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Magadan

Coordinates: 59°34′N 150°48′E / 59.567°N 150.800°E / 59.567; 150.800
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For other uses, see Magadan (disambiguation).

{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality |en_name=Magadan |ru_name=Магадан |image_skyline=Magadan seen from mountain.jpg |image_caption=Magadan seen from the local mountains |coordinates = 59°34′N 150°48′E / 59.567°N 150.800°E / 59.567; 150.800 |map_label_position=right |image_coa=COA Magadan, Russian Federation.svg |coa_caption= |image_flag=Flag of Magadan.svg |flag_caption= |anthem=none |anthem_ref=[1] |holiday=July 14; observed on the
third Saturday of July |holiday_ref=[2] |federal_subject=Magadan Oblast |federal_subject_ref=[3] |adm_data_as_of=June 2014 |adm_city_jur=town of oblast significance of Magadan |adm_city_jur_ref=[3] |adm_ctr_of1=Magadan Oblast |adm_ctr_of1_ref=[4] |adm_ctr_of2=town of oblast significance of Magadan |adm_ctr_of2_ref=[3] |inhabloc_cat=Town |inhabloc_cat_ref=[3] |inhabloc_type= |inhabloc_type_ref= |mun_data_as_of=March 2013 |urban_okrugzen.

History

Magadan was founded in 1930 in the Ola (river) valley,[5] near the settlement of Nagayevo. During the Stalin era, Magadan was a major transit center for political prisoners sent to forced labour camps. From 1932 to 1953, it was the administrative center of the Dalstroy organization—a vast forced-labour gold-mining operation and forced-labour camp system. The first director of Dalstroy was Eduard Berzin, who between 1932 and 1937 established the infrastructure of the forced labour camps in Magadan. Berzin was executed in 1938 by Stalin, towards the end of the Great Purge.[6]

The town later served as a port for exporting gold and other metals mined in the Kolyma region.[7] Its size and population grew quickly as facilities were rapidly developed for the expanding mining activities in the area. Town status was granted to it on July 14, 1939.[citation needed]

Magadan was visited by U.S. Vice President Henry Wallace in May 1944. He took an instant liking to his NKVD host, admired handiwork done by the enslaved political prisoners, and later glowingly called the town a combination of Tennessee Valley Authority and Hudson's Bay Company.[8]

Administrative and municipal status

Magadan is the administrative center of the oblast.[3] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with the urban-type settlements of Sokol and Uptar, incorporated as the "town of oblast significance of Magadan"—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[3] As a municipal division, the town of oblast significance of Magadan is incorporated as Magadan Urban Okrug.[9]

Economy and infrastructure

Historical population
YearPop.±%
193927,313—    
195962,225+127.8%
197092,105+48.0%
1979121,250+31.6%
1989151,652+25.1%
200299,399−34.5%
201095,982−3.4%
202190,757−5.4%
Source: Census data

Transport

The Port of Magadan is the second largest seaport in the North-East of Russia after Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky located on Nagaev Bay and Sea of Okhotsk.[10] It operates all year round with the help of icebreakers. There is currently no operating railway in Magadan. However, the Magadan-Palatka line was operational between 1941 and 1956. Russian Railways are considering the possibility of building a railway from the Nizhny Bestyakh of the Amur-Yakutsk railway to Magadan by 2035, which will contribute to the development of an area with huge mineral deposits.[11] Magadan is the final destination of the federal highway R504 Kolyma Highway, which connects the region with Yakutia and other parts of Russia. Anadyr Highway, currently under construction, will provide access to Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.[12] Sokol Airport and Magadan-13 airport provide access to air transport for numerous destinations in Russia with the former being for big aircraft and the latter is mainly for small aircraft.

Magadan is also the home of the Magadan/Sokol Flight Information Region (FIR) and Magadan Oceanic FIR, which controls the Northeastern part of the Russia and its Arctic airspace.[13][14] Most of the westbound transpacific flights from North America to Asia will use those FIRs.[15]

Economy

The principal sources of income for the local economy are gold mining and fisheries. Recently, gold production has declined.[16] Fishing production, although improving from year to year, is still well below the allocated quotas, apparently as a result of an aging fleet.[17] Other local industries include pasta and sausage plants, and a distillery.[18] Although farming is difficult owing to the harsh climate, there are many public and private farming enterprises.

