Banquet: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Importing Wikidata short description: "Large meal or feast" (Shortdesc helper)
m Reverted edits by Izma12 (talk) (HG) (3.4.12)
 
(15 intermediate revisions by 14 users not shown)
Line 6: Line 6:
[[File:Monreale-cattedrale-mosaik-abendmahl.JPG|thumb|220px|Mosaic of the Last Supper in [[Monreale Cathedral]].]]
[[File:Monreale-cattedrale-mosaik-abendmahl.JPG|thumb|220px|Mosaic of the Last Supper in [[Monreale Cathedral]].]]


A '''banquet''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|æ|ŋ|k|w|ɪ|t}}; {{IPA-fr|bɑ̃kɛ|lang}}) is a formal large meal or feast,<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/banquet "Banquet."] (definition). [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ Merriam-webster.com]. Accessed August 2011.</ref> where a number of people consume food together. Banquets are traditionally held to enhance the prestige of a host, or reinforce social bonds among joint contributors. Modern examples of these purposes include a charitable gathering, a ceremony, or a [[Party|celebration]]. They often involve [[public speaking|speeches]] in honor of the topic or guest of honour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/banquet|title=BANQUET {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|language=en|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>
A '''banquet''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|æ|ŋ|k|w|ɪ|t}}; {{IPA-fr|bɑ̃kɛ|lang}}) is a formal large meal<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/banquet "Banquet."] (definition). [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ Merriam-webster.com]. Accessed August 2011.</ref> where a number of people consume food together. Banquets are traditionally held to enhance the prestige of a host, or reinforce social bonds among joint contributors. Modern examples of these purposes include a charitable gathering, a ceremony, or a [[Party|celebration]]. They often involve [[public speaking|speeches]] in honor of the topic or guest of honour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/banquet|title=BANQUET {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|language=en|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>


The older English term for a lavish meal was a '''feast''', and "banquet" originally meant a specific and different kind of meal,<ref>Strong, 200</ref> often following a feast, but in a different room or even building, which concentrated on [[Confectionery in the English Renaissance|sweet foods of various kinds]]. These became highly fashionable as [[sugar]] became much more common in Europe at the start of the 16th century. It was a grand form of the [[dessert]] course, and special [[banqueting houses]], often on the roof or in the grounds of large houses, were built for them. Such meals are also called a "sugar collation".<ref>Strong, 194-201</ref>
The older English term for a lavish meal was '''feast''', and "banquet" originally meant a specific and different kind of meal,<ref>Strong, 200</ref> often following a feast, but in a different room or even building, which concentrated on [[Confectionery in the English Renaissance|sweet foods of various kinds]]. These became highly fashionable as [[sugar]] became much more common in Europe at the start of the 16th century. It was a grand form of the [[dessert]] course, and special [[banqueting houses]], often on the roof or in the grounds of large houses, were built for them. Such meals are also called a "sugar collation".<ref>Strong, 194-201</ref>


