chief of Pakistan Army)
* [[Afzal |General Afzal Janjua]] (Former Director General ISI of Pakistan Army)
* Lt.General(Retd) Ijaz Azeem
* Major Akram Shaheed "[[Nishan-e-Haider]]"
* Lieutenant General Muhammad Masood Aslam, Sitara-e-Jurat


==Universities, colleges and schools==
===Political===
{{directory|section|date=October 2020}}
* [[Chaudhry Farrukh Altaf]] Nazim of Jhelum District<ref>{{citenews|title=Their way to parliament passed through Nazim’s office|publisher=Pakistan Dawn |author= Wajahat Ijaz|date= October 22, 2002 |url=http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/22/nat48.htm}}</ref><ref>{{citenews|title=Iftikhar Ch. urges lawyers to remain steadfast in their struggle to ensure rule of law|date=May 06, 2007 |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?177300|publisher=Pak Tribune}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[AIOU]] – Jhelum campus
* [[Air Foundation School System Junior Branch]] (Near Al-Bilal Hotel)
* [[Air Foundation School System, Jhelum]] (Boys & Girls)
* [[Al Islam Sharia College]] Ketchehry Road Jhelum
* [[Army Public School and College, Jhelum Cantt]].
* [[Army Public School and College, Mangla Cantt]]
* [[Bahria Foundation College]], GT Road, Jhelum
* [[Beaconhouse School System, G T Road, Jhelum]]
* [[Bukhari College of Science and Comm]] Jhelum
* [[Cambridge College, 10-A Civil Lines, Jhelum]]
* [[Cantonment Board CMB Model, Jhelum]]
* [[Dar-e-Arqam School Muhammadi Chowk]], Jehlum
* [[Etekosoft Institute of Computer Sciences]], Jhelum
* [[Farabi Foundation Elementary School for Boys]] Mangla Road Dina Jhelum.
* [[Farabi Foundation Elementary School for Girls]] Kalwantpur Dina Jhelum.
* [[Farabi Foundation High School for Boys]] Dina Jhelum.
* [[Farabi Foundation High School for Girls]] Dina Jhelum.
* [[Fatima Jinnah Post Graduate Girls College]], Jhelum Cantt
* [[Fauji Foundation Degree College]], PD Khan
* [[Fauji Foundation Model School & College]], Jhelum Cantt.
* [[Federal Government College, Mangla Cantt]]
* [[Global College of English Language]], Bilal Town Jhelum
* [[Government Al Bairuni Degree College]], Pind Dadan Khan
* [[Government College for Women, Jhelum]]
* [[Government College of Commerce, Bilal Town]], Jhelum
* [[Government College of Education, Jhelum]]
* [[Government College of Technology, Chak Daulat]]
* [[Government College of technology, Chak Daulat]], Jhelum
* [[Government College. G.T. Road, Jhelum]]
* [[Government Degree College for Women, Sanghoi]]
* [[Government Degree College, Dina]]
* [[Government Degree College, Jhelum]]
* [[Government Degree College, Sohawa]]
* [[Government Girls College, Jalalpur Sharif]]
* [[Government Institute of Commerce (W), Sohawa]]
* [[Government Institute of Commerce, Pind Dadan Khan]]
* [[Government Model High School Madu Kalas]]
* [[Government Model High School Ratwal]], Pind Dadan Khan
* [[Government Model High School, Bair Faqiran]]
* [[Government Noor Mudrassa Tul Banat Girls School]], established since 1944
* [[Government Post Graduate College, Jhelum]]
* [[Government Tabligh ul Islam secondary school]], Jhelum
* [[International Islamic University Islamabad Schools, Jhelum]]
* [[Jhelum College of Education]], Jhelum
* [[Jhelum Homeopathic Medical College]], GT Road, Jada
* [[Jinnah College of Commerce & Computer Science]], Jhelum
* [[Jinnah College of Commerce]], Dina
* [[Jinnah Law College]], Jhelum
* [[Litra Valley Girls College]], Jango
* [[Lyceumhouse School System]] Karimpur Road, Jhelum.
* [[PICS, Bilal town]]
* [[Presentation Convent School, Jhelum]]
* [[Punjab College, PD Khan]]
* [[Punjab College]], G.T Road, Jhelum
* [[QMA Jinnah College]], PD Khan
* [[Research Girls College, Kala Gujran]]
* [[SLS College Jhelum]]
* [[Superior College, Jhelum]]
* [[The Educator School]], G.T Road, Jada
* [[University of the Punjab]], Jhelum campus
* [[VU Jhelum Campus]]
* [[Wings College of Commerce]], 4-Civil Lines, Jhelum
* [[World Over School and College Academy, Jhelum]]


