United States Army Special Forces

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United States Army Special Forces
United States Army Special Forces Shoulder Sleeve Insignia.
Active	June 19, 1952 –
Country	United States
Branch	United States Army
Type	Special Forces (commando)
Role	Counter-Terrorism, Direct Action, Foreign Internal Defense, Special Reconnaissance, Unconventional Warfare, Guerrilla Warfare
Size	~4,500
Part of	United States Army Special Operations Command
Nickname(s)	Green Berets
Motto(s)	De Oppresso Liber ("To free the oppressed")
Engagements	World War II Vietnam War Operation Eagle Claw Operation Urgent Fury Operation Just Cause Operation Desert Shield Operation Desert Storm Operation Restore Hope Battle of Mogadishu Operation Enduring Freedom Operation Iraqi Freedom * Battle of Debecka Pass

The United States Army Special Forces, known in the United States simply as Special Forces or SF, is an elite special operations force of the U.S. Army trained for guerrilla warfare, unconventional warfare, and special operations. SF was founded in 1952 by OSS Jedburgh Colonel Aaron Bank known as the father of the Special Forces, and its members are informally known as "the Green Berets", because of the unit's distinctive green beret headgear. Their official motto is De Oppresso Liber (Latin: "free from oppression"), a reference to one of their primary missions to train and assist foreign indigenous forces.

Special Forces units are tasked with seven specific missions: unconventional warfare, foreign internal defense, special reconnaissance, direct action, combating terrorism, counter-proliferation, and information operations. Other duties include coalition warfare and support, combat search and rescue (CSAR), security assistance, peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance, humanitarian de-mining and counter-drug operations.

Currently, Special Forces units are deployed in Operation Iraqi Freedom. They are also deployed with other USSOCOM elements as the primary American military force in the ongoing War In Afghanistan.

History

The US Special Forces was established out of several special operations units that were active during World War II. Its lineage comes from the 1st Special Service Force (Devil's Brigade) as well as from operational detachments of the Office of Strategic Services.

Special Forces Command was developed out of the Special Operations Division of the Psychological Warfare Center which was activated in May 1952. June 1952, with the creation of the 10th Special Forces Group (SFG) under Colonel Bank, marked the forces' official founding. This coincided with the establishment of the Psychological Warfare School, which is now known as the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School. The 10th SFG deployed to Bad Tölz, Germany the following September. The remaining cadre at Fort Bragg, North Carolina formed the 77th Special Forces Group, which in May 1960 became 7th Special Forces Group.

BG William P. Yarborough (left) meets with President John F. Kennedy at Fort Bragg, N.C., Oct. 12, 1961

During the Korean War some of the 10th Special Forces operated on offshore islands. These troops directed North Korea's partisans in raids, harassment of supply lines and the rescue of downed pilots.

Special Forces were among the first U.S. troops committed to Vietnam. Beginning in the early 1950s, Special Forces teams deployed from the United States and Okinawa to serve as advisers for the fledgling South Vietnamese Army. As the United States escalated its involvement in the war, Special Forces' mission expanded as well. In addition to raising, training, and advising the Montagnard Civilian Irregular Defense Group (CIDG) and numerous other indigenous units, Special Forces also conducted long range reconnaissance and provided the majority of personnel for the highly classified MACV-SOG. The 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne) earned seventeen Congressional Medals of Honor in Vietnam, making it the most prominently decorated unit for its size in that conflict.

In the 1980's the US Special Forces were deployed to El Salvador. The U.S. troops mission was to train the El Salvadorians who at the time were in trouble. They trained the El Salvadorians for combat by providing them with military tactics and techniques. The Special Forces saved them from Communist takeover under the Duarte Regime. In 1992 the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front reached an agreement with the government of El Salvador. Successful in El Salvador, the 3rd Special Forces Group was created in 1990 resulting in the current active duty Special Forces Group.

Before September 11th Special Operations Missions were worldwide consisting of counter-drug activities, and humanitarian assistance to demining operations.

Vietnam, El Salvador, and Afghanistan are the three major modern conflicts that have defined the Special Forces.

