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{{For2|the adjacent city|[[Dujiangyan City]]}}
[[Image:Mary Sydney Herbert.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Mary Herbert née Sidney, by [[Nicholas Hilliard]], c. 1590]]
'''Mary Herbert, Countess of Pembroke''' née '''Mary Sidney''' ([[27 October]] [[1561]] – [[25 September]] [[1621]]), was one of the first [[England|English]] women to achieve a major reputation for her [[literary]] works, [[translation]]s and literary patronage.


{{Infobox World Heritage Site
==Family==
| Coordinates = {{coord|31|0|6.012|N|103|36|19.008|E}}
Born at Tickenhill, [[Bewdley]], in 1561, she was one of the three daughters of [[Henry Sidney|Sir Henry Sidney]] and Lady Mary Sidney née Dudley. Her mother came from the highest nobility, being the daughter of [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland|John Dudley]], Duke of Northumberland and High Protector of [[England]] under [[Edward VI]] and was the eldest sister of [[Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester]], favourite of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]]. Mary Dudley is known to have written poetry. A year after her daughter Mary's birth, Mary Sidney (née Dudley) nursed Queen Elizabeth I through smallpox and was herself severely disfigured. Though her husband, Sir Henry Sidney, never repudiated her, she often lived separately from her family.
| WHS = [[Mount Qingcheng]] and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System
| Image = [[Image:Dujiang Weir.jpg|260px|Dujiangyan Irrigation System]]
| State Party = [[Image:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|22px]] [[People's Republic of China|China]]
| Type = Cultural
| Criteria = ii, iv, vi
| ID = 1001
| Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia and Australasia|Asia-Pacific]]
| Year = 2000
| Session = 24th
| Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1001
}}


{{Contains Chinese text}}
After the death of her sister, Ambrosia, at [[Ludlow Castle]] in 1576, fifteen year old Mary Sidney, as the only surviving Sidney daughter, was summoned to London by the Queen to be one of her noble attendants. In 1577, the [[Earl of Leicester]], Robert Dudley arranged his niece's marriage to close ally, [[Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke]], then in his mid forties. At seventeen, Mary became the mistress of [[Wilton House]] near [[Salisbury]] and [[Baynard's Castle]] in [[London]]. Mary had four children, the first of whom, [[William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke]] (1580–1630), is possibly the young man described in [[Shakespeare]]'s Sonnets. The other surviving child, [[Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke|Philip]], became the 4th Earl of Pembroke on his brother's death in 1630. Mary Sidney's sons are the "Incomparable Pair", to whom [[William Shakespeare]]'s [[First Folio]] is dedicated. At different times, both were patrons of the [[King's Men (playing company)|King's Men]], Shakespeare's acting troupe.


'''Dujiangyan''' ({{zh-stp|s=都江堰|t=都江堰|p=Dūjiāngyàn}}) is an [[irrigation]] infra-structure built in 256 BC during the [[Warring States Period]] of [[China]] by the Kingdom of [[Qin (state)|Qin]]. It is located in the [[Min River (Sichuan)|Min River]] (岷江, Mínjiāng) in [[Sichuan]] Province, [[PR China]], near the capital [[Chengdu]] (成都, Chéngdu). It is still in use today and still irrigates over 5,300 square kilometers of land in the region.<ref name="zhangKan">{{cite book |title= World Heritage in China |last=Zhang |first=Kan |authorlink= |coauthors=Hu Changshu |year=2006 |publisher=The Press of South China University of Technology |location=Guangzhou |isbn=7-5623-2390-9 |pages=95-103}}</ref>
==Life and work==
Mary Sidney was highly educated by tutors, who included a female Italian teacher. Like her learned aunt [[Jane Grey]], she was educated in the Reformed humanist tradition. In the 16th century, noblewomen required a good understanding of theological issues and were taught to read original texts. Mary was also schooled in poetry, music, French, the Classics, possibly in [[Hebrew]] and [[rhetoric]], in needlework and practical medicine. She later translated [[Petrarch]]'s "Triumph of Death" and many other European works. She had a keen interest in chemistry and set up a chemistry laboratory at [[Wilton House]], run by [[Walter Raleigh]]'s half-brother. She turned Wilton into a "paradise for poets", known as "[[The Wilton Circle]]" which included [[Edmund Spenser]], [[Michael Drayton]], [[Sir John Davies]] and [[Samuel Daniel]], a salon-type literary group sustained by the Countess's hospitality. Her aim was to banish barbarism (an aim she shared with [[John Florio]]), by strengthening and classicising the English language and also by practising "true religion", which, in her view, combined Calvinism, devotion to [[Jesus Christ|Christ]] and acts of charity. She propagated Italian culture and literature. She was herself a [[Calvinist]] theologian. Her public persona (at least) was pious, virtuous and learned. She was celebrated for her singing of the [[psalms]], her warmth, charm and beauty. In private, she was witty and, some reported, flirtatious. She ran safehouses for French reformed refugees.


==History==
Mary Sidney was younger sister and disciple to the poet, courtier and soldier [[Philip Sidney|Sir Philip Sidney]] who was for some time, the heir of both [[Ambrose Dudley]], Earl of Warwick and [[Robert Dudley]], Earl of Leicester, brothers to [[Guildford Dudley]], husband of the [[Jane Grey|Lady Jane Grey]], who were regarded as Reformed martyrs, not just by the Dudley family, but by the reformed Protestant party. [[Philip Sidney]] was being prepared to be leader of the Protestant party at Court and supported the founding of a Protestant "empire" which would include the New World (North America) to counterbalance the threat of Catholic and Spanish domination. Mary Sidney financially supported the explorations of [[Frobisher]]. Her son [[William Herbert]] was a funder and supporter of New World explorations: there is a river in the US named after Pembroke.
===Planning===
During the [[Warring States]] period, around 2,300 years ago, the people who lived along the banks of the [[Min River (Sichuan)|Min River]] were plagued by annual flooding. [[Qin (state)|Qin]] governor [[Li Bing]] (李冰，Lǐ Bīng) investigated the problem and discovered that the river was swelled by the fast flowing spring melt-water from the local mountains that burst the banks when it reached the slow moving and heavily silted stretch below.<ref name="tctIntro1">{{cite web | url = http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html | title = Dujiangyan Irrigation System | accessdate = April 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = travelchinatour.com | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = More than 2,000 years ago, Li Bing (c.250-200 BC) served as a local governor of Shu State. At that time, the Mingjiang River flowed fast down from mountains. As it ran across the Chengdu Plain, it frequently flooded the Chengdu agricultural area, and local farmers suffered much from the water disaster. Li Bing and his son designed this water control system and organized thousands of local people to construct the project.}}</ref>