{{Div col end}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.afghanabad.itgo.com Afghan Sarwanis Mera Afghanabad.]
* [http://www.TheJhelum.com/ Best Online Newspaper in Jhelum.]
* [http://www.slspk.com/ SLS College & Visa Centre]
* [http://www.DinaTimes.com/ The Voice of Jhelum & Dina.]
* [http://www.jhelum.info Jhelum Informations]
* [http://www.apnajhelum.com Jhelum's Official Site Urdu Version]
* [http://www.apnajhelum.net Jhelum's Official Site English Version]
* [http://www.humarajhelum.com Humara Jhelum Community]
* [http://fonebuzz.net/ First Online Mobile Shop Of Jhelum.]


== Notable people ==
===Organizations===
{{Main|List of people from Jhelum}}
* [http://www.slspk.com Bloom Welfare Society Jhelum]
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
* [http://www.tanzeem-e-amal.org Tanzeem-e-Amal Jhelum]
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
* [http://www.khairunnass.org Khair Un Nass Jhelum]
* [[Muhammad Akram|Maj. Muhammad Akram]], [[Nishan-e-Haider]]
* [http://www.sehet.org Society for Education Health & Environment]
* [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]], Commander Eastern Theatre, Indian Army in Indo-Pak War of 1971
* [http://www.chip-pk.org Civil Society Human and Institutional Program (CHIP)]
* [[Fawad Chaudhry]], Pakistani politician
* [[Sunil Dutt]], Indian actor and politician
* [[Inder Kumar Gujral]], ex-Prime Minister of India
* [[Gulzar]], Indian filmmaker, lyricist and poet
* [[Chaudhry Altaf Hussain]], ex-governor Punjab
* [[Ghulam Hussain (politician)|Dr. Ghulam Hussain]]
* [[Zamir Jafri]], poet
* [[Asif Nawaz Janjua]], general and ex-chief of the Army Staff, Pakistan
* [[Ghazanfar Ali Khan]], leader of the [[Pakistan Movement]]
* [[Muhammad Ali Mirza]], Islamic Scholar
*[[Jaswant Singh Neki]], a leading Indian scholar, significant Punjabi language poet and an influential [[psychiatrist]]
* [[Porus]] – king, ancient warrior


===Companies===
==See also==
===Villages in Jhelum District===
* [http://www.JhelumSoft.net Web Development & Software]
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [http://www.slspk.com/traders.htm SLS Traders (Export/Import)]
* [[Chak Jamal]]
* [http://www.CyberXperts.com First IT Solution Providers Including Web Development in Jhelum]
* [[Chak Khasa]]
* [http://www.26designer.com City web developers]
* [[Dhanyala]]
* [http://www.cyberxperts.net First webHosting Providers of Jhelum]
* [[Dhok Masyal]]
* [http://www.psapk.com Pakistan Sports Academy]
* [[Gharmala]]
* [http://www.limitsgroup.com Limits Multi Services Systems]
* [[Noor Pur Baghan]]
* [[Shamaspur]]
* [[Thallah Chaudrian]]
{{div col end}}


== References ==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{notelist}}


==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140419014039/http://www.jhelum.gop.pk/ Jhelum District Official Portal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081225083333/http://www.jhelumpolice.gov.pk/ Jhelum Police Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081121161718/http://www.tmajhelum.com/ TMA Jhelum Website]
* [http://www.jhelum.pk/ Unofficial Jhelum Website]
* [http://www.jhelum.net/ Jhelum Networks Official Website]
{{Neighbourhoods of Jhelum}}
{{Districts of Punjab (Pakistan)}}
{{Authority control}}


{{Coord|32|56|N|73|44|E|type:adm2nd_source:itwiki|display=title}}
{{Punjab_(Pakistan)}}


[[Category:Jhelum District|*]]
[[Category:Jhelum District| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Punjab, Pakistan]]

Latest revision as of 08:25, 1 June 2024

Not to be confused with the Jhelum Valley District of Azad Kashmir.

