1996–97 Primeira Divisão and Pumpkin: Difference between pages

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Statistics of [[Portuguese Liga]] in the 1996/1997 season.
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[[Image:Pumpkins.jpg|right||thumb|250px]]


'''Pumpkin''' is a [[gourd]]-like [[Squash (plant)|squash]] of the genus ''[[Cucurbita]]'' and the family ''[[Cucurbitaceae]]'' (which also includes gourds).<ref name="itis">[http://www.itis.gov Integrated Taxonomic Information System<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> It is a common name of or can refer to [[cultivar]]s of any one of the following species: ''[[Cucurbita pepo]]'', ''[[Cucurbita mixta]]'', ''[[Cucurbita maxima]]'', and ''[[Cucurbita moschata]]''.
==Overview==
It was contested by 18 teams, and [[F.C. Porto]] won the championship.


==Description==
==League standings==
The word pumpkin originates from the word ''pepon'', which is Greek for “large melon.” The [[France|French]] adapted this word to ''pompon'', which the [[United Kingdom|British]] changed to ''pompion'' and later American colonists changed that to the word we use today, “pumpkin.” <ref>The Pumpkin Patch. 2007. Halloween Online. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://www.pumpkin-patch.com>.</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
The origin of pumpkins is not known, although pumpkins are thought to have originated in [[North America]]. The oldest evidence, pumpkin-related seeds dating between 7000 and 5500 B.C., were found in [[Mexico]].<ref>The Pumpkin Patch. 2007. Halloween Online. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://www.pumpkin-patch.com>.</ref><ref>"Pumpkin." The Columbia Encyclopedia. 2004. Credo Reference. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://www.credoreference.com/entry/4294972>.</ref>
|Pos||Club||Pts||P||W||D||L||GF||GA
Pumpkins are a [[Squash (plant)|squash]]-like fruit that range in size (less than 1 pound (0.45 kilograms) to over 1,000 pounds (453.59 kilograms)), shape, color, and appearance (smooth or ribbed).<ref>Michael, Orsolek D., George L. Greaser, and Jayson K. Harper. "Pumpkin Production." Agricultural Alternatives (2000). Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://agalternatives.psu.edu/crops/pumpkin/pumpkin.pdf>.</ref>
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Since some [[Squash (plant)|squash]] share the same botanical classifications as pumpkins, the names are frequently used interchangeably. In general, pumpkins have stems which are firmer, more rigid, pricklier, have a +/- 5 degree angle, and are squarer in shape than squash stems, which are generally softer, more rounded, and more flared where joined to the fruit.<ref name="Van_Sci_Enc"> cucurbitaceae. (1995). In ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'' (8th ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.</ref> <ref name="Americana"> pumpkin. (1992). In ''The Encyclopedia Americana International Edition''. Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier Incorporated.</ref>
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Pumpkins generally weigh 9–18 [[pound (mass)|lbs]] (4–8 [[kilogram|kg]]) with the largest (of the species ''C. maxima'') capable of reaching a weight of over 75 lbs (34 kg).<ref name="Britannica"> pumpkin. (2007). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061895.</ref> The pumpkin varies greatly in shape, ranging from [[oblate]] through oblong. The rind is smooth and usually lightly ribbed.<ref name="Britannica"/>
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Although pumpkins are usually orange or yellow,<ref name="Americana"/> some fruits are dark green, pale green, orange-yellow, white, red and gray.<ref>Pumpkin Nook: [http://www.pumpkinnook.com/facts/colors.htm Color Me Pumpkin].</ref>
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Pumpkins are [[monoecious]], having both male and female flowers, the latter distinguished by the small ovary at the base of the petals. These bright and colorful flowers have extremely short life spans and may only open for as short a time as one day. The color of pumpkins is derived from the orange pigments abundant in them. The main nutrients are lutein, and both alpha and beta carotene, the latter of which generates vitamin A in the body.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}
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==Taxonomy==
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[[Image:Pumpkin stem.jpg|thumb|A pumpkin stem]]
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'''Pumpkin''' is the fruit of the species ''[[Cucurbita pepo]]'' or '' [[Cucurbita mixta]] ''. It can refer to a specific variety of the species ''[[Cucurbita maxima]]'' or ''[[Cucurbita moschata]]'', which are all of the genus ''[[Cucurbita]]'' and the family ''[[Cucurbitaceae]]''.<ref name="itis"/>
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==Distribution and Habitation==
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Pumpkins are grown all around the world for a variety of reasons ranging from [[agricultural]] purposes (such as animal feed) to commercial and ornamental sales.<ref>Wolford, Ron, and Drusilla Banks. ''Pumpkins and More''. 2008. University of Illinois Extension. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/pumpkins>.</ref> Out of the seven continents, only [[Antarctica]] is unable to produce pumpkins; the biggest international producers of pumpkins include the [[United States]], [[Mexico]], [[India]], and [[China]]. <ref>'"The Pumpkin Patch'," 2007. ''Halloween Online''. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://www.pumpkin-patch.com>.</ref><ref>"Pumpkin Seeds." World's Healthiest Foods. 2008. The George Mateljan Foundation. 11 Feb. 2008 <http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=food&spicedbid=82#healthbenefits>.</ref> The pumpkin capital of the world is [[Morton, Illinois]].<ref>"The Pumpkin Patch," 2007. ''Halloween Online''. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://www.pumpkin-patch.com>.</ref> The traditional American pumpkin is the Connecticut Field variety.<ref>The Pumpkin Patch. 2007. Halloween Online. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://www.pumpkin-patch.com>.</ref>
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Although native to the [[Western hemisphere]], pumpkins are cultivated in [[North America]], continental [[Europe]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[India]], and some other countries.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} The pumpkin is the state fruit of [[New Hampshire]].