The most obvious solution would have been to build a [[dam]] but Li Bing had also been charged with keeping the waterway open for military vessels to supply troops on the frontier,<ref name="anuTaming1">{{cite web | url = http://www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org/features.php?searchterm=001_water.inc&issue=001 | title = Taming the Floodwaters | accessdate = April 22 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = China Heritage Project | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = The Australian National University | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = Li Bing was commissioned to conduct an extensive hydraulic survey to regulate the unpredictable course of the swiftly flowing spring-thaw waters of the Min River that regularly flooded areas and settlements on the plains around Chengdu, and simultaneously ensure that the Min River had a fairway flow through Chengdu, facilitating navigation by military vessels that could service Qin's logistical supply lines.}}</ref> so instead he preposed to construct an artificial levee to redirect a portion of the river's flow and then to cut a channel through Mount Yulei to discharge the excess water upon the dry [[Chengdu Plain]] beyond.<ref name="anuTaming2">{{cite web | url = http://www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org/features.php?searchterm=001_water.inc&issue=001 | title = Taming the Floodwaters | accessdate = April 22 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = China Heritage Project | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = The Australian National University | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = By 270 BCE he had drawn up plans to mitigate the Min River's floodwaters for year-round irrigation on the Chengdu Plain and navigability to Chengdu. The original plan called for the construction of weirs or levees to harness the Min River at Dujiangyan, where the hills meet the Chengdu Plain, and of a diversion channel to irrigate the plain that would cut straight through the natural barrier posed by Mount Jian.}}</ref>
After the death of her sister Ambrosia, the Countess appears to have been devoted to her brother [[Sir Philip Sidney]]. Mary was a natural cultural catalyst. She had a gift of inspiring creativity in all those around her, including her circle, relatives and servants. Philip wrote much of his "Arcadia" in her presence. [[Philip Sidney]] was engaged in preparing a new English version of the Book of [[Psalms]] (because the translations under [[Edward VI]] were deficient). He had completed 43 of the 150 Psalms at the time of his death during a military campaign against the Spanish in the [[Netherlands]] in 1586.


===Construction===
Mary Sidney took on the task of amplifying and editing his "Arcadia" which was published as ''[[Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia|The Countesse of Pembroke's Arcadia]]'', one of the most widely read books for the next 300 years. She also finished Philip's translation of the Psalms (which are sung unaccompanied in Calvinist worship), composing Psalms 44-150 on her own poetry, using the 1560 [[Geneva Bible]] and commentaries by [[John Calvin]] and [[Theodore Beza]]. As a competent theologian, she was unafraid to disagree with Calvin on minor points. A copy of the completed book was presented to [[Elizabeth I]] of England in 1599. This work is usually referred to as "[[The Sidney Psalms]]" or "The Sidneian Psalms" and is regarded as an important influence on the development of English poetry in the late 16th and early 17th century. [[John Donne]] wrote a poem in celebration of them. The Psalms were drawn from previous English translations rather than original Hebrew texts and are therefore properly called "metaphrases" rather than translations. Like Philip's, Mary Sidney's versions use a wide variety of poetic forms and display a vivid imagination and vigorous phrasing.
Li Bing received 100,000 taels of silver for the project from [[King Zhao of Qin]] and set to work with a team said to number tens of thousands. The levee was constructed from long sausage-shaped basket of woven [[bamboo]] filled with stones known as Zhulong<ref name="disZhulong1">{{cite news | first = | last = | authorlink = | author = | coauthors = | title = Zhulong | url = | format = | work = | publisher = Dujiangyan Irrigation System Museum | pages = | page = | date = | accessdate = | quote = It is also called Zhuluo, Zhulou, etc. which is a long sausage-shaped basket of woven bamboo filled with stones used to protect the riverbed or served as a dam. While the Dujiangyan Irrigation Project under the guidance of Li Bing, Zhulong was widely used. It was simple and cheap but effective and has been passé down from generation to generation. Even today it is still widely adopted in flood control.}}</ref> held in place by wooden tripods known as Macha.<ref name="disMacha1">{{cite news | first = | last = | authorlink = | author = | coauthors = | title = Zhulong | url = | format = | work = | publisher = Dujiangyan Irrigation System Museum | pages = | page = | date = | accessdate = | quote = They are wood tripods used to support a temporary dam to cut off a river, control flood or regulate water, etc. They are one kind of flexible convenient and effective engineering facilities.}}</ref> The massive construction took four years to complete.<ref name="anuTaming3">{{cite web | url = http://www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org/features.php?searchterm=001_water.inc&issue=001 | title = Taming the Floodwaters | accessdate = April 22 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = China Heritage Project | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = The Australian National University | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = In 268 BCE, Li Bing is said to have personally led ten of thousands of workers in the initial stage of construction on the Min River banks. The workers made bamboo cages and threw cages of rocks into the middle of the river. It took them four years to complete a water-diversion levee resembling a fish's mouth. When the water reaches Yuzui, the 'fish's mouth,' it is naturally diverted into the inner and outer flows. The inner flow is the diversion channel that leads to Chengdu.}}</ref>


Cutting the channel proved to be a far greater problem as the tools available to him at the time, prior to the invention of [[gunpowder]], were unable to penetrate the hard rock of the mountain so he used a combination of fire and water to heat and cool the rock until they cracked and could be removed.<ref name="anuTaming4">{{cite web | url = http://www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org/features.php?searchterm=001_water.inc&issue=001 | title = Taming the Floodwaters | accessdate = April 22 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = China Heritage Project | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = The Australian National University | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = Prior to the invention of gunpowder, manual labourers using only drill rods and stone hammers would have taken 30 years to cut through the mountain. Qin military planners required more immediate results, so Li Bing proposed using the expeditious and simple technology of using controlled blazes to scorch the rocks and then dousing them with cold water. The seemingly limitless forest resources of the region at that time – evidence of which is provided by the Shu kingdom period tree trunk coffins recently unearthed in downtown Chengdu – made such an option possible. King Zhao of Qin allocated 100,000 taels of silver for the project.}}</ref> After eight years of work a 20 m wide channel had been gouged through the mountain.<ref name="anuTaming5">{{cite web | url = http://www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org/features.php?searchterm=001_water.inc&issue=001 | title = Taming the Floodwaters | accessdate = April 22 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = China Heritage Project | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = The Australian National University | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = It took a further eight years to cut through the mountain, and the 20 m wide culvert allows the water to flow into the Chengdu Plain. The key part of the project was the diversion gate called Baopingkou that resembles the neck of a bottle, and through this passage, the waters of the Min River could irrigate the Chengdu Plain in perpetuo. In 256 BCE, after 14 years of arduous labour, the Dujiangyan project was completed. That, at least is one received historical account, but it is undeniable that for more than two millennia this irrigation project has been in use on the Chengdu Plain.}}</ref>
Mary's husband died in 1600. Thereafter she played a large part in managing Wilton and the other Pembroke estates, on behalf of her son, William, who entirely took over her role of literary patronage. After [[James I of England|James I]] visited her at Wilton in 1603 and was entertained by Shakespeare's company "The King's Men", Mary moved out of Wilton and rented a house in London. Though it is certain that the King's Men attended Wilton, whether [[William Shakespeare]] was with them is uncertain. However, it is reported that there was at Wilton at one time, a letter in which the Mary Sidney urges her son to attend Wilton, as "we have the man Shakespeare with us".<ref>[[F. E. Halliday]], ''A Shakespeare Companion1564&ndash;1964'', Baltimore, Penguin, 1964; p. 531.</ref> From 1609 to 1615 she lived at [[Crosby Hall]], now a private residence relocated to [[Chelsea, London]], but then located in the City of London. She may have secretly married her doctor, Sir Matthew Lister and she famously travelled to Spa on the Continent, where she relaxed by shooting pistols and played cards. She employed Italian architects to build a Bedfordshire country home with fine vistas, Houghton Hall, now in ruins, near [[Milton Keynes]]), which [[John Bunyan]] refers to in his works as the "House Beautiful".


