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{{Infobox musical artist | <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians -->
{{Unreferenced|date=February 2008}}
| Name = The W's
{{Merge | Interactive movie | Talk:Interactive movie#New merge proposal | date=August 2008 }}
| Img = The W's Fourth From the Last Promo Photo.jpg
| Img_capt = The W's circa 1998
| Landscape = yes
| Background = group_or_band
| Alias =
| Origin = [[Corvallis, Oregon|Corvallis]], [[Oregon]], [[United States|USA]]
| Genre = [[Ska]], [[Swing (genre)|Swing]] / [[Swing revival]]
| Years_active = 1997&ndash;2000
| Label = [[Five Minute Walk]]
| Associated_acts =
| Past_members = Andrew Schar<br />Brian Morris<br />Valentine Hellman<br />Bret Barker<br />Todd Gruener<br />James Carter<br />Zak Shultz<br />Courtney Stubbert
}}
'''The W's''' were a [[Christian]] [[ska]]/[[Swing (genre)|swing]] band, formed in [[Corvallis, Oregon|Corvallis]], [[Oregon]] in 1996. Success came quickly to the band and their first album, ''Fourth from the Last'' 1998, had the strongest debut of any Christian album to date for its distributor. They toured the [[United States]] several times with a variety of artists as diverse as [[dc talk]], [[Jennifer Knapp]], [[Five Iron Frenzy]], and [[Soul-Junk]].


Their mix of "swing pop" and ska brought a unique sound to the Christian music industry.<ref name="HM_74"/> They were more popular within [[Contemporary Christian music|Christian music]] than their neo-swing counterparts such as the [[Squirrel Nut Zippers]] or [[The Brian Setzer Orchestra]] were in the general market.<ref name="Powell_Fe"/> Their songwriting was known for its irreverence and frivolity, and for its reflections of the band's faith.<ref name="AMT_TX"/> Before breaking up in 2000, the group had released two albums, topped Christian rock radio and sales charts, and won two [[Gospel Music Association]] awards.
[[Image:Tomcatalley megacd.png|thumb|[[Mega CD]] ''Tomcat Alley'' (1994)]]
'''Full motion video based games''', usually abbreviated as '''FMV-based games''', are [[video game]]s that rely upon pre-recorded [[television|TV]]-quality [[film|movie]] or [[animation]] rather than [[Sprite (computer science)|sprites]], [[vector graphics|vectors]] or 3D models to display action in the game. A diverse set of games utilized this format. Most games' mechanics resemble those of modern [[Music video game|music/dance games]], where the player timely presses buttons according to a screen instruction. Other games were early [[rail shooter]]s such as ''[[Tomcat Alley]]'', ''[[Surgical Strike]]'' and ''[[Sewer Shark]]''. Full motion video also allowed the creation of several [[interactive movie]] [[adventure game]]s, such as ''[[Gabriel Knight|Gabriel Knight II - The Beast Within]]'', and ''[[Phantasmagoria]]''.


==Description==
==History==
The W's formed as a ska band at [[Oregon State University]] in [[Corvallis, Oregon|Corvallis]], [[Oregon]] in 1996. The original lineup consisted of Andrew Schar ([[Singer|Lead vocals]], [[Guitar]]), Valentine Hellman ([[Tenor saxophone|Tenor sax]], [[Clarinet]]), Todd "The Rodd" Gruener ([[Bass guitar|Bass]]), and a fourth member, Zak Shultz (drums).<ref name="JFH_Iv"/> All were attending Oregon State and mutual residents of Avery Lodge. The band was originally spearheaded and envisioned by Shultz, but he eventually moved to [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]], [[Washington]] to work for [[Brandon Ebel]] with [[Tooth & Nail Records]].<ref name="Todd_Tripod">{{cite web |url=http://members.tripod.com/~thetranslator/thews.html |title=Interview with the W's |accessdate=2007-03-01 |date=1998-09-30}}</ref> By September 1997 Shultz had left, and the group had been joined by Bret Barker ([[Trumpet]]), who Schar met through [[Campus Crusade for Christ]],<ref name="Tampa_Feb99"/> and James Carter ([[Alto saxophone|Alto sax]], background vocals). Peter Kelly drummed for a short stint during the summer and fall of 1997, but broke his arm in a freak skate-boarding accident only a few days before first recording with Five Minute Walk.<ref name="Peter_Kelly">Kelly stayed in [[Philomath, Oregon|Philomath]], Oregon, got married and became a successful youth leader and social visionary.</ref> The band then recriuted Brian Morris to replace Kelly from a local punk band.<ref name="Tampa_Feb99">{{cite news |title=Christian swingers |publisher=[[The Tampa Tribune]] |id={{ISSN|1042-3761}} |page=4 |date=1999-02-27}}</ref>
FMV-based games were popular during the early [[1990s|nineties]] as [[CD-ROM]]s and [[Laserdisc]]s made their way into the living rooms, providing an alternative to the low-capacity [[Cartridge (electronics)|cartridges]] of most [[video game console|consoles]]. Although most games did manage to look better than most sprite-based games, they were a niche market - a vast majority of FMV games were panned at the time of their release, and most gamers dislike the lack of interaction inherent of these games. This format became a [[List of commercial failures in computer and video gaming|well-known failure in video gaming]]. The popularity of FMV games declined after around 1995, as more advanced consoles were released.