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==Ecology==
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===Cultivation in the US===
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{{main|Pumpkin cultivation}}
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[[Image:Pumpkins Field.jpg|thumb|Pumpkins growing in a field]]
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[[Image:NKN-2007-09-01 125930 Pumpkins field (Yvan Leduc author for Wikipedia).jpg|thumb|Pumpkin Field]]
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As one of the most popular crops in the [[United States]], 1.5 billion pounds (680,388,555 kilograms) of pumpkins are produced each year.<ref>Michael, Orsolek D., George L. Greaser, and Jayson K. Harper. "Pumpkin Production." ''Agricultural Alternatives'' (2000). Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, 19 Feb. 2008 <http://agalternatives.psu.edu/crops/pumpkin/pumpkin.pdf>.</ref> The top pumpkin-producing states in the U.S. include [[Illinois]], [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[California]].<ref>Wolford, Ron, and Drusilla Banks. Pumpkins and More. 2008. University of Illinois Extension. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/pumpkins>.</ref>
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Pumpkins are a warm-weather crop that is usually planted in early July. The specific conditions necessary for growing pumpkins require that soil temperatures three inches (7.62 centimeters) deep are at least 60 degrees [[Fahrenheit]] and soil that holds water well. Pumpkin crops may suffer if there is a lack of water or because of cold temperatures (in this case, below 65 degrees; frost can be detrimental), and sandy soil or soil with poor water filtration.
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Pumpkins are, however, rather hardy, and even if many leaves and portions of the vine are removed or damaged, the plant can very quickly re-grow secondary vines to replace what was removed.<ref>Michael, Orsolek D., George L. Greaser, and Jayson K. Harper. "Pumpkin Production." Agricultural Alternatives (2000). Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://agalternatives.psu.edu/crops/pumpkin/pumpkin.pdf>.</ref>
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Pumpkins produce both a male and female flower; [[honeybees]] play a significant role in [[fertilization]]. <ref>Michael, Orsolek D., George L. Greaser, and Jayson K. Harper. "Pumpkin Production." ''Agricultural Alternatives'' (2000). Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, 19 Feb. 2008 <http://agalternatives.psu.edu/crops/pumpkin/pumpkin.pdf>. </ref>Pumpkins have historically been [[pollination|pollinated]] by the native [[squash bee]] ''Peponapis pruinosa'', but this bee has [[Pollinator decline|declined]], probably due to [[pesticide]] sensitivity, and today most commercial plantings are pollinated by [[honeybee]]s. One hive per acre (4,000 m² per hive) is recommended by the United States of America (US) Department of Agriculture. If there are inadequate bees for pollination, gardeners often have to [[hand pollination|hand pollinate]]. Inadequately pollinated pumpkins usually start growing but abort before full development. An opportunistic [[fungus]] is also sometimes blamed for abortions.
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===Giant Pumpkins===
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The largest pumpkins are ''Cucurbita maxima''. They were cultivated from the hubbard squash genotype, crossed with kabocha-pumpkin types by enthusiast farmers through intermittent effort since the early 1800s. As such germplasm is commercially provocative, a U.S. legal right was granted for the rounder phenotypes, levying them as constituting a variety, with the appellation "[[Atlantic Giant]]." Eventually this phenotype graduated back into the public domain, except now it had the name Atlantic Giant on its record (see USDA PVP # 8500204).
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“Weigh-off” competitions for giant pumpkins are a popular festival activity. 460 pounds held the world record for the largest pumpkin until 1981 when Howard Dill(of [[Nova Scotia]]) broke the record with a pumpkin near 500 pounds. Dill patented the seeds used to grow this giant pumpkin, deeming them Dill’s Atlantic Giant seeds, and drawing growers from around the world. [[Howard Dill]] is accredited for all of the giant pumpkins today, most of which are borne from crossing and re-crossing his patented seed with other varieties. <ref>Raver, Anne. "In the Pumpkin Patch, an Orange Thumb." New York Times 18 Oct. 2007, sec. F: 6. </ref>
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By 1994 the Giant Pumpkin crossed the 1000 pound mark. In September 2007, Joe Jutras (of [[Rhode Island]]) obtained the title of world’s largest pumpkin with a 1,689 pound, cream colored fruit.<ref name="worldrecord">[http://www.bigpumpkins.com/viewarticle.asp?id=162&gid=50 Joe Jutras' 2007 world record pumpkin]</ref> He is currently said to be working on producing a giant orange pumpkin, as orange pumpkins tend to be smaller and have thinner shells, but are more desirable in appearance. <ref>Raver, Anne. "In the Pumpkin Patch, an Orange Thumb." New York Times 18 Oct. 2007, sec. F: 6. </ref>
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==Uses==
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===Cooking===
|}
{{nutritionalvalue | name=Pumpkin, raw| kJ=56| protein=1.0 g | fat=0.1 g | satfat=0.05 g | monofat=0.01 g | polyfat=0.01 g | carbs=6.5 g | fiber=0.5 g | | sugars=1.36 g | sodium_mg=1 | iron_mg=0.8 | calcium_mg=21 | magnesium_mg=12 | phosphorus_mg=44 | potassium_mg=340 | zinc_mg=0.32 | vitA_ug= 369| betacarotene_ug=3100 |vitC_mg=9 | vitE_mg=1.06 | vitK_mcg=1.1 | pantothenic_mg=0.298 | vitB6_mg=0.061 | folate_ug=16 | thiamin_mg=0.05 | riboflavin_mg=0.110 | niacin_mg=0.6 | right=1 | source_usda=1 }}
Pumpkins are very versatile in their uses for cooking, from the fleshy shell, to the seeds, to even the flowers, most parts of the pumpkin are edible. Traditionally, pumpkin is a very popular [[Halloween]] and [[Thanksgiving]] staple. Although most people use store bought canned pumpkin, home-made pumpkin puree can serve the same purpose. <ref>Roberts, Tammy. "The Many Uses of Pumpkin." Food & Fitness 7 Aug. 2006. 10 Feb. 2008 <http://www.missourifamilies.org/features/nutritionarticles/nut107.htm>. </ref>