The Green Beret

Edson Raff, one of the first Special Forces officers, is credited with introducing the green beret, which was originally unauthorized for wear by the U.S. Army. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy authorized them for use exclusively by the US Special Forces. Preparing for an October 12 visit to the Special Warfare Center at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, the President sent word to the Center's commander, Brigadier General William P. Yarborough, for all Special Forces soldiers to wear the beret as part of the event. The President felt that since they had a special mission, Special Forces should have something to set them apart from the rest. In 1962, he called the green beret "a symbol of excellence, a badge of courage, a mark of distinction in the fight for freedom." Aside from the well-recognized beret, Special Forces soldiers are also known for their more informal attire than other members of the U.S. military.

The men of the Green Beret caught the public's imagination and were the subject of a best selling book The Green Berets by Robin Moore, a hit record, Ballad of the Green Berets written and performed by Barry Sadler, The Green Berets (film) produced, directed, and starring John Wayne and a comic strip and American comic book Tales of the Green Beret written by Robin Moore with artwork by Joe Kubert. See United States Army Special Forces in popular culture.

Organization

U.S. Army Special Forces is divided into five Active Duty Special Forces Groups. Each Active Duty SFG has a specific regional focus. The Special Forces soldiers assigned to these groups receive intensive language and cultural training for countries within their regional area of responsibility.

Insignia	Group
	1st Special Forces Group - 1st Battalion stationed in Okinawa, the 2nd and 3rd Battalions headquartered at Fort Lewis, Washington. 1st SFG has responsibility for the Pacific. Even if they are not part of PACOM, they can be asked to work with elements from that command.
	3rd Special Forces Group - Headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. 3rd SFG has responsibility for all of sub-Saharan Africa except for the eastern Horn of Africa. Even if they are not part of AFRICOM, they can be asked to work with elements from that command.
	5th Special Forces Group - Headquartered at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. 5th SFG has responsibility for the Middle East, Persian Gulf, Central Asia and the Horn of Africa (HOA). Even if they are not part of CENTCOM, they can be asked to work with elements from that command.
	7th Special Forces Group - Headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. 7th SFG has responsibility for Latin America, Central America, and the Caribbean (along with 20th SFG). (In 2010, 7th SFG is scheduled to relocate to Eglin Air Force Base in Florida as part of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) round. Even if they are not part of SOUTHCOM, they can be asked to work with elements from that command.
	10th Special Forces Group - 1st Battalion stationed in the Panzer Kaserne (Panzer Barracks) in Boeblingen near Stuttgart, Germany, and the 2nd and 3rd Battalions are headquartered at Fort Carson, Colorado. 10th SFG has responsibility for Europe, mainly Central and Eastern Europe, the Balkans, Turkey, Israel, Lebanon and northern Africa. Even if they are not part of EUCOM, they can be asked to work with elements from that command.
	19th Special Forces Group - One of the two National Guard groups for the Special Forces. Headquartered in Draper, Utah, with detachments in Washington, West Virginia, Ohio, Rhode Island, Colorado, and California. 19th SFG has responsibility over Southeast Asia (shared with 5th SFG), as well as the Pacific (shared with 1st SFG).
	20th Special Forces Group - One of the two National Guard groups for the Special Forces. Headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama, under Southern Command, with battalions from Alabama (1st Battalion), Mississippi (2nd Battalion), and Florida (3rd Battalion), with detachments in North Carolina, Chicago, Illinois, Louisville, Kentucky and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 20th SFG has an area of responsibility covering 32 countries, including Latin America south of Mexico, the waters, territories, and nations in the Caribbean sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. The area is shared with 7th SFG.
	Inactive Groups
	6th Special Forces Group - Active from 1963 to 1971. Responsible for Iraq AO and other middle eastern countries.
	8th Special Forces Group - Active from 1963 to 1972. Responsible for training armies of Latin America in counter-insurgency tactics.
	11th Special Forces Group - Active from 1961 to 1994.
	12th Special Forces Group - Active from 1961 to 1994.

Training and selection

A 19th Special Forces Group soldier mans an M60 machine gun on a HMMWV in Afghanistan, in March 2004. An AT4 anti-tank rocket can be seen in the foreground.