Jhelum
ضلع جہلم
District of Punjab
Top: Rohtas Fort
Bottom: Ruins at Tilla Jogian
Map of Punjab with Jhelum District highlighted
Map of Punjab with Jhelum District highlighted
Country Pakistan
Province Punjab
DivisionRawalpindi
HeadquartersJhelum city
Government
 • TypeDistrict Administration
 • MayorNone (vacant)
 • Deputy CommissionerSamiullah Farooq (BPS-19 PAS)
 • District Police OfficerNasir Mehmood Bajwa (BPS-19 PSP)
Area
 • Total3,587 km2 (1,385 sq mi)
Population
 (2017)[1]
 • Total1,222,403
 • Density340/km2 (880/sq mi)
 • Demonym
Jhelumi/Jhelumian
Time zoneUTC+5 (PKT)
No. of Tehsils4
TehsilsJhelum
Pind Dadan Khan
Sohawa
Dina
Websitejhelum.punjab.gov.pk

Jhelum District (Urdu and Punjabi: ضلع جہلم), is partially in Pothohar Plateau, and partially in Punjab Plain of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Jhelum is one of the oldest districts of Punjab. It was established on 23 March 1849.[2] Jhelum is known for providing many soldiers to the British and later to the Pakistan armed forces due to which it is also known as 'city of soldiers' or 'land of martyrs and warriors'.[3] The district of Jhelum stretches from the river Jhelum almost to the Indus. Salt is quarried at the Mayo mine in the Salt Range. There are two coal mines in the district from which the North-Western railway obtains parts of its supply. These are the only coal mines in Punjab province which are in working condition. The chief center of the salt trade is Pind Dadan Khan. The district is crossed by the main line of the North-Western railway and also traversed along the south by a branch line.[4] It is located in the north of the Punjab province, Jhelum district is bordered by Sargodha and Mandi Bahauddin to its south, Khushab to its southwest, Jhelum River to its south and east, Gujrat to its east, Chakwal to its west, Mirpur to its northeast, and Rawalpindi to its north.

Administration[edit]

The district of Jhelum, which covers an area of 3,587 square kilometres (1,385 sq mi),[5] Jhelum City is the main city of the district.

Tehsils[edit]

District is administratively divided into four tehsils

  1. Jhelum
  2. Sohawa
  3. Pind Dadan Khan
  4. Dina,[6]

Union Councils[edit]

which are divided into 53 Union Councils.[7]

History[edit]

Main article: History of Jhelum
Tilla Jogian, the highest peak in Jhelum District

Early history[edit]

The history of the district dates back to the Hindu mythological period of the Mahabharata. The epic represents the Salt Range as the refuge of the five Pandava brethren during the period of their exile, and every salient point in its scenery is connected with some legend of the national heroes. Modern research has fixed the site of the conflict between Alexander and Porus as within Jhelum district, though the exact spot at which the Macedonian king affected the passage of the Jhelum (or Hydaspes) has been hotly disputed. The Panhwars, Janjuas and Jats, who now hold the Salt Range and its northern plateau respectively, appear to have been the earliest inhabitants.[4][8]

The Janjuas, who appear to represent the oldest breed of Punjab and who still inhabit a large tract in the east of the District; while the Awans and Ghakars who cluster in the western plain, are apparently later invaders, the Janjuas were the dominant race during the before and early Muslim era and they long continued to retain their independence[4] until the time of Sikh invaders, both in Jhelum itself and in the neighboring District of Rawalpindi.[8]

Sultanate era[edit]

A masjid on Jhelum-Pind Dadan Khan Road

In 997 CE, Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi, took over the Ghaznavid dynasty empire established by his father, Sultan Sebuktegin, he conquered the Shahis in Kabul in 1005, and followed it by the conquests of northern Punjab region. The Delhi Sultanate and later Mughal Empire ruled the region. The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region, which is also reflected in Jhelum.