When ripe, the pumpkin can be boiled, baked, steamed, or roasted. Often, it is made into various kinds of [[pumpkin pie|pie]] which is a traditional staple of the Canadian and American Thanksgiving holiday. Pumpkins that are still small and green may be eaten in the same way as the vegetable [[squash (fruit)|marrow]]/[[zucchini]]. Pumpkins can also be eaten [[mashed pumpkin|mashed]] or incorporated into [[soup]]. In the [[Middle East]], pumpkin is used for sweet dishes; a well-known sweet delicacy is called ''halawa yaqtin''. In South Asian countries like [[India]], pumpkin is cooked with butter, sugar, and spices; this dish is called ''kadu ka halwa''. In [[Guangxi]] province, [[China]], the leaves of the pumpkin plant are consumed as a cooked vegetable or in soups. In [[Australia]], pumpkin is often roasted in conjunction with other vegetables. In [[Japan]], small pumpkins are served in savory dishes, including [[tempura]]. In [[Thailand]], small pumpkins are steamed with custard inside and served as a [[dessert]]. In Italy it can be used, with cheeses, as a savory stuffing for [[ravioli]]. And also, pumpkin can be used to flavor both alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages.

===Pumpkin extract===
[[East China Normal University]] research on [[Diabetes mellitus type 1| type-1 diabetic]] [[Brown rat|rats]], published in July 2007, suggests that [[chemical compounds]] found in pumpkin promote regeneration of damaged [[pancreatic]] cells in, resulting in increased bloodstream [[insulin]] levels. According to the research team leader, pumpkin extract may be "a very good product for pre-diabetic people, as well as those who already have diabetes", possibly reducing or eliminating the need for insulin injections for some type-1 diabetics. It is unknown whether pumpkin extract has any effect on [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], as it was not the subject of the study.<ref name="Telegraph 2007">{{Cite news|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1556891/Pumpkin-may-cut-injections-for-diabetes.html |title=Pumpkin May Cut Injections for Diabetes|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|author=<!--Staff writer; no by-line.-->|publisher=[[David and Frederick Barclay|Telegraph Group]]|location=[[London, UK]]|date=9 July 2007|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref>

===Pumpkin seeds===
{{Main|Pepita}}
Pumpkin seeds, also known as pepitas, are small, flat, green, edible seeds. Most pumpkin seeds are covered by a white husk, although some pumpkin varieties produce seeds without them. Pumpkin seeds are a popular snack that can be found hulled or semi-hulled at most grocery stores, however, roasting pumpkin seeds (usually scooped out of [[jack-o-lantern]]s) is a popular [[Halloween]] treat. Pumpkin seeds have many health benefits, some of which include a good source of [[protein]], [[zinc]] and other [[vitamins]], and are even said to lower [[cholesterol]]. <ref>"Pumpkin Seeds." World's Healthiest Foods. 2008. The George Mateljan Foundation. 11 Feb. 2008 <http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=food&spicedbid=82#healthbenefits>. </ref> One gram of pumpkin seed protein contains as much [[tryptophan]] as a full glass of milk.<ref>"[http://www.whitbymentalhealthcentre.ca/newsOct15.htm New Study Demonstrates Treatment of Anxiety Disorders using Pumpkin Seed]"</ref>

====Pumpkin seed oil====
{{Main|Pumpkin seed oil}}
[[Pumpkin seed oil]] is a thick, green oil that is produced from roasted pumpkin seeds. When used for cooking or as a salad dressing, pumpkin seed oil is generally mixed with other oils because of its robust flavor. <ref>Tyler Herbst, Sharon. The New Food Lover's Companion. 3rd ed. Barron_ 2001. Pumpkin Seed Oil. 14 Feb. 2008 <http://www.credoreference.coom/entry/5068383>. </ref> It is used in cooking in central and eastern [[Europe]], and long believed to be a folk remedy for [[prostate]] problems, has in fact been shown to combat [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]].<ref name="whfoods">[http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=82#healthbenefits World's Healthiest Foods]</ref>