===Legacy===
She died of [[smallpox]] at her house in [[Aldersgate Street]], London near the French Protestant Church and in the same street in which John Wesley was later converted in 1621, shortly after King James I visited her at Houghton Hall. After a grand funeral which celebrated her widely recognised literary achievements in [[St Paul's Cathedral]], her body was buried next to that of the Earl, under the steps leading to the choirstalls in [[Salisbury Cathedral]].
[[Image:Dujiangyan Irrigation System.jpg|260px|thumb|right|Dujiangyan]]
After the system was finished, no more floods occurred. The irrigation made [[Sichuan]] the most productive agricultural place in [[China]]. [[Li Bing]] was loved so much that he became a god to the people there. On the east side of Dujiangyan, people built a shrine in remembrance of [[Li Bing]].


Li Bing’s construction is also credited with giving the people of the region a laid-back attitude to life,<ref name="laTimes1">{{cite web | url = http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/columnone/la-fi-chinaparty8feb08,1,7457737.story?page=2&coll=la-headlines-columnone | title = People's Party Animals | accessdate = April 22 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = Lee | first = Don | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = 8 | year = 2006 | month = February | format = | work = | publisher = Los Angeles Times | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = [Luo Xinben, a professor at Southwest University for Nationalities] and other scholars say Chengdu's laid-back culture was spawned by its 2-millennium-old irrigation system.}}</ref> by eliminating disaster and insuring a regular and bountiful harvest it has left them with plenty of free-time.<ref name="laTimes2">{{cite web | url = http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/columnone/la-fi-chinaparty8feb08,1,7457737.story?page=2&coll=la-headlines-columnone | title = People's Party Animals | accessdate = April 22 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = Lee | first = Don | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = 8 | year = 2006 | month = February | format = | work = | publisher = Los Angeles Times | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = [Tan Jihe, a researcher at the Sichuan Provincial Academy of Social Sciences] says Du Jiang Yan, and Chengdu's fertile soil and moist air, made it easy to plant rice, corn, potatoes and a rich assortment of citrus and other fruits, giving farmers not only good harvests but also plenty of time for leisure.}}</ref>
==Assessment==
Mary Sidney's imaginative, lively and warm style is filled with "Sidneian fire", transparency and holy ardour. This ardour is apparent in 'matters of the heart', for example in the death scenes in her [[closet drama]] ''The Tragedy of Antonie'' (1592),<ref>The Countess of Pembroke's ''The Tragedy of Antonie'' was a translation of the French play ''[[Marc-Antoine]]'' (1578) by [[Robert Garnier]]; it was completed in 1590 and first published in 1592. [[Samuel Daniel]] also wrote a [[closet drama]] on the same subject shortly afterwards, ''The Tragedy of Cleopatra'' (1594). Both dramas portray the lovers as "heroic victims of their own passionate excesses and remorseless destiny" (David Bevington, Introduction to ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) p.7. ISBN 0521272505).</ref> which [[William Shakespeare]] may have used as source material for his ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'' (1607), as well as in her poetic masterpiece "The Psalms of David", which describes the pain of an earthly existence in the light of the divine comfort of 'grace'. The Psalms, which she considered her memorial, lack the weighty dignity of the Psalms of the [[Authorised Version]] (which was the crown of thirty years effort to forge English into a vehicle fit for theology). Mary's versions, though, have delightful and felicitous poetic forms and expressions. Her influence--through literary patronage, through her brother's works, through her own her poetry, drama, translations and theology (e.g. she translated [[Philippe de Mornay]]'s ''Discourse of Life and Death'' to strengthen the international reformed community--cannot be easily quantified; it is clear that she had a strong influence on some of the finest literary fruits of the [[English Renaissance]].


Today, Dujiangyan has become a major tourist attraction. It is also the admiration of scientists around the world, because it has one ingenious feature. Unlike contemporary [[dams]] where the water is blocked with a huge wall, Dujiangyan still lets water go through naturally. Modern [[dams]] do not let fish go through very well, since each dam is a wall and the water levels are different. In 2000, Dujiangyan became a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].
Her poetic [[epitaph]], which is ascribed to [[Ben Jonson]] but which is more likely to have been written in an earlier form by poets [[William Browne]] and [[William Herbert]] (Mary's son), summarizes how she was regarded in her own day:
<blockquote>Underneath this sable hearse,<p>Lies the subject of all verse,<p>Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother.<p>Death, ere thou hast slain another<p>Fair and learned and good as she,<p>Time shall throw a dart at thee.</blockquote>


===2008 Sichuan earthquake===
Mary, Countess of Pembroke was the most gifted woman writer of the English Renaissance, much praised, on her death by many, including poet [[Emilia Lanier|Aemilia Lanier]]. She was the aunt of poet [[Mary Wroth|Lady Mary Wroth]] (the daughter of her brother, Henry Sidney, Earl of Leicester). She also influenced the religious writing of the divine and poet [[George Herbert]] (her sons' first cousin).
{{main|2008 Sichuan earthquake}}
On [[May 12]], [[2008]] a massive earthquake centred on the Dujiangyan area struck. Initial reports indicate that the Yuzui Levee was cracked but not severely damaged<ref name="reliefWeb">{{citenews|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/KHII-7EMA3N?OpenDocument&RSS20=03 |title=China quake weakens Sichuan dams, cuts off river|author=Hornby, Lucy|publisher=Relief Web|accessdate=2008-05-14}}</ref> while the Two Kings Temple was levelled.<ref name="shanghaiDaily">{{citenews|url=http://www.shanghaidaily.com/sp/article/2008/200805/20080514/article_359528.htm |title=Most historical relics survive Sichuan quake|author= Chen, Lydia|publisher=Shanghai Daily|accessdate=2008-05-14}}</ref>


==Engineering Constructions==
==Shakespearean authorship question==
[[Image:Yuzui1.jpg|260px|thumb|right|Fish Mouth Levee]]
A theory that Mary Sidney wrote the sonnets and some of the poetry and plays attributed to [[William Shakespeare]] has been revived by independent American scholar [[Robin Williams (writer)|Robin P. Williams]].<ref>Robin P. Williams - ''Sweet Swan of Avon: did a woman write Shakespeare?'' Wilton Press, 2006. Illustrated by John Tollett. ISBN 978-0321426406</ref> According to Williams, Mary Sidney had the motive, means and opportunity to write the plays. This is one among many [[Shakespearean authorship question|alternative authorship theories]] which Samuel Shoenbaum's work has shown were originally fueled in the 19th century, by a lack of knowledge about the curriculum in Elizabethan grammar schools. Mary's erudite brother, Sir Philip Sidney, attended Shrewsbury Grammar School and recently, scholars have demonstrated that Elizabethan grammar schools, like Stratford-upon-Avon's, provided a high level of classical education. The Sidney children were offered an extensive education at home. Computer analysis of Shakepearean language has Warwickshire words and imagery from kitchen gardens. An in-depth analysis of imagery (which in Shakespeare is concrete and homespun) will be part of interesting research. In the Sonnets, the author may be heard lamenting the use of the same poetic form. Mary Sidney's natural taste is for a very extensive variety of verse forms. [[Aemilia Lanier]] writes about Mary Sidney making others famous.
===Irrigation Head===
Li Bing’s Irrigation System consists of three main constructions that work in harmony with one another to ensure against flooding and keep the fields well supplied with water.


