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{{Short description|American academic}}
{{Short description|American academic (1911–2003)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Clark Kerr
| name = Clark Kerr
| image = Clark Kerr, 1964.jpg
| image = Clark Kerr, 1964.jpg
| caption = Kerr in 1964
| caption = Kerr in 1964
| order = 12th
| order = 12th
| title = President of the [[University of California]]
| title = President of the [[University of California]]
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| death_date = {{death date and age|2003|12|01|1911|05|17}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2003|12|01|1911|05|17}}
| death_place = [[El Cerrito, California]], U.S.
| death_place = [[El Cerrito, California]], U.S.
⚫
| alma_mater = [[Swarthmore College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]])<br />[[Stanford University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])<br />[[University of California, Berkeley]] ([[PhD]])
| profession = Economist, educator, administrator
| profession = Economist, educator, administrator
| spouse = [[Catherine Kerr (environmentalist)|Catherine Spaulding Kerr]]
| spouse = [[Catherine Kerr (environmentalist)|Catherine Spaulding Kerr]]
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| thesis_url = https://search.proquest.com/docview/301773229/
| thesis_url = https://search.proquest.com/docview/301773229/
| thesis_year = 1939
| thesis_year = 1939
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_advisor = {{nbsp}}<!-- do not remove unless replace by name of doctoral advisor - workaround for known Infobox academic template bug -->
| academic_advisors =
| academic_advisors =
| influences = <!--must be referenced from a third party source-->
| influences = <!--must be referenced from a third party source-->
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| influenced = <!--must be referenced from a third party source-->
| influenced = <!--must be referenced from a third party source-->
}}
}}
⚫
| education = [[Swarthmore College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]])<br />[[Stanford University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])<br />[[University of California, Berkeley]] ([[PhD]])
}}
}}


'''Clark Kerr''' (May 17, 1911 – December 1, 2003) was an American professor of economics and academic administrator. He was the first [[Chancellor (education)|chancellor]] of the [[University of California, Berkeley]], and twelfth president of the [[University of California]].
'''Clark Kerr''' (May 17, 1911 – December 1, 2003) was an American economist and academic administrator. He was the first [[Chancellor (education)|chancellor]] of the [[University of California, Berkeley]], and twelfth president of the [[University of California]].


==Early life and education==
== Biography ==
⚫
Kerr was born in [[Stony Creek, Pennsylvania]], to Samuel William and Caroline (Clark) Kerr. He was raised on rural farms outside of [[Reading, Pennsylvania]], first in the Stony Creek area and then in the [[Oley Valley]] after age 10.<ref name="ClarkKerr_Page_10">{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Clark|title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520223677|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA10|access-date=August 14, 2020}}</ref> Even after Kerr became one of the most prominent academic administrators of his generation, he always regarded himself as a "Pennsylvania farm boy" and expressed frustration with intellectuals who showed condescension towards agriculture.<ref name="ClarkKerr_Page_315">{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Clark|title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520223677|page=315|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA315|access-date=August 14, 2020}}</ref>


⚫
Kerr earned his [[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]] from [[Swarthmore College]] in 1932, an [[Master's degree|M.A.]] from [[Stanford University]] in 1933, and a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in economics from UC Berkeley in 1939.<ref name="thesis-kerr-1939">{{cite thesis |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/301773229/ |title=Productive enterprises of the unemployed, 1931-1938 |date=1939 |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]] |type=Ph.D. |last=Kerr |first=Clark |via=[[ProQuest]] |url-access=subscription |oclc=14232631}}</ref> In 1945, he became an associate professor of industrial relations and was the founding director of the UC Berkeley Institute of Industrial Relations.
=== Early years ===
⚫
Kerr was born in Stony Creek, Pennsylvania, to Samuel William and Caroline (Clark) Kerr. He was raised on rural farms outside of [[Reading, Pennsylvania]], first in the Stony Creek area and then in the [[Oley Valley]] after age 10.<ref name="ClarkKerr_Page_10">{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Clark|title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520223677|page=10|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Gold_and_the_Blue_Volume_One/jMEZ_47vXkAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA10&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=August 14, 2020}}</ref> Even after Kerr became one of the most prominent academic administrators of his generation, he always regarded himself as a "Pennsylvania farm boy" and expressed frustration with intellectuals who showed condescension towards agriculture.<ref name="ClarkKerr_Page_315">{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Clark|title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520223677|page=315|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Gold_and_the_Blue_Volume_One/jMEZ_47vXkAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA315&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=August 14, 2020}}</ref>


⚫
==Career==
⚫
Kerr earned his [[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]] from [[Swarthmore College]] in 1932, an [[Master's degree|M.A.]] from [[Stanford University]] in 1933, and a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in economics from UC Berkeley in 1939.<ref name="thesis-kerr-1939">{{cite thesis |url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/301773229/ |title=Productive enterprises of the unemployed, 1931-1938 |date=1939 |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]] |type=Ph.D. |last=Kerr |first=Clark |via=[[ProQuest]] |url-access=subscription |oclc=14232631}}</ref> In 1945, he became an associate professor of industrial relations and was the founding director of the UC Berkeley Institute of Industrial Relations.
===UC Berkeley===
⚫
In 1949, soon after the beginning of the [[McCarthyism|McCarthy era]], the [[Regents of the University of California]] adopted an [[anti-communist]] [[Loyalty oath#Truman era|loyalty oath]] to be signed by all [[University of California]] employees. Kerr signed the oath, but fought against the firing of those who refused to sign. Kerr gained respect from his stance and was named [[University of California, Berkeley]]'s first chancellor when that position was created in 1952. As chancellor, Kerr oversaw the construction of 12 high-rise dormitories. In September 1953, then U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] appointed him to the [[Commission on Intergovernmental Relations]].