==Activities involving pumpkins==
===Halloween===
[[Image:Pumpkin.Halloween.jpg|thumb|right|A pumpkin carved into a [[Jack-o'-lantern]] for [[Halloween]].]]
Pumpkins are commonly carved into decorative lanterns called [[jack-o'-lantern]]s for the [[Halloween]] season in North America. Throughout Britain and Ireland, there is a long tradition of carving lanterns from vegetables, particularly the [[turnip]], [[mangelwurzel]], or [[rutabaga|swede]].<ref>They continue to be popular choices today as carved lanterns in Scotland and Northern Ireland, although the British purchased a million pumpkins for Halloween in 2004. "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4385812.stm Pumpkins Passions]", ''BBC'', 31 October 2005. Retrieved on 19 October 2006. "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4383216.stm Turnip battles with pumpkin for Hallowe'en]", ''BBC'', 28 October 2005. Retrieved 23 September 2007.</ref> But not until 1837 does ''jack-o'-lantern'' appear as a term for a carved vegetable lantern,<ref>[[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], "The Great Carbuncle," in ''[[Twice-Told Tales]]'', 1837:
:Hide it [the great carbuncle] under thy cloak, say'st thou? Why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack-o'-lantern!</ref> and the carved lantern does not become associated specifically with Halloween until 1866.<ref>''Daily News'' (Kingston, Ontario), November 1, 1866:
:The old time custom of keeping up Hallowe'en was not forgotten last night by the youngsters of the city. They had their maskings and their merry-makings, and perambulated the streets after dark in a way which was no doubt amusing to themselves. There was a great sacrifice of pumpkins from which to make transparent heads and face, lighted up by the unfailing two inches of tallow candle.
Agnes Carr Sage, "Halloween Sports and Customs," ''Harper's Young People'', October 27, 1885, p. 828:
:It is an ancient Scottish custom to light great bonfires on Halloween, and carry blazing fagots about on long poles; but in place of this American boys delight in the funny grinning jack-o'-lanterns made of huge yellow pumpkins with a candle inside.</ref> Significantly, both occurred not in Britain or Ireland, but in North America. Historian David J. Skal writes,
:Although every modern chronicle of the holiday repeats the claim that vegetable lanterns were a time-honored component of Halloween celebrations in the British Isles, none gives any [[primary source|primary documentation]]. In fact, none of the major nineteenth-century chronicles of British holidays and folk customs make any mention whatsoever of carved lanterns in connection with Halloween. Neither do any of the standard works of the early twentieth century.<ref>{{cite book
| first = David J.
| last = Skal
| title = Death Makes a Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween
| location = New York
| publisher = Bloomsbury
| year = 2002
| pages = 32
| id = ISBN 1-58234-230-X
}} The earliest reference to associate carved vegetable lanterns with Halloween in Britain is Ruth Edna Kelley, ''[http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/boh/index.htm The Book of Hallowe'en]'' (1919), Chapter 8, which mentions turnip lanterns in Scotland.</ref>

In America, the carved pumpkin was first associated with the harvest season in general, long before it became an emblem of Halloween.<ref>As late as 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o'-lantern as part of the festivities which encourages kids and families to join together to make their own jack-o-lanterns. "[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9800EEDC1139E033A25757C2A9679D94649ED7CF The Day We Celebrate: Thanksgiving Treated Gastronomically and Socially]," ''The New York Times'', Nov. 24, 1895, p. 27. "[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9802E7D6173FE433A25752C2A9669D946197D6CF Odd Ornaments for Table]," ''The New York Times'', Oct. 21, 1900, p. 12.</ref>

===Chucking===
[[Pumpkin chucking]] is a competitive activity in which teams build various mechanical devices designed to throw a pumpkin as far as possible. [[Catapult]]s, [[trebuchet]]s, [[ballista]]s and [[air cannon]]s are the most common mechanisms. Some pumpkin chuckers breed and grow special varieties of pumpkin under specialized conditions in order to improve the pumpkin's chances of surviving a throw.

===Pumpkin festivals and competitions===
[[Image:CompetitivePumpkins.jpg|thumb|Competitive Weight Pumpkins]]
Pumpkin growers often compete to see whose pumpkins are the most massive. Festivals are often dedicated to the pumpkin and these competitions.

[[Circleville, Ohio]], holds a big festival each year, the [[Circleville Pumpkin Show]]. [[Half Moon Bay, California]], holds the annual Pumpkin and Arts Festival, drawing over 250,000 visitors each year and including the World Champion Pumpkin Weigh-Off.<ref>[http://www.miramarevents.com/pumpkinfest/history.html]History of Half Moon Bay Pumpkin Festival</ref> Farmers from all over the west compete to determine who can grow the greatest gourd.<ref>[http://www.miramarevents.com/weighoff/facts.html]Gargantuan Gourd Weigh-Off</ref> The winning pumpkin regularly tops the scale at more than 1200 pounds. The world record pumpkin in 2007 was 1689 pounds, grown by Joe Jutras in Topsfield, Massachusetts.<ref name="worldrecord" />

[[Morton, Illinois]], the self-declared pumpkin capital of the world,<ref name="morton">[http://www.pumpkincapital.com/index.php?option=displaypage&Itemid=52&op=page&SubMenu= Morton Pumpkin Festival]</ref> has held a Pumpkin Festival since 1966. The town, where [[Nestlé]]'s pumpkin packing plant is located (and where 90% of canned pumpkins eaten in the US are processed) carved and lit pumpkins in one place, a record which the town held for several years before losing it to [[Boston, Massachusetts]] in 2006. A large contributor of pumpkins to the Keene [[Pumpkin Fest]] in New Hampshire is local [[Keene State College]], which hosts an event called "Pumpkin [[Lobotomy]]" on their main quad. Usually held the day before the festival itself, Pumpkin Lobotomy has the air of a large party, with the school providing pumpkins and carving instruments alike (though some students prefer to use their own) and music provided by college radio station, WKNH.

==Folklore==
There seems to be a connection in folklore and popular culture between pumpkins and the supernatural. Famous examples include:
*The story of [[Cinderella]], in which the fairy godmother turns a pumpkin into a carriage, but it later reverts to a pumpkin.
*A commonplace motif of people being turned into pumpkins by witches.
*The Jack-o-lantern custom discussed above, which connects to Halloween lore about warding off demons.
*The legend of the [[Great Pumpkin]] in the [[Peanuts]] stories.
*The short story [[Pumpkin Juice]] by R. L. Stine, in which juice from a pumpkin has magical effects.
*The [[Harry Potter]] witch-school stories, in which pumpkin juice as a favorite drink of the Hogworth pupils is a recurring element.