The W's discovered a break when a mutual friend from Eugene, Aaron James (employed at the time by Five Minute Walk Records), offered them the spot opening for Five Iron Frenzy in [[Concord, California|Concord]], [[California]].<ref name="Todd_Tripod"/> Following the CD release party for [[Five Iron Frenzy]]'s ''[[Our Newest Album Ever!]]'' in November 1997, they signed with Frank Tate's [[Five Minute Walk Records]].<ref name="CCM_21_7">{{cite journal |last=Hendrickson |first=Lucas W. |year=1999 |month=January |title=W's Good, Devil Bad |journal=[[CCM Magazine]] |id={{ISSN|1524-7848}} |volume=21 |issue=7 |pages=34 |url=http://www.connectionmagazine.org/archives_old/archives/1999/march/ws_good_devil_bad.htm |format=reprint |accessdate=2007-02-05 }}</ref> Within a year they had produced their first album, ''[[Fourth From the Last]]''. The album was immediately successful; within a week it had sold 9,000 units<ref name="CCM_21_7"/> and achieved the #4 spot on [[Billboard magazine|Billboard's]] "Heatseekers"<ref name="Tampa_Feb99"/> and "Top Contemporary Christian" charts. <ref name="AMG_BB">{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:lh9ss30ia3rg~T5 |title=The W's > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums |accessdate=2007-03-01 |publisher=''[[Allmusic]]'' }}</ref> This represented the highest debut to date of any album for Five Minute Walks distributor, the [[EMI Christian Music Group]].<ref name="FFTL-PH">{{cite web |url=http://www.tollbooth.org/reviewm/w.html |title=''Fourth from the Last'' Review |last=Baldwin |first=Steven Stuart |coauthors=Stonehocker, Linda T. |accessdate=2007-03-01 |year=1998 |publisher=[http://www.tollbooth.org The Phantom Tollbooth] }}</ref> The album peaked at #147 on "The Billboard 200".<ref name="AMG_BB"/> Despite being pulled from the shelves of [[LifeWay Christian Resources]] stores for containing "indecent" words<ref name="FFTL-PH"/> the album eventually sold over 200,000 units.<ref name="Ws-Bio"/> The album received the [[Dove Award]] for "Modern Rock Album of the Year" in 1999.<ref name="DOVE">{{cite web |url=http://www.doveawards.com/history/browse.cfm?year=1999 |title=Dove Award Recipients for 1999 |accessdate=2007-03-01 |publisher=[[Gospel Music Association]] }}</ref> "The Devil Is Bad" was The W's hit single from the record. It peaked at #6 on the Christian rock radio charts<ref name="Powell_Fe"/> and won the Dove for "Modern Rock Record Song of the Year" in 1999.<ref name="DOVE"/> The song was also released on the [[RIAA certification|double Platinum certified]] annual compilation ''[[WOW 1999]]''.<ref name="Mount_Web">{{cite book |last=Mount |first=Daniel J. |authorlink=User:Daniel J. Mount |title=A City on a Hilltop? The History of Contemporary Christian Music |year=2005 |url=http://www.danielmount.net/ccm.html |accessdate=2007-02-12 |pages=293}}</ref>
Cost was also an issue, as these games were often very expensive to produce: ''[[Ground Zero Texas]]'' cost [[Sega]] around [[US Dollar|US$]] 3 Million, about the same a low-budget movie would cost in 1994. Others attracted [[Hollywood]] stars such as [[Isaac Hayes]], noted [[R&B]] singer/songwriter and performer ([[Shaft]]), who appeared in [[Johnny Mnemonic: The Interactive Action Movie]], [[Dana Plato]] (''[[Diff'rent Strokes]]'', cast for ''[[Night Trap]]''), [[Debbie Harry]] (lead singer of [[Blondie]] hired for [[Double Switch]]), and [[Ron Stein]] (fight coordinator of ''[[Rocky]]'' and ''[[Raging Bull]]'', who was hired as director for Sega's boxing game ''[[Prize Fighter]]'').


[[Image:7ball Mag no21.jpg|left|thumb|The W's appeared on ''7ball Magazine'' in November of 1998<ref name="7b_21">{{cite journal |last= |first= |title= |month=November/December |year=1998 |issue=21 |journal=7ball Magazine }}</ref>]]
Another issue that drew criticism was the quality of the video itself. While the video was often relatively smooth, the hardware it was displayed on, particularly in the case of the Sega CD, had limited color palettes, which resulted in notably inferior image quality. The content was also a point of some criticism, as many FMV games featured real actors and dialogue, which was problematic if the acting itself was poor.


The year 1999 brought continual touring and the release of a second album. Beginning in January,<ref name="DCT_Dates">"Supernatural Experience Tour Dates" from dctalk.com, now hosted at the Internet Archive. {{waybackdate|site=dctalk.com/supexptour.htm|date=20001110042200}}</ref> the band opened for [[Christian rock]] heavyweight [[dc Talk]] on their "Supernatural Experience" tour.<ref name="Ws-Bio">{{cite web |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/music/artists/ws.html |title=The W's Biography |accessdate=2007-03-01 |publisher=''[[Christianity Today]]'' (courtesy of Five Minute Walk Records) }}</ref> During this time the single "Moses" received Christian radio airplay and entered the Christian rock radio charts.<ref name="Tampa_Feb99"/> That May the band went into the studio to record their second and final album, ''[[Trouble With X]]''.<ref name="Tampa_Feb99"/> Summer brought further touring and appearances at Christian music festivals.<ref name="GEO_Dates">"The W's: Tour Schedule", now hosted at the Internet Archive. {{waybackdate|site=http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/Hangar/3151/Ws/Wtour.htm|date=20000523091820}}</ref> That fall the band embarked on the national "Holy Roller Tour" with [[The Insyderz]], Five Iron Frenzy, and [[Justin McRoberts]].<ref name="HR_IMG">[http://www.hearthelight.com/hoRoller2.gif Holy Roller Tour handbill]. Retrieved November 15, 2006.</ref><ref name="FIF_Gigs">{{cite web |url=http://www.fiveironfrenzy.com/history/ |title=Five Iron Frenzy Gigography |accessdate=2007-07-11 |author=Five Iron Frenzy |year=2006 |publisher=[[Five Minute Walk]] |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060707020927/http://www.fiveironfrenzy.com/history/ |archivedate=2006-07-07 }}.</ref> Shows on this tour were held at [[roller skating]] rinks across the country. In November ''Trouble With X'' was released. This album was not as successful critically or in retail, peaking at #21 and #25 on the Billboard "Heatseekers" and "Top Contemporary Christian" charts respectively.<ref name="AMG_BB"/> Like many bands of the "[[swing revival]]" movement, The W's were caught in the mass exodus of popularity from the genre. Some copies of ''Trouble With X'' included "The Rumor Weed Song", which was made for the episode ''[[Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed]]'' of the children’s video series ''[[VeggieTales]]''.<ref name="HM_81">{{cite journal |author=Gordon (a girl called) |year=[[2000]] |month=January/February |title=Album Reviews: THE W'S, ''Trouble with X'' |journal=[[HM Magazine]] |id={{ISSN|1066-6923}} |issue=81 |pages= |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20010308152438/www.hmmagazine.com/issue81/reviews_signed81.html |accessdate=2007-04-24}}</ref> The song was also included on the ''[[WOW 2000]]'' compilation, which also achieved double Platinum sales.<ref name="Mount_Web"/>
As the first CD-based consoles capable of displaying smooth and textured 3D graphics appeared, the full-FMV game fad vanished from the mainstream circles around 1995, although it remained an option for PC adventure games for a couple more years. One of the last titles released was the 1998 PC and PlayStation adventure ''[[The X-Files: The Game]] '', packed in 7 CDs.