⚫
===University of California president===
⚫
===Career===

==== Becoming chancellor of UC Berkeley ====
⚫
Soon after the beginning of the [[Red Scare#Second Red Scare (1947–1957)|Second Red Scare]] (the [[McCarthyism|McCarthy era]]), in 1949, the [[Regents of the University of California]] adopted an [[anti-communist]] [[Loyalty oath#Truman era|loyalty oath]] to be signed by all University of California employees. Kerr signed the oath, but fought against the firing of those who refused to sign. Kerr gained respect from his stance and was named UC Berkeley's first chancellor when that position was created in 1952. As chancellor, Kerr oversaw the construction of 12 high-rise dormitories. In September 1953, President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] appointed him to the [[Commission on Intergovernmental Relations]].

⚫
==== Becoming president of the University of California ====
{{Quote box |salign=right|align=right|width=35%
{{Quote box |salign=right|align=right|width=35%
|quote = The chancellor's job had come to be defined as providing parking for the faculty, sex for the students, and athletics for the alumni.
|quote = The chancellor's job had come to be defined as providing parking for the faculty, sex for the students, and athletics for the alumni.
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{{Quote box |salign=right|align=right|width=35%
{{Quote box |salign=right|align=right|width=35%
|quote=The University is not engaged in making ideas safe for students. It is engaged in making students safe for ideas. Thus it permits the freest expression of views before students, trusting to their good sense in passing judgment on these views.
|quote=The University is not engaged in making ideas safe for students. It is engaged in making students safe for ideas. Thus it permits the freest expression of views before students, trusting to their good sense in passing judgment on these views.
⚫
|author=1961<ref name="ClarkKerr_Page131">{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Clark|title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967, Volume 2|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520925014|page=131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuQlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA131|access-date=July 3, 2020}}</ref>
|author=1961{{refn|[http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/12/02_kerr.shtml]}}
}}
}}


In October 1957, Kerr was the [[Regents of the University of California|Regents]]' unanimous choice to lead the entire university system. [[Raymond B. Allen]] had been widely expected to succeed [[Robert Gordon Sproul]] as systemwide president, but Allen's tenure as UCLA's first chancellor was marred by athletics scandals, poor campus planning, and the perception among the southern Regents that he had not put up enough resistance—especially in comparison to Kerr—to Sproul's stubborn refusal to delegate anything to the campus chancellors.<ref name="ClarkKerr1">{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Clark|title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520223677|pages=154–155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA154|access-date=February 16, 2019}}</ref> Therefore, when Sproul finally announced his retirement in 1957, Allen was passed over in favor of Kerr.<ref name="ClarkKerr1" /> With a clear mandate for change, Kerr led UC's rapid transformation into a true public university system through a series of proposals adopted unanimously by the Regents from 1957 to 1960.<ref name="ClarkKerr2">{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Clark|title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520223677|pages=191–205|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA191}}</ref> Kerr's reforms included delegating to the chancellors the full range of powers, privileges, and responsibilities which Sproul had previously denied them.<ref name="ClarkKerr2" />
In October 1957, Kerr was the [[Regents of the University of California|Board of Regents]]' unanimous choice to lead the entire university system. [[Raymond B. Allen]] had been widely expected to succeed [[Robert Gordon Sproul]] as systemwide president, but Allen's tenure as UCLA's first chancellor was marred by athletics scandals, poor campus planning, and the perception among the southern regents that he had not put up enough resistance—especially in comparison to Kerr—to Sproul's stubborn refusal to delegate anything to the campus chancellors.<ref name="ClarkKerr1">{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Clark|title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520223677|pages=154–155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA154|access-date=February 16, 2019}}</ref> Therefore, when Sproul finally announced his retirement in 1957, Allen was passed over in favor of Kerr.<ref name="ClarkKerr1" /> With a clear mandate for change, Kerr led UC's rapid transformation into a true public university system through a series of proposals adopted unanimously by the regents from 1957 to 1960.<ref name="ClarkKerr2">{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Clark|title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520223677|pages=191–205|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA191}}</ref> Kerr's reforms included delegating to the chancellors the full range of powers, privileges, and responsibilities which Sproul had previously denied them.<ref name="ClarkKerr2" />