==See also==
{{commonscat|Pumpkin}}
*[[Pumpkin Fest]]
*[[Pumpkin Queens]]
*[[Pepitas]]
*[[Vegetable juice]]
*[[List of culinary fruits]]
*[[Great Pumpkin]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Pumpkin with stalk.jpg|Pumpkin attached to a stalk
Image:Giant_Pumpkin_Species.jpg|Common "Giant" Pumpkin variety
Image:FemalePumpkinFlower_closed_small.jpg|Immature Female Pumpkin Flower
Image:Garden_jul2006_small.JPG|Male Pumpkin Flower (Open)
Image:painted pumpkins.jpg|Painted mini pumpkins on display in [[Ottawa]], [[Canada]]
Image:Keene pumpkin festival 1.jpg|A few of the tens of thousands of pumpkins on display at the 2000 Keene [[Pumpkin Fest]]
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
{{fb start}}
{{reflist}}
{{Portuguese Liga seasons}}
* [http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=82 Pumpkin seeds on The worlds Healthiest Foods], The George Mateljan Foundation.
{{fb end}}
* [http://www.agr.state.il.us/newsrels/r1022041.html Illinois Leads Nation in Pumpkin Production], Illinois Department of Agriculture.
* [http://www.bigpumpkins.com/viewarticle.asp?id=115&gid=32 The Largest Pumpkin Ever], bigpumpkins.com.
* [http://www.pumpkinfestival.org/worldrecord.html Keene Pumpkin Festival], list of world records.

==External links==
* [http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Squash.asp Squash Display at Missouri Botanical Garden] - Pics of 150 varieties from The Great Pumpkin Patch, Arthur, IL
* [http://www.backyardgardener.com/RUPP.HTM Pumpkin Varieties] - backyardgardener.com, site focused on North-Eastern U.S.
* [http://gourmet.ninemsn.com.au/gourmettraveller/features/features132.asp April 2004 – In season] describes several varieties available in Australia.
* [http://www.pumpkinnook.com/howto/variety.htm Pumpkins - Lots and lots of Varieties!] - American pumpkin varieties, arranged by species.
* [http://vegbox-recipes.co.uk/ingredients/pumpkin.php#recipes Pumpkin Recipes] - Recipe suggestions for pumpkins.
*[http://www.canucarve.com Pumpkin Carving]


[[Category:Football in Portugal]]
[[Category:Vegetable-like fruits]]
[[Category:Portuguese Liga]]
[[Category:Crops originating from the Americas]]
[[Category:1996-97 domestic football (soccer) leagues]]
[[Category:Cucurbitaceae]]
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[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]
[[Category:1997 in football (soccer)]]
[[Category:Squashes and pumpkins|*]]
[[Category:Halloween food]]
[[Category:Staple foods]]
[[Category:Native crops of Mexico]]


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Revision as of 03:41, 11 October 2008

For other uses, see Pumpkin (disambiguation).

Pumpkin is a gourd-like squash of the genus Cucurbita and the family Cucurbitaceae (which also includes gourds).[1] It is a common name of or can refer to cultivars of any one of the following species: Cucurbita pepo, Cucurbita mixta, Cucurbita maxima, and Cucurbita moschata.

Description

The word pumpkin originates from the word pepon, which is Greek for “large melon.” The French adapted this word to pompon, which the British changed to pompion and later American colonists changed that to the word we use today, “pumpkin.” [2] The origin of pumpkins is not known, although pumpkins are thought to have originated in North America. The oldest evidence, pumpkin-related seeds dating between 7000 and 5500 B.C., were found in Mexico.[3][4] Pumpkins are a squash-like fruit that range in size (less than 1 pound (0.45 kilograms) to over 1,000 pounds (453.59 kilograms)), shape, color, and appearance (smooth or ribbed).[5]

Since some squash share the same botanical classifications as pumpkins, the names are frequently used interchangeably. In general, pumpkins have stems which are firmer, more rigid, pricklier, have a +/- 5 degree angle, and are squarer in shape than squash stems, which are generally softer, more rounded, and more flared where joined to the fruit.[6] [7]

Pumpkins generally weigh 9–18 lbs (4–8 kg) with the largest (of the species C. maxima) capable of reaching a weight of over 75 lbs (34 kg).[8] The pumpkin varies greatly in shape, ranging from oblate through oblong. The rind is smooth and usually lightly ribbed.[8] Although pumpkins are usually orange or yellow,[7] some fruits are dark green, pale green, orange-yellow, white, red and gray.[9]

Pumpkins are monoecious, having both male and female flowers, the latter distinguished by the small ovary at the base of the petals. These bright and colorful flowers have extremely short life spans and may only open for as short a time as one day. The color of pumpkins is derived from the orange pigments abundant in them. The main nutrients are lutein, and both alpha and beta carotene, the latter of which generates vitamin A in the body.[citation needed]

Taxonomy

A pumpkin stem

Pumpkin is the fruit of the species Cucurbita pepo or Cucurbita mixta . It can refer to a specific variety of the species Cucurbita maxima or Cucurbita moschata, which are all of the genus Cucurbita and the family Cucurbitaceae.[1]

Distribution and Habitation

Pumpkins are grown all around the world for a variety of reasons ranging from agricultural purposes (such as animal feed) to commercial and ornamental sales.[10] Out of the seven continents, only Antarctica is unable to produce pumpkins; the biggest international producers of pumpkins include the United States, Mexico, India, and China. [11][12] The pumpkin capital of the world is Morton, Illinois.[13] The traditional American pumpkin is the Connecticut Field variety.[14]

Although native to the Western hemisphere, pumpkins are cultivated in North America, continental Europe, Australia, New Zealand, India, and some other countries.[citation needed] The pumpkin is the state fruit of New Hampshire.