British era[edit]

During British rule, Jhelum was a district of Rawalpindi Division, and was larger than the current district of Jhelum. On 1 April 1904, the tehsil of Talagang was detached from the District and incorporated with the new District of Attock. According to the Gazetteer of the Jhelum District of 1904, 88.7% of the population were Muslim.[9]

The old Jhelum district (minus Talagang) covered an area of 2,813 square miles (7285 km2) and included Chakwal Tehsil – it was bordered by Shahpur and Attock to the west, and by Rawalpindi to the north – the Jhelum River separated it from Kashmir to the north-east and from Gujrat and Shahpur to the south-east and south.[8]

Independence[edit]

The predominantly Muslim population supported under the leadership of Raja Ghazanfar Ali khan of PD Khan Muslim League and Partition of India. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while the Muslim refugees from India settled in the Jhelum District.[citation needed]

Since independence the agriculture and industry of Jhelum developed and forms part of the economy of Pakistan.[citation needed]

Topography[edit]

Jhelum City[edit]

Main article: Jhelum

The district capital, Jhelum City, is situated on the right and left bank of the Jhelum River, the left side of Jhelum is known as Sarai Alamgir and it also contains the Military College Jhelum (MCJ). The 16th-century Grand Trunk Road passes through the city. Jhelum city is near the site of the Battle of the Hydaspes between the armies of Alexander and Porus This battle took place a few miles downstream from the city center, along the river banks. Population of the Jhelum city (proper) is about 172,073[10] (2009) and it is the 35th largest city of Pakistan by population. A cantonment was built during the British rule, which has grown up into a strong Garrison, with an Infantry Division commanded by a Major General.

River Jhelum[edit]

Main article: Jhelum River
The River Jhelum below the bridge beside Jhelum City

The river Jhelum is navigable throughout the district, which forms the south-eastern portion of a rugged Himalayan spur, extending between the Indus and Jhelum to the borders of the Sind Sagar Doab. Its scenery is very picturesque, although not of so wild a character as the mountain region of Rawalpindi to the north, and is lighted up in places by smiling patches of the cultivated valley. The backbone of the district is formed by the Salt Range, a treble line of parallel hills running in three long forks from east to west throughout its whole breadth.[4]

The range rises in precipices, broken by gorges, clothed with brushwood, and traversed by streams which are at first clear but become impregnated with the saline matter over which they pass. Between the line of hills lies a table-land, in which the small lake of Kallar Kahar nestles amongst the minor ridges. North of the Salt Range, the country extends upwards in an elevated plateau, diversified by a number of ravines and fissures, until it loses itself in tangled masses of Rawalpindi mountains. In this rugged tract, cultivation is rare and difficult, the soil being choked with saline matter. At the foot of the Salt Range, however, a small strip of level soil lies along the banks of the Jhelum and is dotted with prosperous villages.[4]

The drainage of the district is determined by a low central watershed running north and south at right angles to the Salt Range. The waters of the western portion find their way into the Sohan, and finally into the Indus; those of the opposite slope collect themselves into small torrents and empty themselves into the Jhelum River.[4]

Khewra Salt Mine[edit]

Main article: Khewra Salt Mine
A small masjid made of salt bricks inside the Khewra salt mine complex

The Khewra Salt Mine (or Mayo Salt Mine) is located in Khewra, north of Pind Dadan Khan,[11] an administrative subdivision of Jhelum District, which rises from the Indo-Gangetic Plain.[12] It is Pakistan's largest and oldest salt mine[13] and the world's second largest.[14][15] It is a major tourist attraction, drawing up to 40,000 visitors a year.[16] Its history dates back to its discovery by Alexander's troops in 320 BC, but it started trading in the Mughal era.[17] The main tunnel at ground level was developed by Dr. H. Warth, a mining engineer, in 1872 during British rule. After independence, the Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation took over the mine, which still remains the largest source of salt in the country, producing more than 350,000 tons per annum[18] of about 99% pure halite.

Estimates of the reserves of salt in the mine vary from 82 million tons to 600 million tons.

Tilla Jogian[edit]

Main article: Tilla Jogian
Tilla Jogian

Tilla Jogian is the highest peak in the Eastern Salt Range. At 975 meters (3200 ft) above sea level, it is about 25 km to the west of Jhelum City and 10 km west of the model village of Khukha. The view from the top of Tilla is highly rewarding. Rohtas Fort is located to the east of Tilla Jogian at a distance of about 7 km from Dina, a rapidly expanding town on the Grand Trunk Road.