Kerr's term as UC president saw the opening of campuses in [[University of California, San Diego|San Diego]], [[University of California, Irvine|Irvine]], and [[University of California, Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]] to accommodate the influx of [[baby boom]]ers. Faced with a dramatic increase of students entering college, Kerr helped establish the now much-copied [[California Master Plan for Higher Education|California system]] of having the handful of [[University of California]] campuses act as 'top tier' research institutions, the more numerous [[California State University]] campuses handle the bulk of undergraduate students and the very numerous [[California Community College]] campuses provide vocational and transfer-oriented college programs to the remainder. A ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'' article mentioned that Kerr's achievements in this field earned him international acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/10/california-public-university-higher-education|title=The Slow Death of California's Higher Education |work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]}}</ref>
Kerr's term as UC president saw the opening of campuses in [[University of California, San Diego|San Diego]], [[University of California, Irvine|Irvine]], and [[University of California, Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]] to accommodate the influx of [[baby boom]]ers. Faced with a dramatic increase of students entering college, Kerr helped establish the now much-copied [[California Master Plan for Higher Education|California system]] of having the handful of [[University of California]] campuses act as 'top tier' research institutions, the more numerous [[California State University]] campuses handle the bulk of undergraduate students and the very numerous [[California Community College]] campuses provide vocational and transfer-oriented college programs to the remainder. A ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'' article mentioned that Kerr's achievements in this field earned him international acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/10/california-public-university-higher-education|title=The Slow Death of California's Higher Education |work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]}}</ref>
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==== Student protests====
==== Student protests====
On March 22, 1961, at the invitation of [[SLATE]], [[Frank Wilkinson]] gave a speech at the Berkeley campus, and in response to the ensuing controversy, Kerr defended the importance of freedom of speech: "The University is not engaged in making ideas safe for students. It is engaged in making students safe for ideas."<ref name="ClarkKerr_Page131" /> His remarks were widely quoted, and Regent [[Thomas M. Storke]] arranged to have them engraved on a bell at [[Storke Tower]] at the Santa Barbara campus.<ref name="ClarkKerr_Page131" />

Controversy exploded in 1964 when Berkeley students led the [[Free Speech Movement]] in protest of regulations limiting political activities on campus, including Civil Rights advocacy and [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|protests against the Vietnam War]]. It culminated in hundreds of arrested students at a sit-in. Kerr's initial decision was to not expel University of California students that participated in sit-ins off campus. That decision evolved into reluctance to expel students who later would protest on campus in a series of escalating events on the Berkeley campus in late 1964.<ref>David Lance Goines, ''The Free Speech Movement: Coming of Age in the 1960's'', (Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1993), p. 57.</ref> Kerr was criticized both by students for not agreeing to their demands and by conservative UC Regent [[Edwin Pauley]] and others for responding too leniently to the student unrest.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/02/us/clark-kerr-leading-public-educator-former-head-california-s-universities-dies-92.html|title=Clark Kerr, Leading Public Educator and Former Head of California's Universities, Dies at 92|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 10, 2008|last=Hechinger|first=Grace| date=December 2, 2001}}</ref>
Controversy exploded in 1964 when Berkeley students led the [[Free Speech Movement]] in protest of regulations limiting political activities on campus, including Civil Rights advocacy and [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|protests against the Vietnam War]]. It culminated in hundreds of arrested students at a sit-in. Kerr's initial decision was to not expel University of California students that participated in sit-ins off campus. That decision evolved into reluctance to expel students who later would protest on campus in a series of escalating events on the Berkeley campus in late 1964.<ref>David Lance Goines, ''The Free Speech Movement: Coming of Age in the 1960's'', (Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1993), p. 57.</ref> Kerr was criticized both by students for not agreeing to their demands and by conservative UC Regent [[Edwin Pauley]] and others for responding too leniently to the student unrest.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/02/us/clark-kerr-leading-public-educator-former-head-california-s-universities-dies-92.html|title=Clark Kerr, Leading Public Educator and Former Head of California's Universities, Dies at 92|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 10, 2008|last=Hechinger|first=Grace| date=December 2, 2001}}</ref>


==== Blacklisting ====
====Blacklisting====
In late 1964, president [[Lyndon Johnson]] picked Kerr to become Secretary of [[United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare|Health, Education and Welfare]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerr Reported to Accept Post in Johnson Cabinet |work=New York Times|date=11 December 1964
In 2002, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] released documents used to blacklist Kerr as part of a government campaign to suppress subversive viewpoints at the university.<ref name=campusfiles>{{cite news|author=Seth Rosenfeld|title=The Campus Files|url=http://sfgate.com/news/special/pages/2002/campusfiles|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|date=June 9, 2002|access-date=November 30, 2008}}</ref> This information had been classified by the FBI and was released only after a fifteen-year legal battle that the FBI repeatedly appealed up to the Supreme Court, but agreed to settle before the Supreme Court decided on hearing the matter. President [[Lyndon Johnson]] had picked Kerr to become Secretary of [[United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare|Health, Education and Welfare]] but withdrew the nomination after the FBI background check on Kerr included damaging information the agency knew to be false.
}}</ref> He later withdrew the nomination after the FBI background check on Kerr included damaging information the agency knew to be false. Almost 40 years later, in 2002, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] released documents used to blacklist Kerr as part of a government campaign to suppress subversive viewpoints at the university.<ref name=campusfiles>{{cite news|author=Seth Rosenfeld|title=The Campus Files|url=http://sfgate.com/news/special/pages/2002/campusfiles|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|date=June 9, 2002|access-date=November 30, 2008}}</ref> This information had been classified by the FBI and was released only after a fifteen-year legal battle that the FBI repeatedly appealed up to the Supreme Court, but agreed to settle before the Supreme Court decided on hearing the matter.