Ecology

Cultivation in the US

Main article: Pumpkin cultivation
Pumpkins growing in a field
Pumpkin Field

As one of the most popular crops in the United States, 1.5 billion pounds (680,388,555 kilograms) of pumpkins are produced each year.[15] The top pumpkin-producing states in the U.S. include Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and California.[16] Pumpkins are a warm-weather crop that is usually planted in early July. The specific conditions necessary for growing pumpkins require that soil temperatures three inches (7.62 centimeters) deep are at least 60 degrees Fahrenheit and soil that holds water well. Pumpkin crops may suffer if there is a lack of water or because of cold temperatures (in this case, below 65 degrees; frost can be detrimental), and sandy soil or soil with poor water filtration. Pumpkins are, however, rather hardy, and even if many leaves and portions of the vine are removed or damaged, the plant can very quickly re-grow secondary vines to replace what was removed.[17]

Pumpkins produce both a male and female flower; honeybees play a significant role in fertilization. [18]Pumpkins have historically been pollinated by the native squash bee Peponapis pruinosa, but this bee has declined, probably due to pesticide sensitivity, and today most commercial plantings are pollinated by honeybees. One hive per acre (4,000 m² per hive) is recommended by the United States of America (US) Department of Agriculture. If there are inadequate bees for pollination, gardeners often have to hand pollinate. Inadequately pollinated pumpkins usually start growing but abort before full development. An opportunistic fungus is also sometimes blamed for abortions.

Giant Pumpkins

The largest pumpkins are Cucurbita maxima. They were cultivated from the hubbard squash genotype, crossed with kabocha-pumpkin types by enthusiast farmers through intermittent effort since the early 1800s. As such germplasm is commercially provocative, a U.S. legal right was granted for the rounder phenotypes, levying them as constituting a variety, with the appellation "Atlantic Giant." Eventually this phenotype graduated back into the public domain, except now it had the name Atlantic Giant on its record (see USDA PVP # 8500204).

“Weigh-off” competitions for giant pumpkins are a popular festival activity. 460 pounds held the world record for the largest pumpkin until 1981 when Howard Dill(of Nova Scotia) broke the record with a pumpkin near 500 pounds. Dill patented the seeds used to grow this giant pumpkin, deeming them Dill’s Atlantic Giant seeds, and drawing growers from around the world. Howard Dill is accredited for all of the giant pumpkins today, most of which are borne from crossing and re-crossing his patented seed with other varieties. [19] By 1994 the Giant Pumpkin crossed the 1000 pound mark. In September 2007, Joe Jutras (of Rhode Island) obtained the title of world’s largest pumpkin with a 1,689 pound, cream colored fruit.[20] He is currently said to be working on producing a giant orange pumpkin, as orange pumpkins tend to be smaller and have thinner shells, but are more desirable in appearance. [21]

Uses

Cooking

Pumpkin, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy56 kJ (13 kcal)
6.5 g
Sugars1.36 g
Dietary fiber0.5 g
0.1 g
Saturated0.05 g
Monounsaturated0.01 g
Polyunsaturated0.01 g
1.0 g
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
41%
369 μg
29%
3100 μg
Thiamine (B1)
4%
0.05 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
8%
0.110 mg
Niacin (B3)
4%
0.6 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
6%
0.298 mg
Vitamin B6
4%
0.061 mg
Folate (B9)
4%
16 μg
Vitamin C
10%
9 mg
Vitamin E
7%
1.06 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
2%
21 mg
Iron
4%
0.8 mg
Magnesium
3%
12 mg
Phosphorus
4%
44 mg
Potassium
11%
340 mg
Sodium
0%
1 mg
Zinc
3%
0.32 mg
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[22] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[23]

Pumpkins are very versatile in their uses for cooking, from the fleshy shell, to the seeds, to even the flowers, most parts of the pumpkin are edible. Traditionally, pumpkin is a very popular Halloween and Thanksgiving staple. Although most people use store bought canned pumpkin, home-made pumpkin puree can serve the same purpose. [24]

When ripe, the pumpkin can be boiled, baked, steamed, or roasted. Often, it is made into various kinds of pie which is a traditional staple of the Canadian and American Thanksgiving holiday. Pumpkins that are still small and green may be eaten in the same way as the vegetable marrow/zucchini. Pumpkins can also be eaten mashed or incorporated into soup. In the Middle East, pumpkin is used for sweet dishes; a well-known sweet delicacy is called halawa yaqtin. In South Asian countries like India, pumpkin is cooked with butter, sugar, and spices; this dish is called kadu ka halwa. In Guangxi province, China, the leaves of the pumpkin plant are consumed as a cooked vegetable or in soups. In Australia, pumpkin is often roasted in conjunction with other vegetables. In Japan, small pumpkins are served in savory dishes, including tempura. In Thailand, small pumpkins are steamed with custard inside and served as a dessert. In Italy it can be used, with cheeses, as a savory stuffing for ravioli. And also, pumpkin can be used to flavor both alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages.