Other

The Central Intelligence Agency wrote a report on Ship Repair Yard No. 2 near Magadan in June 1965.[19] Magadan was repeatedly reported as a base for the Soviet Navy during the Cold War.[20]

Culture and religion

Culture

  • Gornyak Cinema
    Gornyak Cinema
  • Pushkin Library
    Pushkin Library
  • Magadan Theatre
    Magadan Theatre
  • Magadan Hotel
    Magadan Hotel
  • Polytechnic Magadan
    Polytechnic Magadan

It has a number of cultural institutions, including the Regional Museum of Anthropology, a geological museum, a regional library, and a university. Magadanskaya Pravda is the main newspaper.[citation needed]

The town figures prominently in the gulag literature of Varlam Shalamov and in the eponymous song by Mikhail Krug. [citation needed] Actor of film and stage Georgiy Zhzhonov worked at Magadan Theatre for two years after being released from a gulag in May 1945.[21]

Magadan was home to Eastern Syndrome [ru] a famous Soviet and Russian rock group founded there in 1986.[citation needed]

The town was a focal point of the Long Way Round TV series of a motorcycle journey made by Ewan McGregor, Charley Boorman and their team in 2004.[citation needed]

Religion

The town features the recent Orthodox Cathedral of the Life-Giving Trinity (completed in 2008), and the Roman Catholic Church of the Nativity (completed in 2002[22]), among others.

Memorials

The Mask of Sorrow memorial, a large sculpture in memory of Stalin's victims, was designed by Ernst Neizvestny. The Church of the Nativity ministers to survivors of the labor camps. It is staffed by several priests and nuns.

Sport

Geography

The Magadanka River [ru], a 192 km long river flowing to the Sea of Okhotsk passes the city. The city is located on the isthmus of the Staritsky Peninsula by the Nagaev Bay.

  • View of Gertner Bay, Cape Red and Kekurny Island
    View of Gertner Bay, Cape Red and Kekurny Island
  • Nagaev Bay
    Nagaev Bay
  • Gorokhovoe Pole
    Gorokhovoe Pole
  • Magadan beach, July 2011
    Magadan beach, July 2011

Ecologically situated in the Northeast Siberian taiga, the town's arboreal flora is made up of conifer trees, such as firs and larches, and silver birches.[23] The city is surrounded by mountains to the west and northeast. Permafrost and tundra cover most of the region. The growing season is only one hundred days long.[24]

The city of Magadan is on the same longitude as the suburbs of Greater Western Sydney, Australia, which lie on the eastern end of the 150th meridian east line, bordering the 151st meridian and is on the same latitude as Southern Scandinavia, and the far north of Scotland.

Climate

The climate of Magadan is subarctic (Köppen climate classification Dfc). Winters are prolonged and very cold, with up to six months of sub-zero high temperatures, so that the soil remains permanently frozen; although they are still much milder than those of interior eastern Siberia. Average temperatures on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk range from −22 °C (−8 °F) in January to +12 °C (54 °F) in July. Average temperatures in the interior range from −38 °C (−36 °F) in January to +16 °C (61 °F) in July. Due to the wet nature of October and November, a snowpack is built up early, which then lasts throughout the winter even while the influence from the Siberian High lowers precipitation throughout those months.