Touring continued in 2000 alongside labelmates [[Five Iron Frenzy]], [[Philmore]], and [[Soul-Junk]].<ref name="FIF_Gigs"/> Drummer Brian Morris departed and was replaced by Courtney Stubbert. The W's commenced recording for a third album, though it was never released. One song from the sessions, "Somewhere Between The Devil And The Deep Blue Sea" was released on the compilation ''Take Time To Listen Volume 5''.<ref name="TTTLv5">{{cite album-notes | title=Take Time To Listen Volume 5 | year=2000 | bandname=[[Various Artists]] | format=liner | publisher=[[Five Minute Walk]] | location=[[Concord, California|Concord]], [[California]] | publisherid=FMD2402 |mbid=6d2f3321-5f19-409b-a02d-88a169dbdcdd}}</ref><ref name="Rhino_Demo">[http://www.angelfire.com/fl3/thews/music.html "The W's Music"]. Retrieved November 15, 2006.</ref> The W's broke up in December 2000, citing "artistic differences."<ref name="WsWayback1">Thews.org, now hosted at the [[Internet Archive]]. {{waybackdate|site=http://thews.org/|date=20021130014400}}</ref><ref name="WsWayback2">Thews.org, now hosted at the Internet Archive. {{waybackdate|site=http://thews.org/|date=20010202053200}}</ref>
== Origins ==
The first use of FMV was in 1983 with ''[[Dragon's Lair]]'', a [[laserdisc video game]] by [[Cinematronics]]. Another early instance of FMV was [[Hasbro]]'s unreleased [[video game console|video game system]] named [[NEMO]]. The NEMO home system created games with [[VHS]] [[video tape|tapes]] rather than [[read-only memory|ROM]] [[cartridge (electronics)|cartridges]] or floppy disks.


===After the break-up===
In the early 1990s when [[personal computer|PCs]] and consoles moved to creating games on a [[compact disc|CD]], they became technically capable of utilizing more than a few minutes' worth of movies in a game. This gave rise to a slew of FMV-based [[Video game|computer games]] such as ''[[Night Trap]]'' (1992), ''[[The 7th Guest]]'' (1992), ''[[Voyeur (computer game)|Voyeur]]'' (1993), ''[[Phantasmagoria (computer game)|Phantasmagoria]]'' (1995), and ''[[SWAT series|Daryl F. Gates' Police Quest: SWAT]]'' (1995). These [[FMV game]]s frequently used D-list (or [[B-movie#Z-movie|worse]]) movie and TV [[actor]]s and promised to create the experience of playing an interactive movie. However, production values were quite low with amateurish sets, lighting, costumes, and special effects. In addition, the video quality in these early games was low, and the gameplay frequently did not live up to the [[hype]] becoming [[List of major commercial failures in computer and video gaming|well-known failures in video gaming]]. At this time, consoles like [[3DO Interactive Multiplayer|3DO]], [[CD-i]], and [[Sega CD]] borrowed this concept for several low-quality [[Video game|interactive games]].
Some members continued to produce music following the demise of The W's. Gruener and Morris joined Corvallis friend Mark Cleaver in the [[indie band]] Bendixon.<ref name="Bendixon1"> Bendixon Biography. Now hosted at the Internet Archive. {{waybackdate|site=http://bendixon.com/bio.html|date=20010301185107}}</ref> Bendixon released two albums, ''Bendixon'' (1999) and ''Slaying Of The Dragon'' (2000).<ref name="Bendixon_CR">{{cite web |url=http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/artists/Bendixon/8311/ |title=Bendixon Profile |accessdate=2007-03-01 |publisher=''[[Cross Rhythms]]'' }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:3z620r4au48p |title=((( Slaying of the Dragon > Overview ))) |accessdate=2007-03-01 |publisher=''[[Allmusic]]''}}</ref> Their sound was comparable to [[Weezer]] or [[All Star United]], and like The W's most of their songs could be considered fun or witty.<ref name="Powell_Fe2">{{cite book |last=Powell |first=Mark Allan |title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music |year=2002 |chapter=Bendixon |pages=78}}</ref> Schar and Stubbert formed the band Alpha Charlie<ref name="NerdMusic1">The W's News, formerly hosted at nerdmusic.com. Now hosted at the Internet Archive. {{waybackdate|site=http://www.nerdmusic.com/~todd/thews/news.php|date=20020212044011}}</ref> and released one album, ''...and I wait'' (2002), before breaking up in 2004.<ref name="A_C_Site">Alpha-charlie.com, now hosted at the Internet Archive. {{waybackdate|site=http://alpha-charlie.com|date=20041212192954}}</ref> Early member Shultz eventually relocated to [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]] in 1997<ref name="Stairwell_Zak">"Zak Shultz Biography", from Stairwell.net. Now hosted at the Internet Archive. {{waybackdate|site=www.stairwell.net/bio_zak.htm|date=20030224182228}}</ref> and is involved with the local music scene there.