Pumpkin extract

East China Normal University research on type-1 diabetic rats, published in July 2007, suggests that chemical compounds found in pumpkin promote regeneration of damaged pancreatic cells in, resulting in increased bloodstream insulin levels. According to the research team leader, pumpkin extract may be "a very good product for pre-diabetic people, as well as those who already have diabetes", possibly reducing or eliminating the need for insulin injections for some type-1 diabetics. It is unknown whether pumpkin extract has any effect on diabetes mellitus type 2, as it was not the subject of the study.[25]

Pumpkin seeds

Main article: Pepita

Pumpkin seeds, also known as pepitas, are small, flat, green, edible seeds. Most pumpkin seeds are covered by a white husk, although some pumpkin varieties produce seeds without them. Pumpkin seeds are a popular snack that can be found hulled or semi-hulled at most grocery stores, however, roasting pumpkin seeds (usually scooped out of jack-o-lanterns) is a popular Halloween treat. Pumpkin seeds have many health benefits, some of which include a good source of protein, zinc and other vitamins, and are even said to lower cholesterol. [26] One gram of pumpkin seed protein contains as much tryptophan as a full glass of milk.[27]

Pumpkin seed oil

Main article: Pumpkin seed oil

Pumpkin seed oil is a thick, green oil that is produced from roasted pumpkin seeds. When used for cooking or as a salad dressing, pumpkin seed oil is generally mixed with other oils because of its robust flavor. [28] It is used in cooking in central and eastern Europe, and long believed to be a folk remedy for prostate problems, has in fact been shown to combat benign prostatic hyperplasia.[29]

Activities involving pumpkins

Halloween

A pumpkin carved into a Jack-o'-lantern for Halloween.

Pumpkins are commonly carved into decorative lanterns called jack-o'-lanterns for the Halloween season in North America. Throughout Britain and Ireland, there is a long tradition of carving lanterns from vegetables, particularly the turnip, mangelwurzel, or swede.[30] But not until 1837 does jack-o'-lantern appear as a term for a carved vegetable lantern,[31] and the carved lantern does not become associated specifically with Halloween until 1866.[32] Significantly, both occurred not in Britain or Ireland, but in North America. Historian David J. Skal writes,

Although every modern chronicle of the holiday repeats the claim that vegetable lanterns were a time-honored component of Halloween celebrations in the British Isles, none gives any primary documentation. In fact, none of the major nineteenth-century chronicles of British holidays and folk customs make any mention whatsoever of carved lanterns in connection with Halloween. Neither do any of the standard works of the early twentieth century.[33]

In America, the carved pumpkin was first associated with the harvest season in general, long before it became an emblem of Halloween.[34]

Chucking

Pumpkin chucking is a competitive activity in which teams build various mechanical devices designed to throw a pumpkin as far as possible. Catapults, trebuchets, ballistas and air cannons are the most common mechanisms. Some pumpkin chuckers breed and grow special varieties of pumpkin under specialized conditions in order to improve the pumpkin's chances of surviving a throw.

Pumpkin festivals and competitions

Competitive Weight Pumpkins

Pumpkin growers often compete to see whose pumpkins are the most massive. Festivals are often dedicated to the pumpkin and these competitions.

Circleville, Ohio, holds a big festival each year, the Circleville Pumpkin Show. Half Moon Bay, California, holds the annual Pumpkin and Arts Festival, drawing over 250,000 visitors each year and including the World Champion Pumpkin Weigh-Off.[35] Farmers from all over the west compete to determine who can grow the greatest gourd.[36] The winning pumpkin regularly tops the scale at more than 1200 pounds. The world record pumpkin in 2007 was 1689 pounds, grown by Joe Jutras in Topsfield, Massachusetts.[20]

Morton, Illinois, the self-declared pumpkin capital of the world,[37] has held a Pumpkin Festival since 1966. The town, where Nestlé's pumpkin packing plant is located (and where 90% of canned pumpkins eaten in the US are processed) carved and lit pumpkins in one place, a record which the town held for several years before losing it to Boston, Massachusetts in 2006. A large contributor of pumpkins to the Keene Pumpkin Fest in New Hampshire is local Keene State College, which hosts an event called "Pumpkin Lobotomy" on their main quad. Usually held the day before the festival itself, Pumpkin Lobotomy has the air of a large party, with the school providing pumpkins and carving instruments alike (though some students prefer to use their own) and music provided by college radio station, WKNH.

Folklore

There seems to be a connection in folklore and popular culture between pumpkins and the supernatural. Famous examples include:

  • The story of Cinderella, in which the fairy godmother turns a pumpkin into a carriage, but it later reverts to a pumpkin.
  • A commonplace motif of people being turned into pumpkins by witches.
  • The Jack-o-lantern custom discussed above, which connects to Halloween lore about warding off demons.
  • The legend of the Great Pumpkin in the Peanuts stories.
  • The short story Pumpkin Juice by R. L. Stine, in which juice from a pumpkin has magical effects.
  • The Harry Potter witch-school stories, in which pumpkin juice as a favorite drink of the Hogworth pupils is a recurring element.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pumpkin.

Gallery

  • Pumpkin attached to a stalk
    Pumpkin attached to a stalk
  • Common "Giant" Pumpkin variety
    Common "Giant" Pumpkin variety
  • Immature Female Pumpkin Flower
    Immature Female Pumpkin Flower
  • Male Pumpkin Flower (Open)
    Male Pumpkin Flower (Open)
  • Painted mini pumpkins on display in Ottawa, Canada
    Painted mini pumpkins on display in Ottawa, Canada
  • A few of the tens of thousands of pumpkins on display at the 2000 Keene Pumpkin Fest
    A few of the tens of thousands of pumpkins on display at the 2000 Keene Pumpkin Fest