Rohtas Fort[edit]

Main article: Rohtas Fort

Rohtas Fort (Qila Rohtas) is a historical garrison fort located near the city of Jhelum. It was built by Raja Todar Mal, under the orders of the Afghan king Sher Shah Suri, to subdue the rebellious tribes of the northern Punjab region, in the 16th century. This fort is about 4 km in circumference. The Rohtas fort was built to crush the local Gakhar tribes of Potohar, who rebelled against the Sur dynasty after the Mughal emperor Humayun was ousted by the former.

It took eight years to build the fort, it was captured by Mughal emperor Humayun in 1555.[19] Nader Shah, the Turkic ruler of Persia, Afghan ruler Ahmed Shah Abdali and the Maratha army also camped here during their respective campaigns in the Punjab region.[citation needed] Rohtas was also occasionally used for administrative purposes by Maharaja Ranjit Singh of the Sikh Empire, after he captured it in 1825.[20][21]

Agriculture[edit]

Jhelum District has a total area of 858,767 acres (3,475.31 km2), out of which 316,815 acres (1,282.10 km2) are cultivated. The area is located on the eastern part of Potohar upland along with River Jhelum.

Agriculture in the District Jhelum depends mainly on rainfall. The average rainfall of the area varies from 20 to 40 inches (1,000 mm). About three-fourths of this precipitation is received in monsoon season and the remaining one-fourth is received during the rest of the year. The irrigated area at present is limited but the emphasis on the construction of small dams is gradually increasing. Wheat remains the main crop.

In Tehsil P.D. Khan, salt is the predominant feature that is spoiling the rich agricultural land day by day. There is a long strip of very rich and virgin soil along the river which could be made a paradise of citrus plantation by drip irrigation if the local people are motivated and the Government of Punjab expressed some interest in it.[citation needed]

Sports[edit]

The fine horse and riders of the Jhelum tract
Tent pegging

The main sports of the area are centred on agricultural pursuits and excellence and include bugdar (stone) lifting by young men. A localised version of kabaddi, bull races centered on a Persian water wheel at the villages of Kantrili, Nathwala, and Jada near the suburban town of Kala Gujran. Tent pegging also known as neza bazi which indicates the region's prowess during war and battle and hence the city has attributed the name of the land of martyrs and warriors. Zamir Jaffri Cricket Stadium near Suleiman Park is named after Zamir Jafri, a poet from Jhelum. Hockey is another sport that is common in Jhelum.[citation needed]

Flora and fauna[edit]

Vegetation of the forests of Jhelum Forest Division is dry, deciduous shrub type, phulai, Kahu (wild olive), and sanatha are the main species. The stocking, on the whole, is poor and the forests are open. Vegetation is poor on sandstone and red marl. The southern slopes are often devoid of vegetation while northwestern slopes carry good forests. The forests of Jhelum Forests Division are burdened with the right of grazing, browsing, and firewood. Under settlement out of total area 93,566 acres (378.65 km2) only 5,468 acres (22.13 km2) about (45%) are right free. The remaining 55% are open to grazing.

The fauna of the district is mostly indigenous restricted, like the vegetation, but similarly varied and interesting. The rugged and rough terrain, low rainfall, the scantly cover of vegetation, and the burning passions of the increasing number of hunters, all have their share in limiting the animal kingdom in the district. The river offers a better environment than elsewhere though the hills support more interesting wildlife. Urial (an animal from a deer family) and chinckara are spot aids while wild boar are found in the Salt Range. Wolves, foxes, and wild cats are also found. Hare is fairly common. Chikor grey and black partridge are also found in the parts of the district. Migratory ducks like teal pintail and mallard and some geese visit during winter.

Climate[edit]

The climate of the tract is extreme. In winter it is very cold and summer is very hot. The average rainfall varies from 48 to 69 m.m per annum which is much below the required quantity but in the rainy season, the water torrents flow from north to the river Jhelum at a very fast speed and cause damages to the crops, bridges, roads, and are responsible for the soil erosion in the District.