Bret Barker and Valentine Hellman continued to collaborate with Five Iron Frenzy. They both appeared on Five Iron Frenzy's 2000 album ''[[All the Hype That Money Can Buy]]''. Barker additionally appeared on [[Dennis Culp]]'s solo effort ''[[Ascents]]'' (2000), ''[[Five Iron Frenzy 2: Electric Boogaloo]]'' (2001) in both the additional musician credits and as a recording engineer, and as an engineer on ''[[The End Is Near]]'' (2003). Barker joined [[The O.C. Supertones]] in 2004 and played with them until their breakup the following year.
Also, the "[[multimedia]]" phenomenon that was exploding in popularity at the time increased the popularity of FMV because consumers were excited by this new emerging interactive technology. The personal computer was rapidly evolving during the early-mid 1990s from a simple text-based productivity device into a home entertainment machine. Gaming itself was also emerging from its niche market into the mainstream with the release of easier-to-use and more powerful operating systems, such as Microsoft's [[Windows 95]], that leveraged continually evolving processing capabilities.


==Style==
Video game consoles too saw incredible gains in presentation quality and contributed to the mass market's growth in awareness of gaming. It was during the 1990s that the video/computer game industry first beat Hollywood in earnings.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} [[Sony Computer Entertainment|Sony]] made its debut in the console market with the release of the [[32-bit]] [[PlayStation]]. The PlayStation was probably the first console to popularize FMVs (as opposed to earlier usage of FMV which was seen as a passing fad). A part of the machine's hardware was a dedicated [[MJPEG|M-JPEG]] processing unit which enabled far superior quality relative to other platforms of the time. The FMVs in ''[[Final Fantasy VIII]]'', for example, were marketed as movie-quality at the time.
{{Sound sample box align right|Music sample:}}
{{Listen
|filename=The W's - The Devil Is Bad.ogg
|title=The W's "The Devil Is Bad" (1998)
|description=Sample from The W's "The Devil Is Bad".
|format=[[Ogg]]}}
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The music of The W's is similar to the [[Cherry Poppin' Daddies]], [[Royal Crown Revue]], or [[The O.C. Supertones]], but less ska-based than the latter. ''[[HM Magazine]]'' commented that "the closest thing in the Christian market was [[Ralph Carmichael]]'s big band project" (''Strike Up The Band'', 1995).<ref name="HM_74">{{cite journal |last=McGovern |first=Brian Vincent |year=[[1998]] |month=November/December |title=Album Reviews: THE W's ''Fourth From the Last'' |journal=[[HM Magazine]] |id={{ISSN|1066-6923}} |issue=74 |pages= |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20010222184244/www.hmmagazine.com/issue74/74Albums.htm |accessdate=2007-04-24}}</ref> Though they were often cited as [[third wave ska]] or [[swing revival]], their overall sound did not fit neatly into any [[musical genre]].<ref name="FFTL_AMG">{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&token=&sql=10:7j17gjwr16ip |title=((( ''Fourth from the Last'' > Overview ))) |accessdate=2007-03-02 |last=Smith |first=Jim |publisher=''[[Allmusic]]'' }}</ref> Band members generally agreed with this assessment: Andrew Schar noted that "Our music gets labeled swing, but we're not really swing",<ref name="Hogan-Albach_StarTribune">{{cite news |first=Susan |last=Hogan-Albach |title=Otherworldly unplugged; Christian band The W's swings with wit, whimsy |publisher=[[Star Tribune]] |id= |page=09B |date=1998-09-05}}</ref> and Sax player James Carter, "I think 'swing' and 'ska' are just terms people are comfortable using. I don't think they completely describe the music we play at all".<ref name="Carter_IV">{{cite web |url=http://www.decapolis.com/musicreviews/interviews/ws.shtml |title=Interview With James Carter |accessdate=2007-03-01 |last=Jensen |first=Cathy |year=1999 |publisher=[http://www.decapolis.com Decapolis] }}</ref> Bass player Gruener described their music as "kinda ska, kinda swing, kinda rockabilly, kinda crazy, kinda punky".<ref name="Todd_Tripod"/> ''[[Cross Rhythms]]'' provides the most concise explanation: "This is Swing Ska!".<ref name="CR_47">{{cite journal |last=Rimmer |first=Mike |year=[[1998]] |month=October |title=The W's ''Fourth From the Last'' |journal=[[Cross Rhythms]] |issue=47 |pages= |accessdate=}}</ref>
FMV in games today consists of high quality pre-rendered video sequences ([[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]]). These sequences are created in similar ways as computer generated effects in movies. Use of FMV as a selling point or focus has diminished in modern times. This is primarily due to graphical advancements in modern video game systems making it possible for in-game cinematics to have just as impressive visual quality. Digitized video footage of real actors in games generally ended for mainstream games in the early '00s with a few exceptions such as ''[[Command and Conquer 3]]'', released in 2007.