'''Yuzui''' or '''Fish Mouth Levee''', named for its conical head that is said to resemble the mouth of a fish, is the key part of Li Bing’s construction. It is an artificial [[levee]] that divides the water into inner and outer streams.<ref name="tctFishMouth1">{{cite web | url = http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-2.html | title = At The Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam | accessdate = April 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = travelchinatour.com | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = The Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam is built in the middle of the river. It is the main part of Dujiangyan Irrigation system. The Fish mouth functions to divide the river into an inner canal and an outer canal. Long ago, when Li Ping worked as the local governor of the Shu State, he found the old river canal was too narrow to hold much water, which often overflowed the banks and caused disastrous floods. Based on natural geographic conditions, Li Bing organized the people to build a man-made dam. The whole dam looks like a fish, and the front dam has a circular cone shaped like a fish mouth.}}</ref> The inner stream carries approximately 40%, rising to 60% during flood, of the river’s flow into the irrigation system whilst that outer stream drains away the rest, flushing out much of the silt and sediment.<ref name="tctFishMouth2">{{cite web | url = http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-2.html | title = At The Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam | accessdate = April 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = travelchinatour.com | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = It is the dam that diverts water into the outer canal and the inner canal. The inner water canal functions as the main stream for irrigation purposes; the outer river is mainly used to drain excessive water and sand. During flood seasons the inner canal holds 60 percent of the water in the river, and 40 percent of the water flows into the outer river. It is vice versa in dry seasons. About 80 percent of the silt is carried away along the outer river.}}</ref>
Mary Sidney has been called a predominantly lyric poet, translator and religious writer, interested in morality and divine learning, filled with "Sidneian fire" as mentioned above. Shakespeare's focus can be said to be on dramatic, psychoanalytical and poetic representations of the twists of human personality, with a focus on evil, violence, love, murder, bonding, sexual passion and on "the concrete surface of the earth". Some have said [[Shakespeare]]'s main inspiration was [[Ovid]] and there is extensive knowledge of the [[Bible]], Italian literature, and the [[Classics]]. William [[Shakespeare]] and Mary Sidney may have met and known one another. He had clearly read her plays and translations. Mary Sidney's secretary, Sir John Davies penned a poem on William Shakespeare. It is one of the most complimentary pictures of the playwright, calling him a companion "fit for a king" and a "king among the lower sort" thanks to his "reigning wit".


'''Feishayan''' or '''Flying Sand Weir''' has a 200 m-wide opening that connects the inner and outer streams.<ref name="tctFlyingSandFence1">{{cite web | url = http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-2.html | title = At the Flying Sand Fence | accessdate = April 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = travelchinatour.com | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = The water flows along the inner canal towards the Bottle-Neck Channel. On the way it passes the Flying Sand Fence, which has a 200-meter-wide opening from south to north. The Fence joins the inner and outer canals. The fence functions to control the flow of water and discharge excess into the outer canal from the inner canal.}}</ref> This ensures against flooding by allowing the natural swirling flow of the water to drain out excess water from the inner to the outer stream. A modern reinforced [[concrete]] [[weir]] has replaced Li Bing’s original weighted bamboo baskets.<ref name="tctFlyingSandFence2">{{cite web | url = http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-2.html | title = At the Flying Sand Fence | accessdate = April 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = travelchinatour.com | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = During the dry seasons the fence doesn't work much, but when floods occur, the river rushes forward along the inner canal. As it approaches the fence, the river begins to turn fast, and soon many whirlpools are formed. The whirlpools change quickly, swee-ping away sand and pebbles, and throwing them into the outer canal. During the flood seasons, this spillway transports 80 percent of the sediments into the outer river, and at the same time excessive water flows over the Flying Sands Fence into the outer river. In ancient times, there was no cement in use. Instead, huge bamboo cages were used as the fence. They were filled with stones and pebbles. However, at present, a reinforced concrete weir has replaced the ancient fence.}}</ref>
In 2006, Canadian librarian Fred Faulkes published the first volume in ''The Tiger Heart Chronicles'' – a "narrative reconstruction of everything touching on Shakespearean history" in which he also put forward the Sidney claim.<ref>''Tiger's Heart in Woman's Hide: Volume 1'', Victoria: Trafford. ISBN 1-4251-0739-7</ref>
'''Baopingkou''' or '''Bottle-Neck Channel''', which Li Bing gouged through the mountain, is the final part of the system. The channel distributes the water to the farmlands to the west, whilst the narrow entrance, that gives it its name, works as a check gate, creating the whirlpool flow that carries away the excess water over Flying Sand Fence, to ensure against flooding.<ref name="tctBottleNeckChannel1">{{cite web | url = http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-2.html | title = At the Bottle-Neck Channel | accessdate = April 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = travelchinatour.com | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = The inner canal leads to the Bottleneck Channel, which is the entrance of the extensive irrigation system. A trunk canal cuts the mountain into two parts. The small part was later called Li Dui, which means an isolated hill. Chengdu looks like a large bottle, and the trunk canal between the mountain and the hill takes the shape of a bottleneck. During the flood seasons, the water will not overflow into the trunk canal. Instead, it flows in whirlpools into the outer canal. The trunk canal works as a check gate to safeguard the Chengdu Plain.}}</ref>


===Anlan Suspension Bridge===
==Notes==
Anlan or Couple's Bridge spans the full width of the river connecting the artificial island to both banks and is known as one of the ''Five Ancient Bridges of China''. Li Bing’s original Zhupu Bridge only spanned the inner stream connecting the levee to the foot of Mount Yulei. This was replaced in the [[Song Dynasty]] by Pingshi Bridge which burned down during the wars that marked the end of the [[Ming Dynasty]].<ref name="disAnlan1">{{cite news | first = | last = | authorlink = | author = | coauthors = | title = Anlan Bridge | url = | format = | work = | publisher = Dujiangyan Irrigation System Museum | pages = | page = | date = | accessdate = | quote = The bridge is 261 meters long across both the inner river and the outer river. It was called Zhupu Bridge in ancient times and was rebuiltin the Song Dynasty and called Pinshi Bridge. In the late Ming Dynasty(1368-1644), it was burned in a war. In the 8th year of Jiaqing Reign(1803 A.D.) of the Qing Dynasty, He Xiande ,a native, and his wife proposed rebuilding it and as a result the people on both banks could cross the raging waves in safety, hence it was called Anlan Bridge and also called Couple Bridge at that time.}}</ref>
{{reflist}}


In 1803 during the [[Qing Dynasty]] a local man named He Xiande and his wife proposed the construction of a replacement, made of wooden plates and bamboo handrails, to span both streams and this was this was nick-named Couple’s Bridge in their honour. This was replaced in 1970 by a modern bridge of reinforced concrete and steel chains that is now opened to visitors.<ref name="tctAnlan1">{{cite web | url = http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html | title = Anlan Suspension Bridge | accessdate = April 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = travelchinatour.com | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = Anlan Suspension Bridge is one of the five ancient bridges in China. The total length is 320 m. Its ancient name was called the Rope Suspension Bridge or the Bamboo and Cane Suspension Bridge. Unfortunately, a fire caused by war towards the end of the Ming dynasty destroyed the original bridge. In 1803, a new bridge was built. It was made with local bamboo rope chains, and the bridge bottom floor was replaced with wooden plates. The old bridge lasted until the 1970s when it was replaced by a steel chains bridge.}}</ref>
==Sources==
* Introduction to ''The Collected Works of Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke'', Vols 1 & 2, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1998
* Mary Sidney and Sir Philip Sidney - ''The Sidney Psalms''. Edited by R. E. Pritchard, Carcanet, Manchester, 1992.
* Margaret P. Hannay - ''Philip's Phoenix: Mary Sidney, Countess of Pembroke''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
* Margaret Patterson Hannay - "Herbert [Sidney], Mary, countess of Pembroke (1561–1621)", ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/13040, accessed 8 April 2007]
* Gary Waller - ''Mary Sidney, Countess of Pembroke: A Critical Study of Her Writings and Literary Milieu''. Salzburg: University of Salzburg Press, 1979.