[[Edwin Pauley]] approached [[CIA]] Director [[John McCone]] (a Berkeley alum and associate) for assistance. McCone in turn met with FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]].<ref name=trouble>{{cite news|author=Seth Rosenfeld|title=The Campus Files: Trouble on campus |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/06/09/MNCF2.DTL|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|date=June 9, 2002| access-date=November 30, 2008}}</ref><ref name=campusfiles5>{{cite news|author=Seth Rosenfeld|title=The Campus Files: The McCone Meeting| url=http://sfgate.com/news/special/pages/2002/campusfiles/documents/5b.shtml|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|date=June 9, 2002| access-date=November 30, 2008}}</ref> Hoover agreed to supply Pauley with confidential FBI information on "ultra-liberal" regents, faculty members, and students, and to assist in removing Kerr. Pauley received dozens of briefings from the FBI to this end. The FBI assisted Pauley and [[Ronald Reagan]] in painting Kerr as a dangerous "liberal".
[[Edwin Pauley]] approached [[John McCone]], a Berkeley alum and associate, at the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] for assistance. McCone in turn met with [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] director [[J. Edgar Hoover]].<ref name=trouble>{{cite news|author=Seth Rosenfeld|title=The Campus Files: Trouble on campus |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/06/09/MNCF2.DTL|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|date=June 9, 2002| access-date=November 30, 2008}}</ref><ref name=campusfiles5>{{cite news|author=Seth Rosenfeld|title=The Campus Files: The McCone Meeting| url=http://sfgate.com/news/special/pages/2002/campusfiles/documents/5b.shtml|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|date=June 9, 2002| access-date=November 30, 2008}}</ref> Hoover agreed to supply Pauley with confidential FBI information on "ultra-liberal" regents, faculty members, and students, and to assist in removing Kerr. Pauley received dozens of briefings from the FBI to this end. The FBI assisted Pauley and [[Ronald Reagan]] in painting Kerr as a dangerous "liberal".


<gallery class="center" style="center">
<gallery class="center" style="center">
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====Dismissal====
====Dismissal====
During his successful campaign in the [[1966 California gubernatorial election]], Reagan repeatedly promised to "clean up the mess at Berkeley."<ref name="ClarkKerr_Page288">{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Clark|title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967, Volume 2|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520925014|page=288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuQlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA288|access-date=July 3, 2020}}</ref> In 1987, [[Lyn Nofziger]] revealed to Kerr that Reagan actually did not know much about UC at the beginning of his campaign, but had tacked right in order to prevail in the Republican primary against [[George Christopher (mayor)|George Christopher]], and started focusing on the "student revolt at Berkeley" after a poll determined that it was a priority of Republican voters.<ref name="ClarkKerr_Page288" /> As a newly elected governor, Reagan appointed several more regents who, together with himself (in his capacity as an ''ex officio'' regent) aligned with existing members of the Board of Regents to form a majority (14 to 8) to vote for Kerr's dismissal on January 20, 1967.<ref name="Stadtman_Page_491">{{cite book|last1=Stadtman|first1=Verne A.|title=The University of California, 1868–1968|url=https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad|url-access=registration|date=1970|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad/page/491 491]}}</ref><ref name="ClarkKerr_Page301">{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Clark|title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967, Volume 2|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520925014|page=301|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuQlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA301|access-date=July 3, 2020}}</ref> Kerr knew what was coming and did not actively fight it in the sense of actively lobbying individual regents.<ref name="Stadtman_Page_491" /><ref name="ClarkKerr_Page301" /> But as a matter of principle (because he felt the Board of Regents should have stood up for the university's institutional autonomy from the rest of the state government), Kerr chose to not make it easy for Reagan by not resigning, even though he knew he would bear the lifelong stigma of being dismissed.<ref name="Stadtman_Page_491" /><ref name="ClarkKerr_Page301" />


During his successful campaign in the [[1966 California gubernatorial election]], Reagan repeatedly promised to "clean up the mess at Berkeley."<ref name="ClarkKerr_Page288">{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Clark|title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967, Volume 2|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520925014|page=288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GSEPX5JIKkC&pg=PA288|access-date=July 3, 2020}}</ref> In 1987, [[Lyn Nofziger]] revealed to Kerr that Reagan actually did not know much about UC at the beginning of his campaign, but had tacked right in order to prevail in the Republican primary against [[George Christopher]], and started focusing on the "student revolt at Berkeley" after a poll determined that it was a priority of Republican voters.<ref name="ClarkKerr_Page288" /> As a newly elected governor, Reagan appointed several more regents who, together with himself (in his capacity as an ''ex officio'' regent) aligned with existing members of the Board of Regents to form a majority (14 to 8) to vote for Kerr's dismissal on January 20, 1967.<ref name="ClarkKerr_Page301">{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Clark|title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967, Volume 2|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520925014|page=301|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GSEPX5JIKkC&pg=PA301|access-date=July 3, 2020}}</ref> Kerr knew what was coming and did not actively fight it in the sense of actively lobbying the Board of Regents.<ref name="ClarkKerr_Page301" /> Kerr chose to not make it easy for Reagan by not resigning, even though he knew he would bear the lifelong stigma of being dismissed.<ref name="ClarkKerr_Page301" />
Shortly thereafter, Kerr's old friend Storke insisted that Kerr should be allowed to participate, as previously scheduled, in the dedication of a building on the Santa Barbara campus in Storke's honor.<ref name="ClarkKerr_Page309">{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Clark|title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967, Volume 2|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520925014|pages=309–310|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuQlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA309|access-date=September 24, 2016}}</ref> At the dedication ceremony Kerr stated that he had left the presidency of the university just as he had entered it: "fired with enthusiasm".<ref name="ClarkKerr_Page309" />