Reviewers, who noted a lack of depth in songwriting, regarded both of The W’s albums as "fun". ''CCM'' reported that lyrically, their songs "swing between subtle spirituality and and general goofness."<ref name="CCM_21_3">{{cite journal |last=Urbanski |first=David |year=[[1998]] |month=[[September]] |title=Reviews |journal=[[CCM Magazine]] |id={{ISSN|1524-7848}} |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=54 }}</ref> Elsewhere this style was described as "an odd marriage of reverence for God with forced attempts at irreverent wackiness",<ref name="AMT_TX">{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&token=&sql=10:o6rb286u05ja |title=((( ''Trouble with X'' > Overview ))) |accessdate=2007-03-02 |last=Huey |first=Steve |publisher=''[[Allmusic]]'' }}</ref> while the ''Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music'' cites this as a "subdued approach to ministry",<ref name="Powell_Fe">{{cite book |last=Powell |first=Mark Allan |title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music |year=2002 |publisher=Hendrickson Publishers |location=[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]], [[Massachusetts]] |isbn=1-56563-679-1 |edition=First printing |chapter=The W's |pages=1008-1009}}</ref> other commentators saw it as a disappointing lack of spiritual message, especially on ''Trouble With X''.<ref name="TX_JFH">{{cite web |url=http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/TroubleWithX.asp |title=''Trouble With X'' Review |accessdate=2007-03-01 |last=DiBiase |first=John |date=1999-10-24 |publisher=''[[Jesus Freak Hideout]]'' }}</ref><ref name="TX-PH">{{cite web |url=http://www.tollbooth.org/2000/reviews/w.html |title=''Trouble With X'' Review |accessdate=2007-03-01 |last=Stewart |first=James |coauthors=Marihugh, Josh |year=2000 |publisher=''The Phantom Tollbooth'' }}</ref>
==Formats==
With the popularization of FMV games in the early 1990s following the advent of CD-ROM, higher-end developers usually created their own custom FMV formats to suit their needs. Early FMV titles used game-specific proprietary video renderers optimized for the content of the video (e.g. [[live-action]] vs. [[animated]]), because CPUs of the day were incapable of playing back real-time [[MPEG-1]] until the fastest 486 and Pentium CPUs arrived. Consoles, on the other hand, either used a third-party codec (e.g. [[Cinepak]] for [[Sega CD]] games) or used their own proprietary format (e.g. the Philips [[CD-i]]). Video quality steadily increased as CPUs became more powerful to support higher quality video compression and decompression. ''[[The 7th Guest]]'', one of the first megahit multiple-CD-ROM games, was one of the first games to feature near-[[lossless]] quality 640x320 FMV at 15 frames per second in a custom format designed by programmer [[Graeme Devine]].


Several songs draw directly from biblical stories. The song "Moses" is about struggles with faith and insignificance. It draws inspiration from several biblical figures and stories, including [[Moses]]' [[Burning bush]], [[Gideon (Judges)|Gideon]], [[Saint Peter|Peter]]'s denial of Christ, and [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]]s role in the death of [[Saint Stephen|Stephen]] to show how God can use anybody for his purposes.<ref name="Powell_Fe"/> "The Devil Is Bad" draws upon the story of the [[The Fall of Man]] and the [[Temptation of Christ]] as examples to encourage resistance to [[sin]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} "Used Car Salesman" paints a colorful description of [[the Devil]], selling sins as used [[Honda]]s. They also criticised the church and Christians generally. "Tip From Me" is about breaking broad perceptions of Christianity and the Church.<ref name="7b_28">{{cite journal |last=Martin |first=Rachel L. |title=Holy Rollin' |month=January/February |year=2000 |issue=28 |journal=7ball Magazine |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20020616123955/www.7ball.com/issues/00/28/fif/fif.htm |accessdate=2007-05-14}}</ref> In the song "Stupid" the band used the example of [[abortion clinic]] bombings (see, for example [[Eric Robert Rudolph]]) to make a pronounced statement about [[hypocrisy]].<ref name="TX-PH"/><ref name="Powell_Fe"/>
[[Image:Phantasmagoria.png|thumb|right|200px|Early FMV cutscenes, such as this typical example from [[Phantasmagoria (computer game)|Phantasmagoria]], frequently came under fire for their low quality. This cutscene is limited to 256 colours, limiting colour detail, and is also "[[interlace]]d", a space-saving device that was often criticized as making the videos hard to see.]]
Other examples of this would be [[Sierra Entertainment|Sierra]]'s VMD (Video and Music Data) format, used in games like ''[[Gabriel Knight|Gabriel Knight 2]]'' and ''[[Phantasmagoria (game)|Phantasmagoria]]'', or [[Westwood Studios]]' VQA format, used in most Westwood games made from the mid-1990s up until 2000's ''[[Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun|Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun Firestorm]]''. These video formats initially offered very limited video quality, due to the limitations of the machines the games needed to run on. Ghosting and distortion of high-motion scenes, heavy pixelization, and limited color palettes were prominent visual problems. However, each game pushed the technological envelope and was typically seen as impressive even with quality issues.


Other songs, such as "[[Dexter, Oregon|Dexter]]", "J.P.", and "Frank" retell parts of the lives of band members.<ref name="JFH_Iv">{{cite web |url=http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/interviews/Ws.asp |title=Todd Gruener Interview |accessdate=2007-03-01 |date=1999-04-20 |publisher=''[[Jesus Freak Hideout]]'' }}</ref><ref name="7b_28"/> "Hui" retells the 1987 film ''[[North Shore (film)|North Shore]]''. More mundane topics include the hardships of school ("101") and of touring and making music professionally ("Two More Weeks", "Open Minded").<ref name="Powell_Fe"/> Another notable song was their cover of [[John Denver]]'s "Country Roads", which some thought worked well as a swing tune.<ref name="Powell_Fe"/><ref name="TX_REAL">{{cite web |url=http://www.realmagazine.com/new/reviews/ws2.html |title=The W's ''Trouble With X'' |accessdate=2007-03-02 |author=Kevin H. |date=1999-10-16 |publisher=''[http://www.realmagazine.com/new/new.html Real Magazine]'' }}</ref><ref name="HM_81"/>
''[[Johnny Mnemonic: The Interactive Action Movie]]'', was the first FMV title made by a Hollywood Studio. Sony Imagesoft spent over [[US Dollar|US$]] 3 Million on the title. Instead of piecing together the title with filmed assets from their movie (directed by [[Robert Longo]]) of the same name, Sony hired Propaganda Code director Douglas Gayeton to write and film an entirely new storyline for the property. The CD-ROM's interactivity was made possible with the Cine-Active engine, based on the [[Quicktime]] 2.0 codec.