==Temple Sites==
{{Bardauthor}}
===Two Kings Temple===
[[Image:Erwang Temple.JPG|thumb|The Erwang Temple at Dujiangyan]]
Erwang or Two Kings Temple is located on the bank of the river at the foot of Mount Yulei. The original Wangdi Temple built in memory of an ancient [[Shu (state)|Shu]] king was relocated and so locals renamed the temple here in honour of Li Bing and his legendary son whom they had posthumously promoted to kings.<ref name="tctErwang1">{{cite web | url = http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html | title = Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan | accessdate = April 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = travelchinatour.com | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = Erwang (Two King's) Temple was built to commemorate Li Bing and his son. Erwang means two kings. Originally, the temple was called Wangdi Temple in memory of Duyu, the king of the ancient Shu. Later Wangdi Temple was relocated in Pixian county during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. So local people renamed the temple as Chongdemiao in order to express the respect of Li Bing and his son. Chongde means the worship of virtue or reverence. During the Song Dynasty the temple was called Wangmiao, which means the king's temple. Down to the Qing Dynasty it was called Erwang Temple. People offered Li Bing and his son the posthumous title of Wang (king).}}</ref>


The 10,072m² [[Qing Dynasty]] wooden complex conforms to the traditional standard of temple design except that it does not follow a north-south axis.<ref name="tctErwang2">{{cite web | url = http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html | title = Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan | accessdate = April 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = travelchinatour.com | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = The temple complex occupies an area of 10,072 square meters. the ancient timber buildings remain similar in design and style to other ancient Chinese architecture. The broad roof, perfect decoration, strict size and traditional use of color meet in harmony with the mountaintop environment. However, the temple buildings are not placed based on the concept of the north-south axis.}}</ref> The main hall, which contains a modern statue of Li Bing,<ref name="tctErwang5">{{cite web | url = http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html | title = Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan | accessdate = April 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = travelchinatour.com | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = The main hall is devoted to Li Bing himself. The statue is newly molded. The old statue was a larger-than-life painted statue, and the figure looked like a wise scholar looking at the rushing river below. The newly molded figure has a silk map in his hand, and his eyes are bright with wisdom. It appears as if he is thinking about the blueprint of the project.}}</ref> opens up onto a courtyard facing an opera stage. On Li Bing's traditional birthday, 24th day of the 7th month of the lunar calendar,<ref name="tctErwang6">{{cite web | url = http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html | title = Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan | accessdate = April 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = travelchinatour.com | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = According to Folk tale, July 24 of the Chinese Lunar Calendar is Li Ping's birthday. On that day many local people visit the temple where they prostrate themselves before the image of Li Ping and his son and burn incense to honor them. At the same time, the beatings of drums and gongs resound to the sky as incense smoke curls upwards.}}</ref> local operas were performed for the public,<ref name="tctErwang7">{{cite web | url = http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html | title = Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan | accessdate = April 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = travelchinatour.com | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = Li Bing's hall is a compound. The hall faces an opera stage across the courtyard below, surrounded by other buildings. On July 24 of the Chinese Lunar Calendar during the Ming and Qing dynasties local operas would be performed on the stage. Many people would gather in the courtyard and watch the performance. It is said that the actors offered the performance mainly for Li Bing as a tribute for his great contribution to local people.}}</ref> and on [[Tomb Sweeping Day]] a Water Throwing Festival is held.
==External links==
====General====
* [http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/marybib.htm luminarium.org The Works of Mary (Sidney) Herbert] – for some of the original texts and Psalms
* [http://users.mhc.edu/facultystaff/nkinnamo/pembroke/MSHHomeR.htm Noel Kinnamon's website on Mary Sidney]


The rear hall contains a modern statue of the god [[Erlang Shen]] who was allegedly Li Bing’s son,<ref name="tctErwang3">{{cite web | url = http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html | title = Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan | accessdate = April 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = travelchinatour.com | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = The rear hall is devoted to Li Bing's son. His son's statue is newly molded. The figure stands firmly with a tool in his hands as if he was ready to level down mountains. Behind the statue is the Minjiang River, which serves as the background. Li Bing's son had a name called Erlang.}}</ref> but historic records fail to confirm this and it is possible that he was invented by locals to give their hero a descendent to maintain his family heritage.<ref name="tctErwang4">{{cite web | url = http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html | title = Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan | accessdate = April 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = travelchinatour.com | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = Erlang is a popular legendary figure in Chinese folk literature. In the folk stories, he has a close relationship with Li Bing. It should be pointed out that no recorded historical evidence could be found to show Erlang was Li Bing's son. In Chinese feudal society, it would be a great problem if a family had no offspring. So in ancient times, local people regarded Erlang as Li Bing's son. They sincerely wished that Li Bing would have a son so that Li's family tree would continue.}}</ref> Guanlantin Pavilion stands above the complex and is inscribed with wise words from Li Bing such as, ''When the river flows in zigzags, cut a straight channel; when the riverbed is wide and shallow, dig it deeper.''<ref name="tctErwan8">{{cite web | url = http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html | title = Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan | accessdate = April 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = travelchinatour.com | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = There is a delicate pavilion called Guanlantin. Carved characters are on both sides of stonewalls. These are quotations of how to manage the Dujiangyan Irrigation System. One of the famous inscriptions engraved on the wall is an eight-character quotation from Li Ping. It says: When the river flows in zigzags, cut a straight channel; when the riverbed is wide and shallow, dig it deeper.}}</ref>
====Shakespearean authorship question====
* [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5251226/site/newsweek/ Anne Underwood - "Was the Bard a woman?" in ''Newsweek International'', June 2004.]
* [http://www.marysidney.com Mary Sidney website by Robin P. Williams]
* [http://www.marysidneysociety.org/ Robin P. Williams's Mary Sidney Society website]
* [http://www.tiger-heart.com/ Fred Faulkes's ''Tiger Heart Chronicles'' website]


===Dragon-Taming Temple===
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sidney, Mary}}
[[Image:32302450 DuJiangYan007.jpg|thumb|]]
[[Category:1561 births]]
Fulonguan or Dragon-Taming Temple in Liudi Park was founded in the third century in honour of [[Fan Changsheng]], the [[Jin Dynasty]] founder of [[Daoism|Tianshi Daoism]]. Following Li Bing’s death a hall was established here in his honour and the temple was renamed to commemorate the dragon fighting legends that surrounded him.<ref name="tctFulonguan1">{{cite web | url = http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-2.html | title = On the way to Fulonguan (The Dragon-Taming Temple) | accessdate = April 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = travelchinatour.com | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = The Dragon-Taming Temple is located in the beautiful Lidui Park, which is close to the city. It was built in the 3rd century. Originally, it was devoted to Fan Changsheng, the founder of Tianshi Dao, one Daoist sect in the Jin Dynasty (265-420). During the Five Dynasties and Ten States, Li Bing was conferred the posthumous title called Da'anwang, and his hall was set up here in honor of him. A popular legend during the Song Dynasty was that Erwang, Li Bing's son, had subdued an evil dragon here. So the temple was renamed as the Dragon-Taming Temple accordingly.}}</ref>
[[Category:1621 deaths]]
[[Category:Women of the Tudor period]]
[[Category:Bible translators]]
[[Category:English countesses]]
[[Category:Deaths from smallpox]]
[[Category:Women writers (16th century)]]
[[Category:Women writers (17th century)]]
[[Category:English women writers]]
[[Category:English poets]]
[[Category:Renaissance writers]]
[[Category:Shakespearean authorship]]
[[Category:Women poets]]
[[Category:Translators to English]]