Over the years, global climate change has affected Jhelum as well as any other place on Earth and below comparison charts from Weatherbase show the difference in climate between 2008 and 2015:

Climate data for Jhelum, Pakistan
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 20
(68) 		22
(72) 		27
(81) 		33
(91) 		38
(100) 		40
(104) 		36
(97) 		34
(93) 		35
(95) 		33
(91) 		28
(82) 		21
(70) 		31
(87)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5
(41) 		8
(46) 		12
(54) 		18
(64) 		22
(72) 		26
(79) 		26
(79) 		25
(77) 		23
(73) 		17
(63) 		10
(50) 		6
(43) 		16
(62)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 34
(1.3) 		50
(2) 		60
(2.4) 		36
(1.4) 		32
(1) 		52
(2) 		237
(9.3) 		221
(8.7) 		78
(3.1) 		12
(0.5) 		10
(0.4) 		30
(1.2) 		85.2
(32.2)
Source: Weatherbase 2008[22]
Climate data for Jhelum, Pakistan
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19
(66) 		21
(69) 		27
(80) 		33
(91) 		38
(100) 		40
(104) 		36
(96) 		34
(93) 		34
(93) 		33
(91) 		27
(80) 		21
(69) 		30
(86)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4
(39) 		7
(44) 		12
(53) 		17
(62) 		22
(71) 		26
(78) 		26
(78) 		25
(77) 		23
(73) 		16
(60) 		9
(48) 		5
(41) 		16
(60)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 35
(1.4) 		46
(1.8) 		45
(1.8) 		32
(1.2) 		27
(1) 		51
(2) 		223
(8.8) 		225
(8.9) 		79
(3.1) 		18
(0.7) 		12
(0.5) 		25
(1) 		81.8
(32.2)
Source: Weatherbase 2015[22]

Demographics[edit]

At the time of the 2017 census, Jhelum district had 64,319 households and a population of 1,222,403. Jhelum had a sex ratio of 1032 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 78.94% - 86.05% for males and 72.21% for females. 354,297 (28.98%) lived in urban areas. 270,652 (22.14%) were under 10 years of age.[1]

Religion[edit]

Religion in Jhelum district (2017)[1]
Religion Percent
Islam
 
 98.92%
Christianity
 
 1.00%
Other or not stated
 
 0.08%

As per the 2017 census Muslims were the predominant religious group with 98.92% while Christians were 1.00% of the population.[1]

Religious groups in Jhelum District (British Punjab province era)
Religious
group 		1901[23] 1911[24][25] 1921[26] 1931[27] 1941[28]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 526,725 88.67% 452,260 88.41% 422,979 88.66% 482,097 89.1% 563,033 89.42%
Hinduism [a] 51,801 8.72% 34,261 6.7% 34,837 7.3% 36,068 6.67% 40,888 6.49%
Sikhism 15,070 2.54% 24,436 4.78% 18,626 3.9% 22,030 4.07% 24,680 3.92%
Christianity 271 0.05% 450 0.09% 430 0.09% 672 0.12% 893 0.14%
Jainism 151 0.03% 163 0.03% 195 0.04% 209 0.04% 159 0.03%
Zoroastrianism 0 0% 4 0% 1 0% 0 0% 3 0%
Judaism 0 0% 1 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Buddhism 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 2 0%
Others 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Total population 594,018 100% 511,575 100% 477,068 100% 541,076 100% 629,658 100%
Note: British Punjab province era district borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the historic Punjab Province region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.

Language[edit]

Languages of Jhelum district (2017)[1]

  Punjabi (86.54%)
  'Others' (7.80%)
  Pashto (2.48%)
  Urdu (2.28%)
  Others (0.90%)

At the time of the 2017 Census of Pakistan, 86.54% of the population spoke Punjabi, 2.48% Pashto and 2.28% Urdu as their first language. 7.80% of the population spoke languages classified as 'Others'.[1] The dialects of Punjabi spoken here are Potohari and Majhi.