== Social meanings ==
== Social meanings ==
Banquets feature luxury foods, often including animal meat.<ref>Bendall, L. 2004: ''Fit for a King? Hierarchy, exclusion, aspiration and desire in the social structure of Mycenaean banqueting''. In Halstead, P. and Barrett, J.C. (eds), ''Food, Cuisine and Society in Prehistoric Greece'' (Oxford, Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 5), 105–35.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hayden|first=Brian|title=Were luxury foods the first domesticates? Ethnoarchaeological perspectives from Southeast Asia|journal=World Archaeology|volume=34|issue=3|date=2003|pages=458–469|doi=10.1080/0043824021000026459a|s2cid=162526285}}<!--|access-date=2014--></ref> Feasts can be divided into two fundamental types: solidarity (or alliance, or empowering) and promotional (or aggrandisive, competitive, or diacritical).<ref>Hayden, B. 2001. Fabulous feasts: a prolegomenon to the importance of feasting. In M. Dietler & B. Hayden (eds), Feasts: Archaeological and ethnographic perspectives on food, politics, and power, 23–64. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution</ref><ref>Adams, R.L. 2004. An ethnoarchaeological study of feasting in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23, 56–78</ref><ref>Rowley-Conwy, P. 2018. Zooarchaeology and the elusive feast: from performance to aftermath. World Archaeology 50(1), doi: 10.1080/00438243.00432018.01445024</ref> Solidarity feasts are a joint effort in which families or communities bring equivalent contributions together to reinforce the social ties of all concerned. Promotional feasts are intended to enhance the social status of the host, who provides the food in order to create obligations to themselves among the guests.<ref>Dietler, M. 2001. Theorizing the feast: rituals of consumption, commensal politics, and power in African societies. In M. Dietler & B. Hayden (eds), Feasts.Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food,Politics, and Power, 65–114. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution.</ref>
Banquets feature luxury foods, often including animal meat.<ref>Bendall, L. 2004: ''Fit for a King? Hierarchy, exclusion, aspiration and desire in the social structure of Mycenaean banqueting''. In Halstead, P. and Barrett, J.C. (eds), ''Food, Cuisine and Society in Prehistoric Greece'' (Oxford, Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 5), 105–35.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hayden|first=Brian|title=Were luxury foods the first domesticates? Ethnoarchaeological perspectives from Southeast Asia|journal=World Archaeology|volume=34|issue=3|date=2003|pages=458–469|doi=10.1080/0043824021000026459a|s2cid=162526285}}<!--|access-date=2014--></ref> Feasts can be divided into two fundamental types: solidarity (or alliance, or empowering) and promotional (or aggrandisive, competitive, or diacritical).<ref>Hayden, B. 2001. Fabulous feasts: a prolegomenon to the importance of feasting. In M. Dietler & B. Hayden (eds), Feasts: Archaeological and ethnographic perspectives on food, politics, and power, 23–64. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution</ref><ref>Adams, R.L. 2004. An ethnoarchaeological study of feasting in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23, 56–78</ref><ref>Rowley-Conwy, P. 2018. Zooarchaeology and the elusive feast: from performance to aftermath. World Archaeology 50(1), {{doi|10.1080/00438243.00432018.01445024}}</ref> Solidarity feasts are a joint effort in which families or communities bring equivalent contributions together to reinforce the social ties of all concerned. Promotional feasts are intended to enhance the social status of the host, who provides the food in order to create obligations to themselves among the guests.<ref>Dietler, M. 2001. Theorizing the feast: rituals of consumption, commensal politics, and power in African societies. In M. Dietler & B. Hayden (eds), Feasts.Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food,Politics, and Power, 65–114. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution.</ref>


==Historical examples==
==Historical examples==
Communal feasting is evidenced from the early Neolithic in Britain.<ref name="Gron">{{cite journal |last1=Gron |first1=Kurt J. |last2=Rowley-Conwy |first2=Peter |last3=Fernandez-Dominguez |first3=Eva |last4=Gröcke |first4=Darren R. |last5=Montgomery |first5=Janet |last6=Nowell |first6=Geoff M. |last7=Patterson |first7=William P. |title=A Meeting in the Forest: Hunters and Farmers at the Coneybury ‘Anomaly’, Wiltshire |journal=Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society |date=2018 |volume=84 |pages=111–144 |doi=10.1017/ppr.2018.15 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-prehistoric-society/article/meeting-in-the-forest-hunters-and-farmers-at-the-coneybury-anomaly-wiltshire/D374C0D10E80DA5604482A3F9B7906D3 |language=en |issn=0079-497X|doi-access=free }}</ref> In [[Ancient Greece]], [[Symposium|symposia]], formed a routine part of life involving the celebratory drinking of wine, conversation and performances of poetry and music.<ref>Department of Greek and Roman Art. “The Symposium in Ancient Greece.” In ''Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History''. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. <nowiki>http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/symp/hd_symp.htm</nowiki> (October 2002)</ref>
Communal feasting is evidenced from the early Neolithic in Britain.<ref name="Gron">{{cite journal |last1=Gron |first1=Kurt J. |last2=Rowley-Conwy |first2=Peter |last3=Fernandez-Dominguez |first3=Eva |last4=Gröcke |first4=Darren R. |last5=Montgomery |first5=Janet |last6=Nowell |first6=Geoff M. |last7=Patterson |first7=William P. |title=A Meeting in the Forest: Hunters and Farmers at the Coneybury 'Anomaly', Wiltshire |journal=Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society |date=2018 |volume=84 |pages=111–144 |doi=10.1017/ppr.2018.15 |language=en |issn=0079-497X|doi-access=free }}</ref> In [[Ancient Greece]], [[Symposium|symposia]] formed a routine part of life, involving the celebratory drinking of wine, conversation and performances of poetry and music.<ref>Department of Greek and Roman Art. "The Symposium in Ancient Greece". In ''Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History''. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/symp/hd_symp.htm(October 2002)</ref>


Notable historical and legendary examples of banquets include [[Belshazzar|Belshazzar's Feast]], [[Last Supper]], [[Manchu Han Imperial Feast]], and [[Mead hall]]s.
Notable historical and legendary examples of banquets include [[Belshazzar|Belshazzar's Feast]], the [[Last Supper]], the [[Manchu Han Imperial Feast]], and [[mead hall]]s.