It is here that [[Erlang Shen]], the legendary son of [[Li Bing]], is said to have chained the dragon that he and his 7 friends had captured in an ambush at the River God Temple when it came to collect a human sacrifice. This action is said to have protected the region from floods ever since.<ref name="chengManchao">{{cite book |title= The Origin of Chinese Deities |last=Cheng Manchao |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1995 |publisher=Foreign Languages Press |location=Beijing |isbn=7-119-00030-6 |pages=170-180}}</ref>
[[de:Mary Sidney]]

During the [[East Han Dynasty]] a statue of Li Bing was place in the river to monitor the water flow, with the level rising above his shoulders to indicate flood and falling beneath his calves to indicate drought. Recovered from the river in 1974 and placed on display in the main hall, this is the oldest known stone statue of a human in China.<ref name="tctFulonguan2">{{cite web | url = http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-2.html | title = On the way to Fulonguan (The Dragon-Taming Temple) | accessdate = April 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = travelchinatour.com | pages = | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = In 1974, a stone statue of Li Bing was unearthed from the river base. The carved figure looks graceful. Now it is placed in the middle of the main hall. It is 2.9 m in height and 4.5 tons in weight. Based on archeological studies, the statue was carved in 168 during the East Han Dynasty.}}</ref><ref name="justinWintle">{{cite book |title= The Rough Guide History of China |last=Wintle |first=Justin |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2002 |publisher=Rough Guides Ltd. |location=London |isbn=1-85828-764-2 |pages=78}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commonscat|Dujiangyan}}
* [[Li Bing]]
* [[Erlang Shen]]
* [[Turfan water system]]
* [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal of China]]
* [[2008 Sichuan earthquake]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{World Heritage Sites in China}}

[[Category:World Heritage Sites in China]]
[[Category:National parks of China]]
[[Category:Chinese architectural history]]
[[Category:Sichuan]]
[[Category:Irrigation projects]]
[[Category:Irrigation in China]]

[[cs:Tuťiangjenský zavlažovací systém]]
[[da:Dujiangyan]]
[[de:Dujiangyan-Bewässerungssystem]]
[[es:Sistema de irrigación de Dujiangyan]]
[[fr:Système d'irrigation de Dujiangyan]]
[[ko:두장옌]]
[[it:Sistema di irrigazione del Dujiangyan]]
[[ja:都江堰 (水利施設)]]
[[pt:Sistema de Irrigação de Dujiangyan]]
[[ru:Дуцзянъянь]]
[[fi:Dujiangyanin kastelujärjestelmä]]
[[vi:Đô Giang Yển]]
[[zh:都江堰]]

Revision as of 01:51, 11 October 2008

For the adjacent city, see [[:Dujiangyan City]].
Mount Qingcheng and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Dujiangyan Irrigation System
CriteriaCultural: ii, iv, vi
Reference1001
Inscription2000 (24th Session)
Coordinates31°0′6.012″N 103°36′19.008″E / 31.00167000°N 103.60528000°E / 31.00167000; 103.60528000

Template:Contains Chinese text

Dujiangyan (Chinese: 都江堰; pinyin: Dūjiāngyàn) is an irrigation infra-structure built in 256 BC during the Warring States Period of China by the Kingdom of Qin. It is located in the Min River (岷江, Mínjiāng) in Sichuan Province, PR China, near the capital Chengdu (成都, Chéngdu). It is still in use today and still irrigates over 5,300 square kilometers of land in the region.[1]

History

Planning

During the Warring States period, around 2,300 years ago, the people who lived along the banks of the Min River were plagued by annual flooding. Qin governor Li Bing (李冰，Lǐ Bīng) investigated the problem and discovered that the river was swelled by the fast flowing spring melt-water from the local mountains that burst the banks when it reached the slow moving and heavily silted stretch below.[2]

The most obvious solution would have been to build a dam but Li Bing had also been charged with keeping the waterway open for military vessels to supply troops on the frontier,[3] so instead he preposed to construct an artificial levee to redirect a portion of the river's flow and then to cut a channel through Mount Yulei to discharge the excess water upon the dry Chengdu Plain beyond.[4]

Construction

Li Bing received 100,000 taels of silver for the project from King Zhao of Qin and set to work with a team said to number tens of thousands. The levee was constructed from long sausage-shaped basket of woven bamboo filled with stones known as Zhulong[5] held in place by wooden tripods known as Macha.[6] The massive construction took four years to complete.[7]

Cutting the channel proved to be a far greater problem as the tools available to him at the time, prior to the invention of gunpowder, were unable to penetrate the hard rock of the mountain so he used a combination of fire and water to heat and cool the rock until they cracked and could be removed.[8] After eight years of work a 20 m wide channel had been gouged through the mountain.[9]

Legacy

Dujiangyan

After the system was finished, no more floods occurred. The irrigation made Sichuan the most productive agricultural place in China. Li Bing was loved so much that he became a god to the people there. On the east side of Dujiangyan, people built a shrine in remembrance of Li Bing.

Li Bing’s construction is also credited with giving the people of the region a laid-back attitude to life,[10] by eliminating disaster and insuring a regular and bountiful harvest it has left them with plenty of free-time.[11]

Today, Dujiangyan has become a major tourist attraction. It is also the admiration of scientists around the world, because it has one ingenious feature. Unlike contemporary dams where the water is blocked with a huge wall, Dujiangyan still lets water go through naturally. Modern dams do not let fish go through very well, since each dam is a wall and the water levels are different. In 2000, Dujiangyan became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

2008 Sichuan earthquake

Main article: 2008 Sichuan earthquake

On May 12, 2008 a massive earthquake centred on the Dujiangyan area struck. Initial reports indicate that the Yuzui Levee was cracked but not severely damaged[12] while the Two Kings Temple was levelled.[13]

Engineering Constructions

Fish Mouth Levee

Irrigation Head

Li Bing’s Irrigation System consists of three main constructions that work in harmony with one another to ensure against flooding and keep the fields well supplied with water.