==Discography==
''[[Wing Commander III: Heart of the Tiger]]'', for example, was one of the most significant FMV titles made in 1994, featuring big-name Hollywood actors. However, the video quality in the game suffered significantly from the aforementioned problems and at times was almost visually indecipherable. Yet this did not stop the title from earning significant praise for its innovative gameplay/FMV combination. Its sequel, ''[[Wing Commander IV: The Price of Freedom]]'', used a similar custom movie codec in its CD-ROM release, but a later limited-volume [[DVD-ROM]] release saw [[MPEG-2]] DVD-quality movies that entirely eclipsed the original CD release in quality. A hardware decoder card was required at the time to play back the DVD-quality video on a PC.
===Studio albums===
* 1998: ''[[Fourth from the Last]]''
* 1999: ''[[Trouble With X]]''


===Compilations===
An exception to the rule was ''[[The 11th Hour (computer game)|The 11th Hour]]'', the sequel to ''[[The 7th Guest]]''. ''11th Hour'' featured 640x480 FMV at 30 frames-per-second on 4 CDs. The development team had worked for three years on developing a format that could handle the video, as the director of the live-action sequences had not shot the FMV sequences in a way that could be easily compressed. However, this proved to be the game's downfall, as most computers of the day could not play the full-resolution video. Users were usually forced to select an option which played the videos at a quarter-size resolution in black-and-white.
* 1998: ''[[The Echoing Green / The W's Split EP]]''
* 1998: ''Take Time to Listen Volume IV'' ([[Five Minute Walk]])
*:* Contains "Pup" and "Moses."
* 1999: ''[[WOW 1999]]'' ([[EMI CMG]])
*:* Contains "The Devil Is Bad."
* 2000: ''Take Time to Listen Volume 5.0'' (Five Minute Walk)
*:* Contains "Somewhere Between The Devil And The Deep Blue Sea", from an unreleased album.
* 2000: ''[[WOW 2000]]'' (EMI CMG)
*:* Contains "The Rumor Weed Song."


==Notes and references==
As FMV established itself in the market as a growing game technology, a small company called [[RAD Game Tools]] appeared on the market with their 256-colour FMV format [[Smacker video|Smacker]]. Developers took to the format, and the format ended up being used in over 3,000 games.
{{reflist}}

===Further reading===
As the popularity of games loaded with live-action and FMV faded out in the late 1990s, and with Smacker becoming outdated in the world of [[16-bit colour]] games, RAD introduced a new true-colour format, [[Bink video]]. Developers quickly took to the format because of its high compression ratios and videogame-tailored features. The format is still one of the most popular FMV formats used in games today. 4,000 games have used Bink, and the number is still growing.
* ''7ball Magazine'' (19) (July / August 1998) <!-- Feature story -->

* ''7ball Magazine'' (21) (November / December 1998) <!-- Cover story -->
[[Windows Media Video]], [[DivX]], and [[Theora]] are also becoming major players in the market.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} [[DivX]] is used in several [[Nintendo GameCube]] titles, including ''[[Star Wars Rogue Squadron III: Rebel Strike]]''.
* {{cite journal |last=Cockroft |first=Martin |year=1999 |month=September/October |title=Back to Faith |journal=Campus Life |id= |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=26 |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/cl/9c2/9c2026.html |accessdate=2007-04-30 }}

== See also ==
*[[List of FMV-based games]]
*[[Interactive movie]]
*[[Interactive video]]


==External links==
==External links==
'''Concert reviews'''
*[http://www.fmvworld.com/games.html ''FMV WORLD - The Home of Full-Motion Video Games'']
*Feb 1998 - [http://home.netcom.com/~puddin5/dspoldnews.html under the heading "2/1/98"]
*[http://www.interactivemovies.org/ The Interactive Movies Archive]
*[http://www.greeneyedzeke.org/articles/DPPTOC.html The Digital Pictures Project]
*Aug 1998 - [http://www.tollbooth.org/creviews/horns.html The Phantom Tollbooth]
*June 2000 - [http://www.tollbooth.org/2000/creviews/5mw0600.html The Phantom Tollbooth]
*[http://www.sega-16.com/feature_page.php?id=149&title=The%20Rise%20&%20Fall%20of%20Full%20Motion%20Video The Rise & Fall of Full-Motion Video] - Retrospective on the genre and why it failed
*December 2006 - [http://groups.myspace.com/fansofthews]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Ws, The}}
[[Category:Full Motion Video| ]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1996]]
[[Category:1990s music groups]]
[[Category:Oregon musical groups]]
[[Category:Retro-swing ensembles]]
[[Category:Christian rock groups]]
[[Category:Third-wave ska groups]]
[[Category:Contemporary Christian music]]
[[Category:Corvallis, Oregon]]
[[Category:Christian ska groups]]


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Revision as of 05:30, 11 October 2008

The W's

The W's were a Christian ska/swing band, formed in Corvallis, Oregon in 1996. Success came quickly to the band and their first album, Fourth from the Last 1998, had the strongest debut of any Christian album to date for its distributor. They toured the United States several times with a variety of artists as diverse as dc talk, Jennifer Knapp, Five Iron Frenzy, and Soul-Junk.

Their mix of "swing pop" and ska brought a unique sound to the Christian music industry.[1] They were more popular within Christian music than their neo-swing counterparts such as the Squirrel Nut Zippers or The Brian Setzer Orchestra were in the general market.[2] Their songwriting was known for its irreverence and frivolity, and for its reflections of the band's faith.[3] Before breaking up in 2000, the group had released two albums, topped Christian rock radio and sales charts, and won two Gospel Music Association awards.