A [[luau]] is one variety of traditional banquet originally used in Hawaii.
A [[luau]] is one variety of traditional banquet originally used in Hawaii.
Line 24: Line 24:
Banqueting rooms varied greatly with location, but tended to be on an intimate scale, either in a garden room, banquet hall or inside such as the small banqueting turrets in [[Longleat House]].
Banqueting rooms varied greatly with location, but tended to be on an intimate scale, either in a garden room, banquet hall or inside such as the small banqueting turrets in [[Longleat House]].


Art historians have often noted that that banqueters on iconographic records of ancient Mediterranean societies almost always appear to be lying down on their left sides. One possible explanation could lie in the anatomy of the stomach and in the digestive mechanism. When lying on the left, the food has room to expand because the curvature of the stomach is enhanced in that position.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mazzarello|first=Paolo|last2=Harari|first2=Maurizio|date=2007-08-15|title=Left to digest|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/448753a|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=448|issue=7155|pages=753–753|doi=10.1038/448753a|issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Art historians have often noted that banqueters on iconographic records of ancient Mediterranean societies almost always appear to be lying down on their left sides. One possible explanation could lie in the anatomy of the stomach and in the digestive mechanism. When lying on the left, the food has room to expand because the curvature of the stomach is enhanced in that position.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mazzarello|first1=Paolo|last2=Harari|first2=Maurizio|date=2007-08-15|title=Left to digest|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=448|issue=7155|pages=753|doi=10.1038/448753a|issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free}}</ref>


== Contemporary examples ==
== Contemporary examples ==
Line 30: Line 30:


== Government intervention ==
== Government intervention ==
The [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] levied a tax on banquets on September 2nd 1988, at a tax rate calculated per occasion between 15% to 20% of the banquet's value.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Banquet Tax - 1988|url=http://www.lehmanlaw.com/resource-centre/laws-and-regulations/tax/provisional-regulations-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-on-banquet-tax-1988.html|access-date=30 October 2020|website=Lehman Law}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Banquet Tax|url=http://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?lib=law&id=950|access-date=30 October 2020|website=Law Info China}}</ref>
The [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] levied a tax on banquets on September 2, 1988, at a tax rate calculated per occasion between 15% and 20% of the banquet's value.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Banquet Tax - 1988|url=http://www.lehmanlaw.com/resource-centre/laws-and-regulations/tax/provisional-regulations-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-on-banquet-tax-1988.html|access-date=30 October 2020|website=Lehman Law}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Banquet Tax|url=http://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?lib=law&id=950|access-date=30 October 2020|website=Law Info China}}</ref>


== Banquets held over time ==
== Banquets held over time ==

Latest revision as of 13:01, 1 April 2024

For other uses, see Banquet (disambiguation).
"Feast" redirects here. For other uses, see Feast (disambiguation).
Part of a series on
Meals
Still life with fruits, nuts, and large wheels of cheese.
Meals
Components and courses
Related concepts
Mosaic of the Last Supper in Monreale Cathedral.

A banquet (/ˈbæŋkwɪt/; French: [bɑ̃kɛ]) is a formal large meal[1] where a number of people consume food together. Banquets are traditionally held to enhance the prestige of a host, or reinforce social bonds among joint contributors. Modern examples of these purposes include a charitable gathering, a ceremony, or a celebration. They often involve speeches in honor of the topic or guest of honour.[2]

The older English term for a lavish meal was feast, and "banquet" originally meant a specific and different kind of meal,[3] often following a feast, but in a different room or even building, which concentrated on sweet foods of various kinds. These became highly fashionable as sugar became much more common in Europe at the start of the 16th century. It was a grand form of the dessert course, and special banqueting houses, often on the roof or in the grounds of large houses, were built for them. Such meals are also called a "sugar collation".[4]

Social meanings[edit]

Banquets feature luxury foods, often including animal meat.[5][6] Feasts can be divided into two fundamental types: solidarity (or alliance, or empowering) and promotional (or aggrandisive, competitive, or diacritical).[7][8][9] Solidarity feasts are a joint effort in which families or communities bring equivalent contributions together to reinforce the social ties of all concerned. Promotional feasts are intended to enhance the social status of the host, who provides the food in order to create obligations to themselves among the guests.[10]

Historical examples[edit]

Communal feasting is evidenced from the early Neolithic in Britain.[11] In Ancient Greece, symposia formed a routine part of life, involving the celebratory drinking of wine, conversation and performances of poetry and music.[12]

Notable historical and legendary examples of banquets include Belshazzar's Feast, the Last Supper, the Manchu Han Imperial Feast, and mead halls.

A luau is one variety of traditional banquet originally used in Hawaii.