When Special Forces were first created by Col. Aaron Bank in 1952, the recruits were personally selected by Bank himself. Most of the members were from the 82nd Airborne. The Forces began with 200 soldiers and the training lasted fourteen weeks.

Todays training is far more rigorous. New male recruits to the Army who have requested to join the Special Forces first begin training at Fort Benning, Georgia. (All United States Special Forces units are closed to females.) This consists of basic training and Infantry training combined in a 14 week-long course. After graduation, soldiers must attend and pass the three-week Airborne school before progressing to the Special Operations Preparation Course (SOPC) at Ft. Bragg.

SOPC's purpose is to prepare SF candidates for Phase I, Special Forces Assessment and Selection (SFAS), an evaluation that lasts 24 days. Upon successful completion of this phase, recruits usually return to their previous units to await being admitted to a class in the three-phase Special Forces Qualification Course ("Q Course"). There recruits are assigned to the 1st Special Warfare Training Group (Airborne) at Fort Bragg and required to participate in a demanding three-week Small Unit Tactics course. This course is designed to familiarize non-combat Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) soldiers with basic patrolling, orienteering and woodland skills. Afterwards, recruits of rank Staff Sergeant (E-6) and below attend the Primary Leadership Development Course/Basic Non-Commissioned Officer's Course at Camp Mackall before officially beginning Phase II, a seven-week block of instruction in Small Unit Tactics. In early 2006, Phase II was expanded to include three weeks of Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) training & lethal hand to hand combat & element of surprise disarming techniques, following immediately after completion of the Small Unit Tactics phase.

After Phase II, recruits then begin Phase III for specific training within one of five Special Forces specialties: 18A, SF Officer; 18B, SF Weapons Sergeant; 18C, SF Engineer Sergeant; 18D, SF Medical Sergeant; and 18E, SF Communications Sergeant. 18A-C and E training courses are about 15 weeks long, and the 18D training course is 42 weeks long. Following the completion of phase III, you begin what is called the language blitz portion. Depending on the language you are assigned it is either 8 or 12 weeks of language training. The recruits finish their Special Forces training by participating in "Robin Sage", a large-scale unconventional warfare exercise (Phase V) before being awarded the Special Forces tab.

Soldiers who successfully complete SFAS but are not already Airborne qualified are assigned a class date to attend Basic Airborne School at Ft. Benning, Georgia prior to reporting to Ft. Bragg.

After successfully completing the Special Forces Qualification Course and earning the green beret and SF tab, Special Forces Soldiers are then eligible for many advanced skills courses. These include the Military Free Fall Parachutist Course, the Combat Diver Qualification Course, the Special Forces Sniper Course, and the Special Forces Advanced Reconnaissance and Target Exploitation Techniques Course. Additionally, Special Forces Soldiers may participate in special operations training courses offered by other services and allied nations throughout their careers.

Special Forces MOS Descriptions

• 18A - SF Officer

• 180A - SF Warrant Officer

• 18B - SF Weapons Sergeant

File:SF afgh.jpg

Part of a special forces deployment often includes uniform change. This special forces operator (left) is nearly indistinguishable from his Afghan counterparts.

• 18C - SF Engineer Sergeant

• 18D - SF Medical Sergeant

• 18E - SF Communications Sergeant

• 18F - SF Assistant Operations & Intelligence Sergeant

• 18X - SF Candidate (Enlistment Option)

• 18Z - SF Operations Sergeant

Note: Candidates for SF school may enlist directly into the 18X MOS, and upon successful completion of Basic Training, Infantry AIT (or alternatively, Infantry OSUT as a combination of both Basic and AIT), Airborne School, and Special Forces Assessment and Selection, will be enrolled into the Special Forces Qualification Course and be awarded one of the other SF MOS. It should be noted that until a "true" SF MOS has been granted, the 18X candidate is for all intents and purposes considered to hold MOS 11B (Infantryman).

SF Operational Detachment-Alpha (ODA)composition

A Special Forces company consists generally of six ODAs (Operational Detachments Alpha) or Alpha Detachments. Formerly, they were referred to as "A-teams", but this has fallen out of favor since the 1980s. The number of ODAs can vary from company to company, these may be specialized in some way. A prime example is 3rd Battalion, 20th Special Forces Group, which maintains a "Counter-Narcotics Operational Detachment Alpha", or "CNODA" in their detachment at Camp Blanding, Florida.