⚫
Shortly thereafter, Kerr's old friend [[Thomas M. Storke]] insisted that Kerr should be allowed to participate, as previously scheduled, in the dedication of a building on the Santa Barbara campus in Storke's honor.<ref name="ClarkKerr_Page309">{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Clark|title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967, Volume 2|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520925014|pages=309–310|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GSEPX5JIKkC&pg=PA309|access-date=September 24, 2016}}</ref> At the dedication ceremony Kerr stated that he had left the presidency of the university just as he had entered it: "fired with enthusiasm".<ref name="ClarkKerr_Page309" />


Kerr's second memoir, ''The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the [[University of California]], 1949-1967 Volume Two: Political Turmoil'' details what he refers to as his greatest blunders in dealing with the [[Free Speech Movement]] that ultimately led to his firing.
Kerr's second memoir, ''The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the [[University of California]], 1949-1967 Volume Two: Political Turmoil'' details what he refers to as his greatest blunders in dealing with the [[Free Speech Movement]] that ultimately led to his firing.


====Later career====
====Later career====

Following his dismissal, Kerr served on the [[Carnegie Commission on Higher Education]] until 1973 and was chairman of the [[Carnegie Council on Policy Studies]] in Higher Education from 1974 to 1979.
Following his dismissal, Kerr served on the [[Carnegie Commission on Higher Education]] until 1973 and was chairman of the [[Carnegie Council on Policy Studies]] in Higher Education from 1974 to 1979.


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==Legacy and honors==
==Legacy and honors==
There are Kerr Halls on the [[University of California, Davis|Davis]], [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Santa Barbara]], [[University of California, Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]], and Berkeley campuses.<ref>{{cite web|title= Clark Kerr Campus|url=http://www.housing.berkeley.edu/livingatcal/clarkkerr.html|work=Living at Cal|publisher=U.C. Berkeley|year= 2008|access-date=November 30, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UCSC - Virtual Tour: Kerr Hall|url=http://www.ucsc.edu/about/vtour/kerr.asp|publisher=U.C. Santa Cruz|access-date=November 30, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217032211/http://ucsc.edu/about/vtour/kerr.asp|archive-date=February 17, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> A 50-acre student residence complex at UC Berkeley, the [[University of California, Berkeley student housing#Clark Kerr Campus (Unit 5)|Clark Kerr Campus]], is also named in his honor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.housing.berkeley.edu/livingatcal/clarkkerr.html|title = Clark Kerr Campus: About the Community &#124; Housing}}</ref>
There are Kerr Halls on the [[University of California, Davis|Davis]], [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Santa Barbara]], and [[University of California, Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]] campuses.<ref>{{cite web|title= Clark Kerr Campus|url=http://www.housing.berkeley.edu/livingatcal/clarkkerr.html|work=Living at Cal|publisher=U.C. Berkeley|year= 2008|access-date=November 30, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UCSC - Virtual Tour: Kerr Hall|url=http://www.ucsc.edu/about/vtour/kerr.asp|publisher=U.C. Santa Cruz|access-date=November 30, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217032211/http://ucsc.edu/about/vtour/kerr.asp|archive-date=February 17, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> At UC Berkeley the [[University of California, Berkeley student housing#Clark Kerr Campus (Unit 5)|Clark Kerr Campus]] is a 50-acre student residence complex.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.housing.berkeley.edu/livingatcal/clarkkerr.html|title = Clark Kerr Campus: About the Community &#124; Housing}}</ref>

The Berkeley facility is located a few blocks from the main campus, and includes residences and sports practice facilities. The Spanish-style residential complex houses 700 students and features landscaped gardens and a conference center. It was previously the site of the [[California School for the Blind|California School for the Deaf and Blind]], and was acquired by the university after a court battle. (The university was not a party to the case. It was offered the site after the Schools for the Deaf and Blind relinquished it to the State as surplus property.)


The [[Clark Kerr Award]] is named in his honor. Since 1968, it has been awarded annually by the UC Berkeley Academic Senate to recognize an individual who has made an extraordinary and distinguished contribution to the advancement of higher education. Kerr himself was the first recipient of the award.
The [[Clark Kerr Award]] is named in his honor. Since 1968, it has been awarded annually by the UC Berkeley Academic Senate to recognize an individual who has made an extraordinary and distinguished contribution to the advancement of higher education. Kerr himself was the first recipient of the award.