History

The W's formed as a ska band at Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon in 1996. The original lineup consisted of Andrew Schar (Lead vocals, Guitar), Valentine Hellman (Tenor sax, Clarinet), Todd "The Rodd" Gruener (Bass), and a fourth member, Zak Shultz (drums).[4] All were attending Oregon State and mutual residents of Avery Lodge. The band was originally spearheaded and envisioned by Shultz, but he eventually moved to Seattle, Washington to work for Brandon Ebel with Tooth & Nail Records.[5] By September 1997 Shultz had left, and the group had been joined by Bret Barker (Trumpet), who Schar met through Campus Crusade for Christ,[6] and James Carter (Alto sax, background vocals). Peter Kelly drummed for a short stint during the summer and fall of 1997, but broke his arm in a freak skate-boarding accident only a few days before first recording with Five Minute Walk.[7] The band then recriuted Brian Morris to replace Kelly from a local punk band.[6]

The W's discovered a break when a mutual friend from Eugene, Aaron James (employed at the time by Five Minute Walk Records), offered them the spot opening for Five Iron Frenzy in Concord, California.[5] Following the CD release party for Five Iron Frenzy's Our Newest Album Ever! in November 1997, they signed with Frank Tate's Five Minute Walk Records.[8] Within a year they had produced their first album, Fourth From the Last. The album was immediately successful; within a week it had sold 9,000 units[8] and achieved the #4 spot on Billboard's "Heatseekers"[6] and "Top Contemporary Christian" charts. [9] This represented the highest debut to date of any album for Five Minute Walks distributor, the EMI Christian Music Group.[10] The album peaked at #147 on "The Billboard 200".[9] Despite being pulled from the shelves of LifeWay Christian Resources stores for containing "indecent" words[10] the album eventually sold over 200,000 units.[11] The album received the Dove Award for "Modern Rock Album of the Year" in 1999.[12] "The Devil Is Bad" was The W's hit single from the record. It peaked at #6 on the Christian rock radio charts[2] and won the Dove for "Modern Rock Record Song of the Year" in 1999.[12] The song was also released on the double Platinum certified annual compilation WOW 1999.[13]

The W's appeared on 7ball Magazine in November of 1998[14]

The year 1999 brought continual touring and the release of a second album. Beginning in January,[15] the band opened for Christian rock heavyweight dc Talk on their "Supernatural Experience" tour.[11] During this time the single "Moses" received Christian radio airplay and entered the Christian rock radio charts.[6] That May the band went into the studio to record their second and final album, Trouble With X.[6] Summer brought further touring and appearances at Christian music festivals.[16] That fall the band embarked on the national "Holy Roller Tour" with The Insyderz, Five Iron Frenzy, and Justin McRoberts.[17][18] Shows on this tour were held at roller skating rinks across the country. In November Trouble With X was released. This album was not as successful critically or in retail, peaking at #21 and #25 on the Billboard "Heatseekers" and "Top Contemporary Christian" charts respectively.[9] Like many bands of the "swing revival" movement, The W's were caught in the mass exodus of popularity from the genre. Some copies of Trouble With X included "The Rumor Weed Song", which was made for the episode Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed of the children’s video series VeggieTales.[19] The song was also included on the WOW 2000 compilation, which also achieved double Platinum sales.[13]

Touring continued in 2000 alongside labelmates Five Iron Frenzy, Philmore, and Soul-Junk.[18] Drummer Brian Morris departed and was replaced by Courtney Stubbert. The W's commenced recording for a third album, though it was never released. One song from the sessions, "Somewhere Between The Devil And The Deep Blue Sea" was released on the compilation Take Time To Listen Volume 5.[20][21] The W's broke up in December 2000, citing "artistic differences."[22][23]

After the break-up

Some members continued to produce music following the demise of The W's. Gruener and Morris joined Corvallis friend Mark Cleaver in the indie band Bendixon.[24] Bendixon released two albums, Bendixon (1999) and Slaying Of The Dragon (2000).[25][26] Their sound was comparable to Weezer or All Star United, and like The W's most of their songs could be considered fun or witty.[27] Schar and Stubbert formed the band Alpha Charlie[28] and released one album, ...and I wait (2002), before breaking up in 2004.[29] Early member Shultz eventually relocated to Los Angeles, California in 1997[30] and is involved with the local music scene there.

Bret Barker and Valentine Hellman continued to collaborate with Five Iron Frenzy. They both appeared on Five Iron Frenzy's 2000 album All the Hype That Money Can Buy. Barker additionally appeared on Dennis Culp's solo effort Ascents (2000), Five Iron Frenzy 2: Electric Boogaloo (2001) in both the additional musician credits and as a recording engineer, and as an engineer on The End Is Near (2003). Barker joined The O.C. Supertones in 2004 and played with them until their breakup the following year.

Style

Template:Sound sample box align right

The W's "The Devil Is Bad" (1998)
Sample from The W's "The Devil Is Bad".
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Template:Sample box end

The music of The W's is similar to the Cherry Poppin' Daddies, Royal Crown Revue, or The O.C. Supertones, but less ska-based than the latter. HM Magazine commented that "the closest thing in the Christian market was Ralph Carmichael's big band project" (Strike Up The Band, 1995).[1] Though they were often cited as third wave ska or swing revival, their overall sound did not fit neatly into any musical genre.[31] Band members generally agreed with this assessment: Andrew Schar noted that "Our music gets labeled swing, but we're not really swing",[32] and Sax player James Carter, "I think 'swing' and 'ska' are just terms people are comfortable using. I don't think they completely describe the music we play at all".[33] Bass player Gruener described their music as "kinda ska, kinda swing, kinda rockabilly, kinda crazy, kinda punky".[5] Cross Rhythms provides the most concise explanation: "This is Swing Ska!".[34]

Reviewers, who noted a lack of depth in songwriting, regarded both of The W’s albums as "fun". CCM reported that lyrically, their songs "swing between subtle spirituality and and general goofness."[35] Elsewhere this style was described as "an odd marriage of reverence for God with forced attempts at irreverent wackiness",[3] while the Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music cites this as a "subdued approach to ministry",[2] other commentators saw it as a disappointing lack of spiritual message, especially on Trouble With X.[36][37]

Several songs draw directly from biblical stories. The song "Moses" is about struggles with faith and insignificance. It draws inspiration from several biblical figures and stories, including Moses' Burning bush, Gideon, Peter's denial of Christ, and Pauls role in the death of Stephen to show how God can use anybody for his purposes.[2] "The Devil Is Bad" draws upon the story of the The Fall of Man and the Temptation of Christ as examples to encourage resistance to sin.[citation needed] "Used Car Salesman" paints a colorful description of the Devil, selling sins as used Hondas. They also criticised the church and Christians generally. "Tip From Me" is about breaking broad perceptions of Christianity and the Church.[38] In the song "Stupid" the band used the example of abortion clinic bombings (see, for example Eric Robert Rudolph) to make a pronounced statement about hypocrisy.[37][2]