References

  1. ^ a b Integrated Taxonomic Information System
  2. ^ The Pumpkin Patch. 2007. Halloween Online. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://www.pumpkin-patch.com>.
  3. ^ The Pumpkin Patch. 2007. Halloween Online. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://www.pumpkin-patch.com>.
  4. ^ "Pumpkin." The Columbia Encyclopedia. 2004. Credo Reference. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://www.credoreference.com/entry/4294972>.
  5. ^ Michael, Orsolek D., George L. Greaser, and Jayson K. Harper. "Pumpkin Production." Agricultural Alternatives (2000). Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://agalternatives.psu.edu/crops/pumpkin/pumpkin.pdf>.
  6. ^ cucurbitaceae. (1995). In Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia (8th ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
  7. ^ a b pumpkin. (1992). In The Encyclopedia Americana International Edition. Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier Incorporated.
  8. ^ a b pumpkin. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061895.
  9. ^ Pumpkin Nook: Color Me Pumpkin.
  10. ^ Wolford, Ron, and Drusilla Banks. Pumpkins and More. 2008. University of Illinois Extension. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/pumpkins>.
  11. ^ '"The Pumpkin Patch'," 2007. Halloween Online. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://www.pumpkin-patch.com>.
  12. ^ "Pumpkin Seeds." World's Healthiest Foods. 2008. The George Mateljan Foundation. 11 Feb. 2008 <http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=food&spicedbid=82#healthbenefits>.
  13. ^ "The Pumpkin Patch," 2007. Halloween Online. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://www.pumpkin-patch.com>.
  14. ^ The Pumpkin Patch. 2007. Halloween Online. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://www.pumpkin-patch.com>.
  15. ^ Michael, Orsolek D., George L. Greaser, and Jayson K. Harper. "Pumpkin Production." Agricultural Alternatives (2000). Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, 19 Feb. 2008 <http://agalternatives.psu.edu/crops/pumpkin/pumpkin.pdf>.
  16. ^ Wolford, Ron, and Drusilla Banks. Pumpkins and More. 2008. University of Illinois Extension. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/pumpkins>.
  17. ^ Michael, Orsolek D., George L. Greaser, and Jayson K. Harper. "Pumpkin Production." Agricultural Alternatives (2000). Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. 19 Feb. 2008 <http://agalternatives.psu.edu/crops/pumpkin/pumpkin.pdf>.
  18. ^ Michael, Orsolek D., George L. Greaser, and Jayson K. Harper. "Pumpkin Production." Agricultural Alternatives (2000). Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, 19 Feb. 2008 <http://agalternatives.psu.edu/crops/pumpkin/pumpkin.pdf>.
  19. ^ Raver, Anne. "In the Pumpkin Patch, an Orange Thumb." New York Times 18 Oct. 2007, sec. F: 6.
  20. ^ a b Joe Jutras' 2007 world record pumpkin
  21. ^ Raver, Anne. "In the Pumpkin Patch, an Orange Thumb." New York Times 18 Oct. 2007, sec. F: 6.
  22. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  23. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154.
  24. ^ Roberts, Tammy. "The Many Uses of Pumpkin." Food & Fitness 7 Aug. 2006. 10 Feb. 2008 <http://www.missourifamilies.org/features/nutritionarticles/nut107.htm>.
  25. ^ "Pumpkin May Cut Injections for Diabetes". Daily Telegraph. London, UK: Telegraph Group. 9 July 2007. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
  26. ^ "Pumpkin Seeds." World's Healthiest Foods. 2008. The George Mateljan Foundation. 11 Feb. 2008 <http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=food&spicedbid=82#healthbenefits>.
  27. ^ "New Study Demonstrates Treatment of Anxiety Disorders using Pumpkin Seed"
  28. ^ Tyler Herbst, Sharon. The New Food Lover's Companion. 3rd ed. Barron_ 2001. Pumpkin Seed Oil. 14 Feb. 2008 <http://www.credoreference.coom/entry/5068383>.
  29. ^ World's Healthiest Foods
  30. ^ They continue to be popular choices today as carved lanterns in Scotland and Northern Ireland, although the British purchased a million pumpkins for Halloween in 2004. "Pumpkins Passions", BBC, 31 October 2005. Retrieved on 19 October 2006. "Turnip battles with pumpkin for Hallowe'en", BBC, 28 October 2005. Retrieved 23 September 2007.
  31. ^ Nathaniel Hawthorne, "The Great Carbuncle," in Twice-Told Tales, 1837:
    Hide it [the great carbuncle] under thy cloak, say'st thou? Why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack-o'-lantern!
  32. ^ Daily News (Kingston, Ontario), November 1, 1866:
    The old time custom of keeping up Hallowe'en was not forgotten last night by the youngsters of the city. They had their maskings and their merry-makings, and perambulated the streets after dark in a way which was no doubt amusing to themselves. There was a great sacrifice of pumpkins from which to make transparent heads and face, lighted up by the unfailing two inches of tallow candle.
    Agnes Carr Sage, "Halloween Sports and Customs," Harper's Young People, October 27, 1885, p. 828:
    It is an ancient Scottish custom to light great bonfires on Halloween, and carry blazing fagots about on long poles; but in place of this American boys delight in the funny grinning jack-o'-lanterns made of huge yellow pumpkins with a candle inside.
  33. ^ Skal, David J. (2002). Death Makes a Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween. New York: Bloomsbury. p. 32. ISBN 1-58234-230-X. The earliest reference to associate carved vegetable lanterns with Halloween in Britain is Ruth Edna Kelley, The Book of Hallowe'en (1919), Chapter 8, which mentions turnip lanterns in Scotland.
  34. ^ As late as 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o'-lantern as part of the festivities which encourages kids and families to join together to make their own jack-o-lanterns. "The Day We Celebrate: Thanksgiving Treated Gastronomically and Socially," The New York Times, Nov. 24, 1895, p. 27. "Odd Ornaments for Table," The New York Times, Oct. 21, 1900, p. 12.
  35. ^ [1]History of Half Moon Bay Pumpkin Festival
  36. ^ [2]Gargantuan Gourd Weigh-Off
  37. ^ Morton Pumpkin Festival

External links

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