Another important part of Kerr's legacy was his wit—after writing a serious book, ''The Uses of the University'', Kerr surprised an audience with this riposte--"The three purposes of the University?--To provide sex for the students, sports for the alumni, and parking for the faculty."<ref>W.J. Rorabaugh, Berkeley at War: The 1960s, p. 12, quoted at http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt687004sg&chunk.id=d0e21648&brand=calisphere&doc.view=entire_text</ref>
Another important part of Kerr's legacy was his wit—after writing a serious book, ''The Uses of the University'', Kerr surprised an audience with this riposte—"The three purposes of the University?—To provide sex for the students, sports for the alumni, and parking for the faculty."<ref>W.J. Rorabaugh, Berkeley at War: The 1960s, p. 12, quoted at http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt687004sg&chunk.id=d0e21648&brand=calisphere&doc.view=entire_text</ref>


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
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[[Category:Leaders of the University of California, Berkeley]]
[[Category:Leaders of the University of California, Berkeley]]
[[Category:Presidents of the University of California System]]
[[Category:Presidents of the University of California System]]
[[Category:20th-century American academics]]

Revision as of 02:51, 20 April 2024

Clark Kerr
Kerr in 1964
12th President of the University of California
In office
1958–1967
Preceded byRobert Gordon Sproul
Succeeded byCharles J. Hitch
1st Chancellor of the
University of California, Berkeley
In office
1952–1957
Succeeded byGlenn T. Seaborg
Personal details
Born(1911-05-17)May 17, 1911
Stony Creek, Pennsylvania, U.S.
DiedDecember 1, 2003(2003-12-01) (aged 92)
El Cerrito, California, U.S.
SpouseCatherine Spaulding Kerr
EducationSwarthmore College (AB)
Stanford University (MA)
University of California, Berkeley (PhD)
ProfessionEconomist, educator, administrator
Academic background
ThesisProductive enterprises of the unemployed, 1931-1938 (1939)
Academic work
DisciplineEconomics
InstitutionsUniversity of Washington
University of California, Berkeley
University of California

Clark Kerr (May 17, 1911 – December 1, 2003) was an American economist and academic administrator. He was the first chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley, and twelfth president of the University of California.

Early life and education

Kerr was born in Stony Creek, Pennsylvania, to Samuel William and Caroline (Clark) Kerr. He was raised on rural farms outside of Reading, Pennsylvania, first in the Stony Creek area and then in the Oley Valley after age 10.[1] Even after Kerr became one of the most prominent academic administrators of his generation, he always regarded himself as a "Pennsylvania farm boy" and expressed frustration with intellectuals who showed condescension towards agriculture.[2]

Kerr earned his A.B. from Swarthmore College in 1932, an M.A. from Stanford University in 1933, and a Ph.D. in economics from UC Berkeley in 1939.[3] In 1945, he became an associate professor of industrial relations and was the founding director of the UC Berkeley Institute of Industrial Relations.

Career

UC Berkeley

In 1949, soon after the beginning of the McCarthy era, the Regents of the University of California adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath to be signed by all University of California employees. Kerr signed the oath, but fought against the firing of those who refused to sign. Kerr gained respect from his stance and was named University of California, Berkeley's first chancellor when that position was created in 1952. As chancellor, Kerr oversaw the construction of 12 high-rise dormitories. In September 1953, then U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed him to the Commission on Intergovernmental Relations.

University of California president

The chancellor's job had come to be defined as providing parking for the faculty, sex for the students, and athletics for the alumni.

1957[4]

The university president in the United States is expected to be a friend of the students, a colleague of the faculty, a good fellow with the alumni, a sound administrator with the trustees, a good speaker with the public, an astute bargainer with the foundations and the federal agencies, a politician with the state legislature, a friend of industry, labor, and agriculture, a persuasive diplomat with the donors, a champion of education generally, a supporter of the professions (particularly law and medicine), a spokesman to the press, a scholar in his own right, a public servant at the state and national levels, a devotee of opera and football equally, a decent human being, a good husband and father, an active member of a church. Above all he must enjoy traveling in airplanes, eating his meals in public, and attending public ceremonies. No one can be all of these things. Some succeed at being none.

1995[4]

The University is not engaged in making ideas safe for students. It is engaged in making students safe for ideas. Thus it permits the freest expression of views before students, trusting to their good sense in passing judgment on these views.

1961[5]

In October 1957, Kerr was the Board of Regents' unanimous choice to lead the entire university system. Raymond B. Allen had been widely expected to succeed Robert Gordon Sproul as systemwide president, but Allen's tenure as UCLA's first chancellor was marred by athletics scandals, poor campus planning, and the perception among the southern regents that he had not put up enough resistance—especially in comparison to Kerr—to Sproul's stubborn refusal to delegate anything to the campus chancellors.[6] Therefore, when Sproul finally announced his retirement in 1957, Allen was passed over in favor of Kerr.[6] With a clear mandate for change, Kerr led UC's rapid transformation into a true public university system through a series of proposals adopted unanimously by the regents from 1957 to 1960.[7] Kerr's reforms included delegating to the chancellors the full range of powers, privileges, and responsibilities which Sproul had previously denied them.[7]

Kerr's term as UC president saw the opening of campuses in San Diego, Irvine, and Santa Cruz to accommodate the influx of baby boomers. Faced with a dramatic increase of students entering college, Kerr helped establish the now much-copied California system of having the handful of University of California campuses act as 'top tier' research institutions, the more numerous California State University campuses handle the bulk of undergraduate students and the very numerous California Community College campuses provide vocational and transfer-oriented college programs to the remainder. A Mother Jones article mentioned that Kerr's achievements in this field earned him international acclaim.[8]

In 1959, Kerr along with Chancellor Glenn T. Seaborg helped found the Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory.