  • Highest temperature: 27.8 °C (82.0 °F) on July 15, 2021
  • Lowest temperature: −37 °C (−35 °F) on December 20, 1995
  • Warmest month: 14.1 °C (57.4 °F) in July, 2009
  • Coldest month: −25.0 °C (−13.0 °F) in January, 1933
  • Warmest year: −1.3 °C (29.7 °F) in 2017
  • Coldest year: −5.0 °C (23.0 °F) in 1967
  • Highest daily Precipitation: 108 millimetres (4.3 in) in July, 2014
  • Wettest month: 306 millimetres (12.0 in) in July, 2014
  • Wettest year: 1,004 millimetres (39.5 in) in 1950
  • Driest year: 226 millimetres (8.9 in) in 1947
Climate data for Magadan (1991–2020, extremes 1930–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 2.4
(36.3) 		3.2
(37.8) 		5.8
(42.4) 		9.7
(49.5) 		22.3
(72.1) 		24.5
(76.1) 		27.8
(82.0) 		26.1
(79.0) 		20.2
(68.4) 		13.8
(56.8) 		6.6
(43.9) 		3.6
(38.5) 		27.8
(82.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −13.3
(8.1) 		−12.5
(9.5) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		5.4
(41.7) 		11.5
(52.7) 		15.1
(59.2) 		15.1
(59.2) 		10.8
(51.4) 		2.1
(35.8) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−12.3
(9.9) 		0.5
(32.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −15.6
(3.9) 		−15.4
(4.3) 		−10.9
(12.4) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		2.2
(36.0) 		8.0
(46.4) 		12.1
(53.8) 		12.2
(54.0) 		7.8
(46.0) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		−9.5
(14.9) 		−14.5
(5.9) 		−2.4
(27.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −17.8
(0.0) 		−17.8
(0.0) 		−13.9
(7.0) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		5.5
(41.9) 		9.9
(49.8) 		9.9
(49.8) 		5.3
(41.5) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−11.7
(10.9) 		−16.6
(2.1) 		−4.8
(23.4)
Record low °C (°F) −34.6
(−30.3) 		−33.3
(−27.9) 		−30.8
(−23.4) 		−23.5
(−10.3) 		−10.8
(12.6) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−21.1
(−6.0) 		−26.9
(−16.4) 		−37
(−35) 		−37
(−35)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 18
(0.7) 		14
(0.6) 		21
(0.8) 		24
(0.9) 		40
(1.6) 		52
(2.0) 		67
(2.6) 		102
(4.0) 		85
(3.3) 		75
(3.0) 		61
(2.4) 		27
(1.1) 		586
(23.1)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 26
(10) 		24
(9.4) 		25
(9.8) 		24
(9.4) 		9
(3.5) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		5
(2.0) 		23
(9.1) 		31
(12) 		31
(12)
Average rainy days 0.1 0.3 0.3 2 11 17 21 20 19 10 2 0.1 103
Average snowy days 16 16 16 17 12 0 0 0 1 14 19 16 127
Average relative humidity (%) 65 64 65 71 78 82 86 83 78 69 66 64 73
Mean monthly sunshine hours 77.3 132.6 211.4 235.9 226.3 228.5 196.0 175.6 157.3 142.9 79.9 50.2 1,913.9
Source 1: Погода и Климат[25]
Source 2: NOAA[26]

Education

  • North-Eastern State University (СВГУ, formerly Northern International University)

Notable people

Twin towns and sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Magadan is twinned with:

References

Notes

  1. ^ Article 4 of the Charter of Magadan does not specify any town symbols other than a flag and a coat of arms
  2. ^ Decision #49-D
  3. ^ a b c d e f Law #1292-OZ
  4. ^ Charter of Magadan Oblast, Article 38
  5. ^ Vazhenin, p. 4
  6. ^ Kapuscinski, Imperium, 2019, pp. 200-204
  7. ^ Козлов, А. Г. (1989). Магадан. Конспект прошлого. Магаданское книжное издательство. p. 16. ISBN 5-7581-0066-8.
  8. ^ John C. Culver, John Hyde, American Dreamer: The Life and Times of Henry A. Wallace, 1 Sep 2001
  9. ^ Law #489-OZ
  10. ^ "Главная страница | Ассоциация морских торговых портов". www.morport.com. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  11. ^ "РЖД изучают возможность строительства железной дороги до Магадана". news.mail.ru. August 27, 2020. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  12. ^ "Дорогу Колыма – Омсукчан – Омолон – Анадырь начали строить в Магаданской области - MagadanMedia". magadanmedia.ru. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  13. ^ "AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT OPERATIONAL CONTINGENCY PLAN FOR THE ARCTIC AREA" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. December 9, 2011.
  14. ^ "North-East Air Navigation, Magadan". GKOVD.
  15. ^ "User Preferred Routes within Magadan ACC Airspace" (PDF). GKOVD. FAA. 2020.
  16. ^ Russian gold mine production declined four tonnes in 2006 Archived June 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Mineweb, 31 January 2007
  17. ^ New Russian Fishing Quotas Distribution System, Strategies international market reports[dead link], 28 August 2004
  18. ^ Magadan Region from Kommersant, Russia's Daily Online Archived October 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
  19. ^ "Magadan Ship Repair Yard No. 2". June 1965.
  20. ^ See Military Balance 1990-91, p.42.
  21. ^ "Georgiy Zhzhonov's Russian Cross". ФОНД РУССКИЙ МИР. March 21, 2015. Archived from the original on June 5, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2022.
  22. ^ "Magadan, Russian Federation: Catholic Parish of the Nativity of Jesus". The Catholic Travel Guide. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
  23. ^ Sakha Republic & Magadan Region is pine trees and rushing rivers by the Lonely Planet
  24. ^ THE SEA OF OKHOTSK by the National Geographic
  25. ^ "КЛИМАТ МАГАДАНА" (in Russian). Погода и Климат. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  26. ^ "Magadan Climate Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 7, 2021.