Yuzui or Fish Mouth Levee, named for its conical head that is said to resemble the mouth of a fish, is the key part of Li Bing’s construction. It is an artificial levee that divides the water into inner and outer streams.[14] The inner stream carries approximately 40%, rising to 60% during flood, of the river’s flow into the irrigation system whilst that outer stream drains away the rest, flushing out much of the silt and sediment.[15]

Feishayan or Flying Sand Weir has a 200 m-wide opening that connects the inner and outer streams.[16] This ensures against flooding by allowing the natural swirling flow of the water to drain out excess water from the inner to the outer stream. A modern reinforced concrete weir has replaced Li Bing’s original weighted bamboo baskets.[17]

Baopingkou or Bottle-Neck Channel, which Li Bing gouged through the mountain, is the final part of the system. The channel distributes the water to the farmlands to the west, whilst the narrow entrance, that gives it its name, works as a check gate, creating the whirlpool flow that carries away the excess water over Flying Sand Fence, to ensure against flooding.[18]

Anlan Suspension Bridge

Anlan or Couple's Bridge spans the full width of the river connecting the artificial island to both banks and is known as one of the Five Ancient Bridges of China. Li Bing’s original Zhupu Bridge only spanned the inner stream connecting the levee to the foot of Mount Yulei. This was replaced in the Song Dynasty by Pingshi Bridge which burned down during the wars that marked the end of the Ming Dynasty.[19]

In 1803 during the Qing Dynasty a local man named He Xiande and his wife proposed the construction of a replacement, made of wooden plates and bamboo handrails, to span both streams and this was this was nick-named Couple’s Bridge in their honour. This was replaced in 1970 by a modern bridge of reinforced concrete and steel chains that is now opened to visitors.[20]

Temple Sites

Two Kings Temple

The Erwang Temple at Dujiangyan

Erwang or Two Kings Temple is located on the bank of the river at the foot of Mount Yulei. The original Wangdi Temple built in memory of an ancient Shu king was relocated and so locals renamed the temple here in honour of Li Bing and his legendary son whom they had posthumously promoted to kings.[21]

The 10,072m² Qing Dynasty wooden complex conforms to the traditional standard of temple design except that it does not follow a north-south axis.[22] The main hall, which contains a modern statue of Li Bing,[23] opens up onto a courtyard facing an opera stage. On Li Bing's traditional birthday, 24th day of the 7th month of the lunar calendar,[24] local operas were performed for the public,[25] and on Tomb Sweeping Day a Water Throwing Festival is held.

The rear hall contains a modern statue of the god Erlang Shen who was allegedly Li Bing’s son,[26] but historic records fail to confirm this and it is possible that he was invented by locals to give their hero a descendent to maintain his family heritage.[27] Guanlantin Pavilion stands above the complex and is inscribed with wise words from Li Bing such as, When the river flows in zigzags, cut a straight channel; when the riverbed is wide and shallow, dig it deeper.[28]

Dragon-Taming Temple

Fulonguan or Dragon-Taming Temple in Liudi Park was founded in the third century in honour of Fan Changsheng, the Jin Dynasty founder of Tianshi Daoism. Following Li Bing’s death a hall was established here in his honour and the temple was renamed to commemorate the dragon fighting legends that surrounded him.[29]

It is here that Erlang Shen, the legendary son of Li Bing, is said to have chained the dragon that he and his 7 friends had captured in an ambush at the River God Temple when it came to collect a human sacrifice. This action is said to have protected the region from floods ever since.[30]

During the East Han Dynasty a statue of Li Bing was place in the river to monitor the water flow, with the level rising above his shoulders to indicate flood and falling beneath his calves to indicate drought. Recovered from the river in 1974 and placed on display in the main hall, this is the oldest known stone statue of a human in China.[31][32]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dujiangyan.