Student protests

On March 22, 1961, at the invitation of SLATE, Frank Wilkinson gave a speech at the Berkeley campus, and in response to the ensuing controversy, Kerr defended the importance of freedom of speech: "The University is not engaged in making ideas safe for students. It is engaged in making students safe for ideas."[5] His remarks were widely quoted, and Regent Thomas M. Storke arranged to have them engraved on a bell at Storke Tower at the Santa Barbara campus.[5]

Controversy exploded in 1964 when Berkeley students led the Free Speech Movement in protest of regulations limiting political activities on campus, including Civil Rights advocacy and protests against the Vietnam War. It culminated in hundreds of arrested students at a sit-in. Kerr's initial decision was to not expel University of California students that participated in sit-ins off campus. That decision evolved into reluctance to expel students who later would protest on campus in a series of escalating events on the Berkeley campus in late 1964.[9] Kerr was criticized both by students for not agreeing to their demands and by conservative UC Regent Edwin Pauley and others for responding too leniently to the student unrest.[10]

Blacklisting

In late 1964, president Lyndon Johnson picked Kerr to become Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare.[11] He later withdrew the nomination after the FBI background check on Kerr included damaging information the agency knew to be false. Almost 40 years later, in 2002, the FBI released documents used to blacklist Kerr as part of a government campaign to suppress subversive viewpoints at the university.[12] This information had been classified by the FBI and was released only after a fifteen-year legal battle that the FBI repeatedly appealed up to the Supreme Court, but agreed to settle before the Supreme Court decided on hearing the matter.

Edwin Pauley approached John McCone, a Berkeley alum and associate, at the CIA for assistance. McCone in turn met with FBI director J. Edgar Hoover.[13][14] Hoover agreed to supply Pauley with confidential FBI information on "ultra-liberal" regents, faculty members, and students, and to assist in removing Kerr. Pauley received dozens of briefings from the FBI to this end. The FBI assisted Pauley and Ronald Reagan in painting Kerr as a dangerous "liberal".

  • CIA's McCone, at Pauley's request, asks Hoover to target anti-war protests at UC Berkeley.
    CIA's McCone, at Pauley's request, asks Hoover to target anti-war protests at UC Berkeley.
  • 1969 FBI memo re: Ronald Reagan's purge of UC Berkeley, p. 1.
    1969 FBI memo re: Ronald Reagan's purge of UC Berkeley, p. 1.
  • 1969 FBI memo re: Ronald Reagan's purge of UC Berkeley, p. 2.
    1969 FBI memo re: Ronald Reagan's purge of UC Berkeley, p. 2.
  • 1969 FBI memo re: Ronald Reagan's purge of UC Berkeley, p. 3.
    1969 FBI memo re: Ronald Reagan's purge of UC Berkeley, p. 3.

Dismissal

During his successful campaign in the 1966 California gubernatorial election, Reagan repeatedly promised to "clean up the mess at Berkeley."[15] In 1987, Lyn Nofziger revealed to Kerr that Reagan actually did not know much about UC at the beginning of his campaign, but had tacked right in order to prevail in the Republican primary against George Christopher, and started focusing on the "student revolt at Berkeley" after a poll determined that it was a priority of Republican voters.[15] As a newly elected governor, Reagan appointed several more regents who, together with himself (in his capacity as an ex officio regent) aligned with existing members of the Board of Regents to form a majority (14 to 8) to vote for Kerr's dismissal on January 20, 1967.[16][17] Kerr knew what was coming and did not actively fight it in the sense of actively lobbying individual regents.[16][17] But as a matter of principle (because he felt the Board of Regents should have stood up for the university's institutional autonomy from the rest of the state government), Kerr chose to not make it easy for Reagan by not resigning, even though he knew he would bear the lifelong stigma of being dismissed.[16][17]

Shortly thereafter, Kerr's old friend Storke insisted that Kerr should be allowed to participate, as previously scheduled, in the dedication of a building on the Santa Barbara campus in Storke's honor.[18] At the dedication ceremony Kerr stated that he had left the presidency of the university just as he had entered it: "fired with enthusiasm".[18]

Kerr's second memoir, The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967 Volume Two: Political Turmoil details what he refers to as his greatest blunders in dealing with the Free Speech Movement that ultimately led to his firing.

Later career

Following his dismissal, Kerr served on the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education until 1973 and was chairman of the Carnegie Council on Policy Studies in Higher Education from 1974 to 1979.