An ODA typically consists of 12 men, each of whom has a specific function on the team. The ODA is led by an 18A, usually a Captain, and a 180A who is his second in command, usually a Warrant Officer One or Chief Warrant Officer Two. The team also contains the following enlisted men: one 18Z, usually a Master Sergeant, one 18F, usually a Sergeant First Class, and two each of the B's, C's, D's, and E's. The B's, C's, D's and E's work in senior/junior roles with the seniors, ideally having the rank of Sergeant First Class, and the juniors having the rank of Staff Sergeant or Sergeant.

In a regular force troop, this level would be compared to a squad, patrol or section (even if the commander is a Captain (O-3) and not a Staff Sergeant (E-6)).

SF Operational Detachment-Bravo (ODB) composition

A Special Forces company, when in need, will deploy an Operational Detachment Bravo, (ODB) or "B-team," usually composed of 11-13 soldiers. While the A-team typically conducts direct operations, the purpose of the B-team is to support the A-teams in the company. There is one B-team per company.

The ODB is led by an 18A, usually a Major, who is the Company Commander (CO). The CO is assisted by his Executive Officer (XO), another 18A, usually a Captain. The XO is himself assisted by a company technician, a 180A, generally a Chief Warrant Officer Three, and assists in the direction of the organization, training, intelligence, counter-intelligence, and operations for the company and its detachments. The Company Commander is assisted by the Company Sergeant Major, an 18Z, usually a Sergeant Major. A second 18Z acts as the Operations NCO, usually a Master Sergeant, who assists the XO and Technician in their operational duties. He has an 18F Assistant Operations NCO, who is usually a Sergeant First Class. The company's support comes from an 18D Medical Sergeant, usually a Sergeant First Class, and two 18E Communications Sergeants, usually a Sergeant First Class and Staff Sergeant.

Note the distinct lack of a weapons or engineer NCO: This is because the B-Team generally does not engage in direct operations, but rather operates in support of the A-Teams within its company. Each line company has one or more company detachments that are specially trained. They are trained in free-fall parachute operations, underwater (SCUBA) operations, and urban combat operations.

The following jobs are outside of the Special Forces 18-series CMF, but hold positions in a Special Forces B-Team. They are not themselves considered to be Special Forces, as they have not completed SFAS and SFQC:

• The Supply NCO, usually a Staff Sergeant, the commander's principal logistical planner, works with the battalion S-4 to supply the company.

• The Nuclear, Biological, Chemical (NBC) NCO, usually a Sergeant, maintains and operates the company's NBC detection and contamination equipment, and assists in administering NBC defensive measures.

In a regular force troop, this level of command could be compared to a company (although the commander is a Major (O-4) and not a Captain (O-3))

SF Operational Detachment-C (ODC)composition

A C-team is one of the operational detachments of the Special Forces. It is a pure command and control unit with operations, training, signals and logistic support responsibilities. It's very rare to see a C-team in a tactical zone , it is usually represent the battalion command . Its basic organization follows the same lines with a Lieutenant-Colonel (O-5) for commander and a Command Sergeant Major (E-9) for the leading NCO. There are an additional 20-30 SF personnel who fill key positions in Operations, Logistics, Intelligence, Communications and Medical.

File:SF cowboy.jpg

A special forces soldier on patrol in Afghanistan.

A Special Force battalion usually consist of 3 companies.

Weaponry

The standard weapons are the M4 Carbine, M9 pistol, M249 SAW. The vehicles they use are usually armed with M240

See also

• Former United States special operations units
• Air Force Special Operations Command
• Special Forces Association
• United States Army Special Forces in popular culture

External links

• Official website of the United States Army Special Forces Command
• Official website of the 5th SFG
• Special Forces qualification and recruitment information
• Official website of the Special Forces Association
• Comprehensive Special Forces search engine and information portal
• Special Forces Groups (Airborne)
• Professional Soldiers ®
• History of Special Forces in Vietnam, 1961-1971 published by the Department of the Army
• How Stuff Works - Green Berets