References

  1. ^ Zhang, Kan (2006). World Heritage in China. Guangzhou: The Press of South China University of Technology. pp. 95–103. ISBN 7-5623-2390-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Dujiangyan Irrigation System". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20. More than 2,000 years ago, Li Bing (c.250-200 BC) served as a local governor of Shu State. At that time, the Mingjiang River flowed fast down from mountains. As it ran across the Chengdu Plain, it frequently flooded the Chengdu agricultural area, and local farmers suffered much from the water disaster. Li Bing and his son designed this water control system and organized thousands of local people to construct the project. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ China Heritage Project. "Taming the Floodwaters". The Australian National University. Retrieved April 22. Li Bing was commissioned to conduct an extensive hydraulic survey to regulate the unpredictable course of the swiftly flowing spring-thaw waters of the Min River that regularly flooded areas and settlements on the plains around Chengdu, and simultaneously ensure that the Min River had a fairway flow through Chengdu, facilitating navigation by military vessels that could service Qin's logistical supply lines. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ China Heritage Project. "Taming the Floodwaters". The Australian National University. Retrieved April 22. By 270 BCE he had drawn up plans to mitigate the Min River's floodwaters for year-round irrigation on the Chengdu Plain and navigability to Chengdu. The original plan called for the construction of weirs or levees to harness the Min River at Dujiangyan, where the hills meet the Chengdu Plain, and of a diversion channel to irrigate the plain that would cut straight through the natural barrier posed by Mount Jian. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Zhulong". Dujiangyan Irrigation System Museum. It is also called Zhuluo, Zhulou, etc. which is a long sausage-shaped basket of woven bamboo filled with stones used to protect the riverbed or served as a dam. While the Dujiangyan Irrigation Project under the guidance of Li Bing, Zhulong was widely used. It was simple and cheap but effective and has been passé down from generation to generation. Even today it is still widely adopted in flood control. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ "Zhulong". Dujiangyan Irrigation System Museum. They are wood tripods used to support a temporary dam to cut off a river, control flood or regulate water, etc. They are one kind of flexible convenient and effective engineering facilities. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  7. ^ China Heritage Project. "Taming the Floodwaters". The Australian National University. Retrieved April 22. In 268 BCE, Li Bing is said to have personally led ten of thousands of workers in the initial stage of construction on the Min River banks. The workers made bamboo cages and threw cages of rocks into the middle of the river. It took them four years to complete a water-diversion levee resembling a fish's mouth. When the water reaches Yuzui, the 'fish's mouth,' it is naturally diverted into the inner and outer flows. The inner flow is the diversion channel that leads to Chengdu. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ China Heritage Project. "Taming the Floodwaters". The Australian National University. Retrieved April 22. Prior to the invention of gunpowder, manual labourers using only drill rods and stone hammers would have taken 30 years to cut through the mountain. Qin military planners required more immediate results, so Li Bing proposed using the expeditious and simple technology of using controlled blazes to scorch the rocks and then dousing them with cold water. The seemingly limitless forest resources of the region at that time – evidence of which is provided by the Shu kingdom period tree trunk coffins recently unearthed in downtown Chengdu – made such an option possible. King Zhao of Qin allocated 100,000 taels of silver for the project. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ China Heritage Project. "Taming the Floodwaters". The Australian National University. Retrieved April 22. It took a further eight years to cut through the mountain, and the 20 m wide culvert allows the water to flow into the Chengdu Plain. The key part of the project was the diversion gate called Baopingkou that resembles the neck of a bottle, and through this passage, the waters of the Min River could irrigate the Chengdu Plain in perpetuo. In 256 BCE, after 14 years of arduous labour, the Dujiangyan project was completed. That, at least is one received historical account, but it is undeniable that for more than two millennia this irrigation project has been in use on the Chengdu Plain. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Lee, Don (8). "People's Party Animals". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 22. [Luo Xinben, a professor at Southwest University for Nationalities] and other scholars say Chengdu's laid-back culture was spawned by its 2-millennium-old irrigation system. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date=, and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ^ Lee, Don (8). "People's Party Animals". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 22. [Tan Jihe, a researcher at the Sichuan Provincial Academy of Social Sciences] says Du Jiang Yan, and Chengdu's fertile soil and moist air, made it easy to plant rice, corn, potatoes and a rich assortment of citrus and other fruits, giving farmers not only good harvests but also plenty of time for leisure. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date=, and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Hornby, Lucy. "China quake weakens Sichuan dams, cuts off river". Relief Web. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
  13. ^ Chen, Lydia. "Most historical relics survive Sichuan quake". Shanghai Daily. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
  14. ^ "At The Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20. The Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam is built in the middle of the river. It is the main part of Dujiangyan Irrigation system. The Fish mouth functions to divide the river into an inner canal and an outer canal. Long ago, when Li Ping worked as the local governor of the Shu State, he found the old river canal was too narrow to hold much water, which often overflowed the banks and caused disastrous floods. Based on natural geographic conditions, Li Bing organized the people to build a man-made dam. The whole dam looks like a fish, and the front dam has a circular cone shaped like a fish mouth. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "At The Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20. It is the dam that diverts water into the outer canal and the inner canal. The inner water canal functions as the main stream for irrigation purposes; the outer river is mainly used to drain excessive water and sand. During flood seasons the inner canal holds 60 percent of the water in the river, and 40 percent of the water flows into the outer river. It is vice versa in dry seasons. About 80 percent of the silt is carried away along the outer river. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ "At the Flying Sand Fence". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20. The water flows along the inner canal towards the Bottle-Neck Channel. On the way it passes the Flying Sand Fence, which has a 200-meter-wide opening from south to north. The Fence joins the inner and outer canals. The fence functions to control the flow of water and discharge excess into the outer canal from the inner canal. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "At the Flying Sand Fence". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20. During the dry seasons the fence doesn't work much, but when floods occur, the river rushes forward along the inner canal. As it approaches the fence, the river begins to turn fast, and soon many whirlpools are formed. The whirlpools change quickly, swee-ping away sand and pebbles, and throwing them into the outer canal. During the flood seasons, this spillway transports 80 percent of the sediments into the outer river, and at the same time excessive water flows over the Flying Sands Fence into the outer river. In ancient times, there was no cement in use. Instead, huge bamboo cages were used as the fence. They were filled with stones and pebbles. However, at present, a reinforced concrete weir has replaced the ancient fence. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "At the Bottle-Neck Channel". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20. The inner canal leads to the Bottleneck Channel, which is the entrance of the extensive irrigation system. A trunk canal cuts the mountain into two parts. The small part was later called Li Dui, which means an isolated hill. Chengdu looks like a large bottle, and the trunk canal between the mountain and the hill takes the shape of a bottleneck. During the flood seasons, the water will not overflow into the trunk canal. Instead, it flows in whirlpools into the outer canal. The trunk canal works as a check gate to safeguard the Chengdu Plain. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "Anlan Bridge". Dujiangyan Irrigation System Museum. The bridge is 261 meters long across both the inner river and the outer river. It was called Zhupu Bridge in ancient times and was rebuiltin the Song Dynasty and called Pinshi Bridge. In the late Ming Dynasty(1368-1644), it was burned in a war. In the 8th year of Jiaqing Reign(1803 A.D.) of the Qing Dynasty, He Xiande ,a native, and his wife proposed rebuilding it and as a result the people on both banks could cross the raging waves in safety, hence it was called Anlan Bridge and also called Couple Bridge at that time. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  20. ^ "Anlan Suspension Bridge". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20. Anlan Suspension Bridge is one of the five ancient bridges in China. The total length is 320 m. Its ancient name was called the Rope Suspension Bridge or the Bamboo and Cane Suspension Bridge. Unfortunately, a fire caused by war towards the end of the Ming dynasty destroyed the original bridge. In 1803, a new bridge was built. It was made with local bamboo rope chains, and the bridge bottom floor was replaced with wooden plates. The old bridge lasted until the 1970s when it was replaced by a steel chains bridge. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20. Erwang (Two King's) Temple was built to commemorate Li Bing and his son. Erwang means two kings. Originally, the temple was called Wangdi Temple in memory of Duyu, the king of the ancient Shu. Later Wangdi Temple was relocated in Pixian county during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. So local people renamed the temple as Chongdemiao in order to express the respect of Li Bing and his son. Chongde means the worship of virtue or reverence. During the Song Dynasty the temple was called Wangmiao, which means the king's temple. Down to the Qing Dynasty it was called Erwang Temple. People offered Li Bing and his son the posthumous title of Wang (king). {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20. The temple complex occupies an area of 10,072 square meters. the ancient timber buildings remain similar in design and style to other ancient Chinese architecture. The broad roof, perfect decoration, strict size and traditional use of color meet in harmony with the mountaintop environment. However, the temple buildings are not placed based on the concept of the north-south axis. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20. The main hall is devoted to Li Bing himself. The statue is newly molded. The old statue was a larger-than-life painted statue, and the figure looked like a wise scholar looking at the rushing river below. The newly molded figure has a silk map in his hand, and his eyes are bright with wisdom. It appears as if he is thinking about the blueprint of the project. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20. According to Folk tale, July 24 of the Chinese Lunar Calendar is Li Ping's birthday. On that day many local people visit the temple where they prostrate themselves before the image of Li Ping and his son and burn incense to honor them. At the same time, the beatings of drums and gongs resound to the sky as incense smoke curls upwards. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20. Li Bing's hall is a compound. The hall faces an opera stage across the courtyard below, surrounded by other buildings. On July 24 of the Chinese Lunar Calendar during the Ming and Qing dynasties local operas would be performed on the stage. Many people would gather in the courtyard and watch the performance. It is said that the actors offered the performance mainly for Li Bing as a tribute for his great contribution to local people. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20. The rear hall is devoted to Li Bing's son. His son's statue is newly molded. The figure stands firmly with a tool in his hands as if he was ready to level down mountains. Behind the statue is the Minjiang River, which serves as the background. Li Bing's son had a name called Erlang. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20. Erlang is a popular legendary figure in Chinese folk literature. In the folk stories, he has a close relationship with Li Bing. It should be pointed out that no recorded historical evidence could be found to show Erlang was Li Bing's son. In Chinese feudal society, it would be a great problem if a family had no offspring. So in ancient times, local people regarded Erlang as Li Bing's son. They sincerely wished that Li Bing would have a son so that Li's family tree would continue. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20. There is a delicate pavilion called Guanlantin. Carved characters are on both sides of stonewalls. These are quotations of how to manage the Dujiangyan Irrigation System. One of the famous inscriptions engraved on the wall is an eight-character quotation from Li Ping. It says: When the river flows in zigzags, cut a straight channel; when the riverbed is wide and shallow, dig it deeper. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ "On the way to Fulonguan (The Dragon-Taming Temple)". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20. The Dragon-Taming Temple is located in the beautiful Lidui Park, which is close to the city. It was built in the 3rd century. Originally, it was devoted to Fan Changsheng, the founder of Tianshi Dao, one Daoist sect in the Jin Dynasty (265-420). During the Five Dynasties and Ten States, Li Bing was conferred the posthumous title called Da'anwang, and his hall was set up here in honor of him. A popular legend during the Song Dynasty was that Erwang, Li Bing's son, had subdued an evil dragon here. So the temple was renamed as the Dragon-Taming Temple accordingly. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ Cheng Manchao (1995). The Origin of Chinese Deities. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. pp. 170–180. ISBN 7-119-00030-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  31. ^ "On the way to Fulonguan (The Dragon-Taming Temple)". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20. In 1974, a stone statue of Li Bing was unearthed from the river base. The carved figure looks graceful. Now it is placed in the middle of the main hall. It is 2.9 m in height and 4.5 tons in weight. Based on archeological studies, the statue was carved in 168 during the East Han Dynasty. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ Wintle, Justin (2002). The Rough Guide History of China. London: Rough Guides Ltd. p. 78. ISBN 1-85828-764-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
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