Sources

  • Магаданская городская Дума. Решение №96-Д от 26 августа 2005 г. «Устав муниципального образования "Город Магадан"», в ред. Решения №61-Д от 15 сентября 2017 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования "Город Магадан"». Вступил в силу 1 января 2006 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Вечерний Магадан", №3(861), 19 января 2006 г. (Magadan Town Duma. Decision #96-D of August 26, 2005 Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "Town of Magadan", as amended by the Decision #61-D of September 15, 2017 On Amending the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "Town of Magadan". Effective as of January 1, 2006 (with the exception of certain clauses).).
  • Магаданская городская Дума. Решение №49-Д от 1 июля 1999 г. «О установлении общегородского праздника "День города Магадана"». (Magadan Town Duma. Decision #49-D of July 1, 1999 On Establishing Town Holiday "Day of the Town of Magadan". ).
  • Магаданская областная Дума. Закон №1292-ОЗ от 9 июня 2010 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Магаданской области», в ред. Закона №1756-ОЗ от 9 июня 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Магаданской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Магаданской области"». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: Приложение к газете "Магаданская правда", №63(20183), 16 июня 2010 г. (Magadan Oblast Duma. Law #1292-OZ of June 9, 2010 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Magadan Oblast, as amended by the Law #1756-OZ of June 9, 2014 On Amending the Law of Magadan Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Magadan Oblast". Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the official publication date.).
  • Магаданская областная Дума. №218-ОЗ 28 декабря 2001 г. «Устав Магаданской области», в ред. Закона №2185-ОЗ от 14 июня 2017 г. «О принятии поправки к Уставу Магаданской области». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Магаданская правда", №201 (18919), 29 декабря 2001 г. (Magadan Oblast Duma. Law #218-OZ of December 28, 2001 Charter of Magadan Oblast, as amended by the Law #2185-OZ of June 14, 2017 On Adopting an Amendment to the Charter of Magadan Oblast. Effective as of the day ten days after the official publication date.).
  • Магаданская областная Дума. Закон №489-ОЗ от 6 декабря 2004 г. «О муниципальном образовании "город Магадан"», в ред. Закона №1578-ОЗ от 6 марта 2013 г. «О внесении изменения в статью 3 Закона Магаданской области "О муниципальном образовании "город Магадан"». Вступил в силу 31 декабря 2004 г.. Опубликован: "Магаданская правда", №140 (19364), 15 декабря 2004 г. (Magadan Oblast Duma. Law #489-OZ of December 6, 2004 On the Municipal Formation of the "Town of Magadan", as amended by the Law #1578-OZ of March 6, 2013 On Amending Article 3 of the Law of Magadan Oblast "On the Municipal Formation of the "Town of Magadan". Effective as of December 31, 2004.).
  • Ryszard Kapuscinski, Imperium, Granta, 2019, ISBN 9781783785254
  • McGregor, E & Boorman, C: Long Way Round. Time Warner Books, 2004. ISBN 0-7515-3680-6
  • David J. Nordlander: Origins of a Gulag Capital: Magadan and Stalinist Control in the Early 1930s, Slavic Review, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1998), pp. 791–812

External links

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