Other songs, such as "Dexter", "J.P.", and "Frank" retell parts of the lives of band members.[4][38] "Hui" retells the 1987 film North Shore. More mundane topics include the hardships of school ("101") and of touring and making music professionally ("Two More Weeks", "Open Minded").[2] Another notable song was their cover of John Denver's "Country Roads", which some thought worked well as a swing tune.[2][39][19]

Discography

Studio albums

Compilations

  • 1998: The Echoing Green / The W's Split EP
  • 1998: Take Time to Listen Volume IV (Five Minute Walk)
    • Contains "Pup" and "Moses."
  • 1999: WOW 1999 (EMI CMG)
    • Contains "The Devil Is Bad."
  • 2000: Take Time to Listen Volume 5.0 (Five Minute Walk)
    • Contains "Somewhere Between The Devil And The Deep Blue Sea", from an unreleased album.
  • 2000: WOW 2000 (EMI CMG)
    • Contains "The Rumor Weed Song."

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b McGovern, Brian Vincent (1998). "Album Reviews: THE W's Fourth From the Last". HM Magazine (74). ISSN 1066-6923. Retrieved 2007-04-24. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Powell, Mark Allan (2002). "The W's". Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music (First printing ed.). Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. pp. 1008–1009. ISBN 1-56563-679-1.
  3. ^ a b Huey, Steve. "( Trouble with X > Overview )". Allmusic. Retrieved 2007-03-02. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  4. ^ a b "Todd Gruener Interview". Jesus Freak Hideout. 1999-04-20. Retrieved 2007-03-01. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  5. ^ a b c "Interview with the W's". 1998-09-30. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Christian swingers". The Tampa Tribune. 1999-02-27. p. 4. ISSN 1042-3761.
  7. ^ Kelly stayed in Philomath, Oregon, got married and became a successful youth leader and social visionary.
  8. ^ a b Hendrickson, Lucas W. (1999). "W's Good, Devil Bad" (reprint). CCM Magazine. 21 (7): 34. ISSN 1524-7848. Retrieved 2007-02-05. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ^ a b c "The W's > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums". Allmusic. Retrieved 2007-03-01. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  10. ^ a b Baldwin, Steven Stuart (1998). "Fourth from the Last Review". The Phantom Tollbooth. Retrieved 2007-03-01. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b "The W's Biography". Christianity Today (courtesy of Five Minute Walk Records). Retrieved 2007-03-01. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  12. ^ a b "Dove Award Recipients for 1999". Gospel Music Association. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
  13. ^ a b Mount, Daniel J. (2005). A City on a Hilltop? The History of Contemporary Christian Music. p. 293. Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  14. ^ 7ball Magazine (21). 1998. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ^ "Supernatural Experience Tour Dates" from dctalk.com, now hosted at the Internet Archive. Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
  16. ^ "The W's: Tour Schedule", now hosted at the Internet Archive. Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
  17. ^ Holy Roller Tour handbill. Retrieved November 15, 2006.
  18. ^ a b Five Iron Frenzy (2006). "Five Iron Frenzy Gigography". Five Minute Walk. Archived from the original on 2006-07-07. Retrieved 2007-07-11..
  19. ^ a b Gordon (a girl called) (2000). "Album Reviews: THE W'S, Trouble with X". HM Magazine (81). ISSN 1066-6923. Retrieved 2007-04-24. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ^ Take Time To Listen Volume 5 (Media notes). Concord, California: Five Minute Walk. 2000. {{cite AV media notes}}: |format= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |bandname= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |mbid= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |publisherid= ignored (help)
  21. ^ "The W's Music". Retrieved November 15, 2006.
  22. ^ Thews.org, now hosted at the Internet Archive. Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
  23. ^ Thews.org, now hosted at the Internet Archive. Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
  24. ^ Bendixon Biography. Now hosted at the Internet Archive. Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
  25. ^ "Bendixon Profile". Cross Rhythms. Retrieved 2007-03-01. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  26. ^ "( Slaying of the Dragon > Overview )". Allmusic. Retrieved 2007-03-01. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  27. ^ Powell, Mark Allan (2002). "Bendixon". Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music. p. 78.
  28. ^ The W's News, formerly hosted at nerdmusic.com. Now hosted at the Internet Archive. Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
  29. ^ Alpha-charlie.com, now hosted at the Internet Archive. Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
  30. ^ "Zak Shultz Biography", from Stairwell.net. Now hosted at the Internet Archive. Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
  31. ^ Smith, Jim. "( Fourth from the Last > Overview )". Allmusic. Retrieved 2007-03-02. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  32. ^ Hogan-Albach, Susan (1998-09-05). "Otherworldly unplugged; Christian band The W's swings with wit, whimsy". Star Tribune. p. 09B.
  33. ^ Jensen, Cathy (1999). "Interview With James Carter". Decapolis. Retrieved 2007-03-01. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  34. ^ Rimmer, Mike (1998). "The W's Fourth From the Last". Cross Rhythms (47). {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  35. ^ Urbanski, David (1998). "Reviews". CCM Magazine. 21 (3): 54. ISSN 1524-7848. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  36. ^ DiBiase, John (1999-10-24). "Trouble With X Review". Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved 2007-03-01. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  37. ^ a b Stewart, James (2000). "Trouble With X Review". The Phantom Tollbooth. Retrieved 2007-03-01. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ a b Martin, Rachel L. (2000). "Holy Rollin'". 7ball Magazine (28). Retrieved 2007-05-14. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  39. ^ Kevin H. (1999-10-16). "The W's Trouble With X". Real Magazine. Retrieved 2007-03-02. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

Further reading

  • 7ball Magazine (19) (July / August 1998)
  • 7ball Magazine (21) (November / December 1998)
  • Cockroft, Martin (1999). "Back to Faith". Campus Life. 58 (2): 26. Retrieved 2007-04-30. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

External links

Concert reviews

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