Many cultures have developed structures for banquets. In the European Middle Ages, comprehensive ritualised elements were involved in a traditional three-course menu, having up to 25 dishes in each course (this structure persisted into the 19th century). The structure was later altered to two courses, with the pre-existing third course changed to the serving of fruit and nuts.[13]

Banqueting rooms varied greatly with location, but tended to be on an intimate scale, either in a garden room, banquet hall or inside such as the small banqueting turrets in Longleat House.

Art historians have often noted that banqueters on iconographic records of ancient Mediterranean societies almost always appear to be lying down on their left sides. One possible explanation could lie in the anatomy of the stomach and in the digestive mechanism. When lying on the left, the food has room to expand because the curvature of the stomach is enhanced in that position.[14]

Contemporary examples[edit]

Contemporary banquets serve many new purposes in addition to their traditional purposes. These can include anything from during workplace training sessions and formal business dinners to birthday parties and social gatherings. It is common for a banquet to be organized at the end of academic conferences.

Government intervention[edit]

The State Council of the People's Republic of China levied a tax on banquets on September 2, 1988, at a tax rate calculated per occasion between 15% and 20% of the banquet's value.[15][16]

Banquets held over time[edit]

  • Hellenistic banquet scene
    Hellenistic banquet scene
  • A banquet for Babur
    A banquet for Babur
  • A Chinese painting of an outdoor banquet, from the era of the Song dynasty (960–1279).
    A Chinese painting of an outdoor banquet, from the era of the Song dynasty (960–1279).
  • State Banquet. Serving the Peacock. Facsimile of a woodcut in an edition of Virgil, folio, published at Lyons in 1517.
    State Banquet. Serving the Peacock. Facsimile of a woodcut in an edition of Virgil, folio, published at Lyons in 1517.
  • Joachim Wtewael: Banquet of the Gods, around 1602
    Joachim Wtewael: Banquet of the Gods, around 1602
  • Chinese banquet for a birthday celebration
    Chinese banquet for a birthday celebration

See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Banquets.
Look up banquet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.


References[edit]

  1. ^ "Banquet." (definition). Merriam-webster.com. Accessed August 2011.
  2. ^ "BANQUET | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
  3. ^ Strong, 200
  4. ^ Strong, 194-201
  5. ^ Bendall, L. 2004: Fit for a King? Hierarchy, exclusion, aspiration and desire in the social structure of Mycenaean banqueting. In Halstead, P. and Barrett, J.C. (eds), Food, Cuisine and Society in Prehistoric Greece (Oxford, Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 5), 105–35.
  6. ^ Hayden, Brian (2003). "Were luxury foods the first domesticates? Ethnoarchaeological perspectives from Southeast Asia". World Archaeology. 34 (3): 458–469. doi:10.1080/0043824021000026459a. S2CID 162526285.
  7. ^ Hayden, B. 2001. Fabulous feasts: a prolegomenon to the importance of feasting. In M. Dietler & B. Hayden (eds), Feasts: Archaeological and ethnographic perspectives on food, politics, and power, 23–64. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution
  8. ^ Adams, R.L. 2004. An ethnoarchaeological study of feasting in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23, 56–78
  9. ^ Rowley-Conwy, P. 2018. Zooarchaeology and the elusive feast: from performance to aftermath. World Archaeology 50(1), doi:10.1080/00438243.00432018.01445024
  10. ^ Dietler, M. 2001. Theorizing the feast: rituals of consumption, commensal politics, and power in African societies. In M. Dietler & B. Hayden (eds), Feasts.Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food,Politics, and Power, 65–114. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution.
  11. ^ Gron, Kurt J.; Rowley-Conwy, Peter; Fernandez-Dominguez, Eva; Gröcke, Darren R.; Montgomery, Janet; Nowell, Geoff M.; Patterson, William P. (2018). "A Meeting in the Forest: Hunters and Farmers at the Coneybury 'Anomaly', Wiltshire". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. 84: 111–144. doi:10.1017/ppr.2018.15. ISSN 0079-497X.
  12. ^ Department of Greek and Roman Art. "The Symposium in Ancient Greece". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/symp/hd_symp.htm(October 2002)
  13. ^ Scanlon Loman, Nancy (2013). Catering management (4th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN 9781118091494. OCLC 774863928.
  14. ^ Mazzarello, Paolo; Harari, Maurizio (2007-08-15). "Left to digest". Nature. 448 (7155): 753. doi:10.1038/448753a. ISSN 1476-4687.
  15. ^ "Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Banquet Tax - 1988". Lehman Law. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  16. ^ "Provisional Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Banquet Tax". Law Info China. Retrieved 30 October 2020.

Further reading[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banquet&oldid=1216689809"