Development organizations[edit]

Rehmat Welfare Foundation Jhelum is a charity project working for poor and needy people of fifty-mile area including Jhelum which cannot afford the expenses of their daily life and very expensive general medical and kidney dialysis treatment.[29]

Civil Society Human and Institutional Development Program[30] (CHIP) is working in Sohawa Tehsil since 2004, with its field office in the area CHIP has successfully mobilized community people to get organize into Community Based Organizations, Community Citizen Boards and Women Organizations. Further, CHIP has duly built the capacity of these local entities to take new initiatives. These community-level organizations, in collaborative partnerships with CHIP, are working on several development projects. The main focus of these projects is to eliminate illiteracy from villages of Sohawa especially those where government education structure does not exist, make clean drinking water available, provide technical support to the local farmers, raise skill development opportunities for women, and include them in the decision-making process, aiding social inclusion, so as to better represent the communities they live in. The local community-level organizations developed by CHIP are making successful efforts in implementing development projects by deriving funds from local government bodies.

Universities, colleges and schools[edit]

Notable people[edit]

Main article: List of people from Jhelum

See also[edit]

Villages in Jhelum District[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f "District Wise Results / Tables (Census - 2017)". www.pbscensus.gov.pk. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
  2. ^ "Jhelum Report". Crprid.org. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  3. ^ "BBC NEWS – South Asia – Rise of Pakistan's 'quiet man'". bbc.co.uk. 17 June 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e f  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Jhelum". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 413.
  5. ^ Jhelum District Overview – Punjab Police
  6. ^ Administrative Units of Pakistan Archived 30 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Tehsils & Unions in the District of Jhelum -Government of Pakistan Archived 9 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ a b c "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 14, page 152 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library". uchicago.edu. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  9. ^ Gazetteer of the Jhelum District, 1904, Part 1, Page 129, Sang-e-Meel Publications.
  10. ^ Population of Jhelum City [dead link]
  11. ^ O.H.K. Spate; Andrew T.A. Learmonth; B.H. Farmer (13 July 1972). India, Pakistan and Ceylon: The Regions. Methuen Publishing Ltd. p. 502. ISBN 978-0-416-75530-5. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  12. ^ Weller, J. Marvyn (1928). "The Cenozoic History of the Northwest Punjab". The Journal of Geology. 36 (4). Chicago Journals: 362–375. Bibcode:1928JG.....36..362W. doi:10.1086/623522. JSTOR 30055696. S2CID 129105623.
  13. ^ Stanley J. Lefond (1 January 1969). Handbook of World Salt Resources (1st ed.). Springer. p. 347. ISBN 978-0-306-30315-9. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  14. ^ Camerapix (July 1998). Spectrum Guide to Pakistan. Interlink Books. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-56656-240-9. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  15. ^ Masud ul Hasan (1975). Short encyclopaedia of Pakistan (1st ed.). Ferozsons. p. 118. ASIN B007EU8QHS. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  16. ^ Sarah Nabruq (11 August 2014). Masquerade. AuthorHouse. p. 43. ISBN 9781496988218.
  17. ^ Sarina Singh; Lindsay Brown; Lindsay Brown; Rodney Cocks; John Mock (1 May 2008). Lonely Planet Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway (7th ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-74104-542-0. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  18. ^ Pennington, Matthew (25 January 2005). "Pakistan salt mined old-fashioned way mine". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  19. ^ Wynbrandt, James (2009). A Brief History of Pakistan. Infobase Publishing. p. 77. ISBN 9780816061846. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  20. ^ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1 January 2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. ISBN 9781932705546. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  21. ^ "Rohtas fort — the treasure of Potohar". The Express Tribune. 18 September 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  22. ^ a b "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Jhelum, Pakistan". Weatherbase. 2008.
  23. ^ "Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province". 1901. p. 34. JSTOR saoa.crl.25363739. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  24. ^ "Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1911. p. 27. JSTOR saoa.crl.25393788. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  25. ^ Kaul, Harikishan (1911). "Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II". p. 27. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  26. ^ "Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. p. 29. JSTOR saoa.crl.25430165. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  27. ^ "Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1931. p. 277. JSTOR saoa.crl.25793242. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  28. ^ India Census Commissioner (1941). "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab". p. 42. JSTOR saoa.crl.28215541. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  29. ^ About Rehmat Foundation. RehmatFoundation. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
  30. ^ "Civil Society Human and Institutional Development Programme". chip-pk.org. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  1. ^ 1931-1941: Including Ad-Dharmis

External links[edit]

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32°56′N 73°44′E / 32.933°N 73.733°E / 32.933; 73.733

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