Kerr also served as chair of the 1984 USPS National Agreement Arbitration Panel, after which he joined the USPS panel of national contract arbitrators.[19]

Personal life

Kerr was married to Catherine "Kay" Spaulding on Christmas Day, 1934. Kay along with friends founded the Save San Francisco Bay Association in 1961, which became Save the Bay. The couple had three children; Clark E., Jr., Alexander, and Caroline Gage. He died on December 1, 2003, in El Cerrito, California, following complications from a fall.[20]

Legacy and honors

There are Kerr Halls on the Davis, Santa Barbara, and Santa Cruz campuses.[21][22] At UC Berkeley the Clark Kerr Campus is a 50-acre student residence complex.[23]

The Clark Kerr Award is named in his honor. Since 1968, it has been awarded annually by the UC Berkeley Academic Senate to recognize an individual who has made an extraordinary and distinguished contribution to the advancement of higher education. Kerr himself was the first recipient of the award.

Another important part of Kerr's legacy was his wit—after writing a serious book, The Uses of the University, Kerr surprised an audience with this riposte—"The three purposes of the University?—To provide sex for the students, sports for the alumni, and parking for the faculty."[24]

Bibliography

  • Charles Burress "The Long, Hard Years at Berkeley; Second Volume of Clark Kerr's Memoir Covers Politics and 'Blunders'", San Francisco Chronicle, February 9, 2003, Sunday Review, p. 1.
  • Arthur Levine (ed., 1993). Higher Learning in America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Seth Rosenfeld Subversives: The FBI's War on Student Radicals, and Reagan's Rise to Power. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012. ISBN 9780374257002
  • Schrum, Ethan, "Clark Kerr's Early Career, Social Science, and the American University", Perspectives on the History of Higher Education 28 (2011), 193–222.
  • Schrum, Ethan. The Instrumental University: Education in Service of the National Agenda after World War II. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019.

Primary sources

  • Clark Kerr The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967
  • Clark Kerr The Uses of the University, 5th edition. 1963; Harvard University Press, 2001.
  • Clark Kerr, John T. Dunlop, Frederick H. Harbison, and Charles A. Myers, Industrialism and Industrial Man: The Problem of Labor and Management in Economic Growth. Harvard University Press, 1960.
  • "UC Won't Expel Sit-in Students", Los Angeles Times, May 6, 1964, p. 8.
  • "The Arrests at Berkeley", The New York Times, December 5, 1964, p. 30.

References

  1. ^ Kerr, Clark (2001). The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 10. ISBN 9780520223677. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
  2. ^ Kerr, Clark (2001). The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 315. ISBN 9780520223677. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
  3. ^ Kerr, Clark (1939). Productive enterprises of the unemployed, 1931-1938 (Ph.D.). University of California, Berkeley. OCLC 14232631 – via ProQuest.
  4. ^ a b http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/12/02_kerr.shtml
  5. ^ a b c Kerr, Clark (2001). The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967, Volume 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 131. ISBN 9780520925014. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  6. ^ a b Kerr, Clark (2001). The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 154–155. ISBN 9780520223677. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  7. ^ a b Kerr, Clark (2001). The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 191–205. ISBN 9780520223677.
  8. ^ "The Slow Death of California's Higher Education". Mother Jones.
  9. ^ David Lance Goines, The Free Speech Movement: Coming of Age in the 1960's, (Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1993), p. 57.
  10. ^ Hechinger, Grace (December 2, 2001). "Clark Kerr, Leading Public Educator and Former Head of California's Universities, Dies at 92". The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2008.
  11. ^ "Kerr Reported to Accept Post in Johnson Cabinet". New York Times. December 11, 1964.
  12. ^ Seth Rosenfeld (June 9, 2002). "The Campus Files". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
  13. ^ Seth Rosenfeld (June 9, 2002). "The Campus Files: Trouble on campus". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
  14. ^ Seth Rosenfeld (June 9, 2002). "The Campus Files: The McCone Meeting". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
  15. ^ a b Kerr, Clark (2001). The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967, Volume 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 288. ISBN 9780520925014. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  16. ^ a b c Stadtman, Verne A. (1970). The University of California, 1868–1968. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 491.
  17. ^ a b c Kerr, Clark (2001). The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967, Volume 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 301. ISBN 9780520925014. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  18. ^ a b Kerr, Clark (2001). The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967, Volume 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 309–310. ISBN 9780520925014. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
  19. ^ Noble, Kenneth (December 25, 1984). "Postal Contract Includes a Raise and Concessions". The New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
  20. ^ Selingo, Jeffrey (December 3, 2003). "Clark Kerr, Who Helped Transform American Higher Education, Is Dead at 92". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
  21. ^ "Clark Kerr Campus". Living at Cal. U.C. Berkeley. 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
  22. ^ "UCSC - Virtual Tour: Kerr Hall". U.C. Santa Cruz. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
  23. ^ "Clark Kerr Campus: About the Community | Housing".
  24. ^ W.J. Rorabaugh, Berkeley at War: The 1960s, p. 12, quoted at http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt687004sg&chunk.id=d0e21648&brand=calisphere&doc.view=entire_text

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Clark Kerr.
Academic offices
New office Chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley
1952 – 1957 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of the University of California
1958 – 1967 		Succeeded by
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